2544:, widespread bombing and burning of villages by Barre regime followed every time there was an attack by SNM believed to be hiding in Ethiopia. The regime violence in the north and northwest was disproportionate, affected many communities, particularly Isaaq. The number of civilian deaths in this massacre is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000 according to various sources, whilst local reports estimate the total civilian deaths to be upwards of 200,000 Isaaq civilians. The government attack included the levelling and complete destruction of the second and third largest cities in Somalia,
388:
320:
335:
2734:
seized large amounts of money from a Hawiye-owned store- armed men from many factions rushed to the scene, and soon, the forces of the United Somali
Congress were battling with government forces in Mogadishu. The USC claimed to hold "99% of Mogadishu" by 31 December, saying that fighting was ongoing around the palace and the airport, and claimed to control the capital on January 1, but this was denied by government officials, who claimed that they were still controlling the city, while also claiming that fighting was restricted in size.
271:
410:
298:
36:
4624:
2616:. According to Ali, "with funds and clan appeals, he was able to entice the bulk of SSDF fighters to return from Ethiopia and participate in his genocidal wars against the Isaaq in the north and later against the Hawiye in the South, including Mogadisho". According to Mohamed Haji Ingiriis, the vicious atrocities during the reign of Barre were not an isolated event nor unusual in Somalia's history. Barre also targeted the Hawiye.
5257:
5267:
287:
399:
376:
365:
354:
259:
421:
309:
76:
2176:, which stalemated into a border war and later resulted in the decline of the SSDF. The SNM continued operating and carrying out insurgent attacks on the government. During the late 1980s other rebel organizations proliferated throughout the country. When Barre was injured in an automobile accident on May 23, 1986, rivals within his own government and from opposition groups became bolder.
2552:(70 per cent destroyed) respectively through a campaign of aerial bombardment, and had caused 400,000 Somalis (primarily of the Isaaq clan) to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees, creating the world's largest refugee camp then (1988), with another 400,000 being internally displaced.
2301:(SSDF) which he led and soon after began fighting with Ethiopian forces against the Somali army. The SSDF possessed little autonomy over Ethiopian security forces, as it was 'created, organized, trained and financed by Ethiopia'. With the formation of the SSDF in Ethiopia, the era of armed opposition against the
2748:, by January 2, but a government broadcast from the station disproved this; by this time, the government was generally known to have controlled central Mogadishu. The Somali rebels rejected attempts by Siad Barre to introduce a ceasefire, and only allowed foreign military evacuations under the watch of the
2752:, which the Red Cross agreed to. A USC spokesman claimed that 10,000 reinforcements were arriving to Mogadishu to oust the Somali government. On 22 January, a ceasefire was implemented, according to Somali government radio, but days later, on 26 January, rebels overran the last government defenses at the
2635:
that resulted in the death sentences, demonstrators surrounded the court and activity in the city came to a virtual halt. On July 13, a shaken Siad Barre dropped the charges against the accused. As the city celebrated victory, Siad Barre, conceding defeat for the first time in twenty years, retreated
2630:
With the loss of United States support, the regime grew more desperate. An anti-Siad Barre demonstration on July 6, 1990, at a soccer match in the main stadium deteriorated into a riot, causing Siad Barre's bodyguard to panic and open fire on the demonstrators. At least sixty-five people were killed.
2349:
to overthrow Barre and install a friendly regime. The guerrillas were trained by
Ethiopian officers and during the 1982 invasion of Somalia, SSDF forces were directly integrated into much larger Ethiopian army units. In late June 1982, 15,000 Ethiopian army troops and thousands of SSDF rebels invaded
2733:
held positions about 30 km northeast of the capital. Widespread violence was reported in
Mogadishu, even before the main assault into the city, as a large portion of Mogadishu's population was armed during the period. On 29 December 1990, some of Barre's armed men, organized into gangs for looting,
2708:
subclan towards the Ogaden subclan. This resulted in Barre dismissing several military officers who were of Ogaden lineage. The friction escalated when Barre purged the minister of defense, Aden Gabiyo, from office, who was of the Ogaden subclan. In May 1989, this culminated into a revolt by Ogaden
2626:
The Red Berets killed 450 Muslims demonstrating against the arrest of their spiritual leaders. More than 2,000 were seriously injured. The next day, forty-seven people, mainly from the Isaaq clan, were taken to
Jasiira Beach west of the city and summarily executed. The July mass killings prompted a
2482:
particularly became the victims of this violence. Although this violence was in response to the
Majeerteen-based SSDF, Barre on the other hand began to target the entire clan. Each subsequent attack by the SSDF resulted in collective punishment against the wider Majeerteen. This included sieges and
2330:
In response to rising dissent, the Somali government violently suppressed opposition movements and clans perceived to be a threat with the military and elite security forces. The government initiated a harsh policies with the aim of depriving the rebels of political and social support. Whenever the
2703:
subclan. Barre's hostility towards the Ogaden was in part derived from the huge influx of their clan members in the aftermath of war with
Ethiopia, which resulted in a swelling of their numbers. This surge in their population resulted in what he viewed as an undue influence, with a change in the
2592:
subclans of Hawiye. Since the independence era, the Hawiye tribe had occupied important administrative positions in the bureaucracy and in the top army command. However, in the late 1980s disaffection with the regime set in among the Hawiye, who felt increasingly marginalized by the Siad Barre
2381:, the Somali army had regrouped and the invasion led to a large increase in volunteers joining the army. The Ethiopian/SSDF attack had played out to Barres advantage, as his declining regime found a significant upsurge in support. The Ethiopian and SSDF forces never reached their objectives of
2682:
civilians. According to history professor Robert F. Baumann in his book 'My Clan
Against The World: US And Coalition Forces In Somalia, 1992-1994', this shift of antagonism towards the Hawiye was a major military blunder since Barre's stronghold happened to be in Mogadishu, whose environs are
2631:
A week later, while the city reeled from the impact of what came to be called the Stadia Corna Affair, Siad Barre sentenced to death 46 prominent members of the
Manifesto Group, a body of 114 notables who had signed a petition in May calling for elections and improved human rights. During the
2405:
During 1982, the Barre regime successfully split the SSDF and most its members surrendered to the government following an amnesty and payment offer. By 1983 the bulk of the SSDF had rejoined the regime. Irritated by this development, the
Ethiopian government put the head of the SSDF
2559:
known as The Morgan Report formed the basis of the Barre regime's retaliation against the Isaaq following a successful SNM attack on
Hargeisa and Burao. The policy letter provided âimplemented and recommended measuresâ for a âfinal solutionâ to Somalia's âIsaaq problemâ.
2483:
blockades against Majeerteen-inhabited areas, closure of schools, closure of health-facilities, and the destruction of subsistence facilities such as water reservoirs and cattle. Each action by the Barre government, strengthened Majeerteen resolve against his regime.
2477:
One of Barre's earliest forms of collective punishment targeting non-combatant clans was against the Majeerteen in 1979. Between May and June 1979, his presidential Guard, called the Red Beret, killed over 2000 Majeerteen clan members. The Umar Mahmud sub-lineage of
2445:(SNM( in London. Initially, the aim of the various groups that merged to create the SNM was not to create an armed liberation front, but rather these groups formed as a direct response to the harsh policies enacted by the Barre regime against the Isaaq people.
834:
3147:
In 1982 SSDF was commanded by Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, who was commander of the SNA (Somali National Army) during the Ethiopian-Somali War. After deserting the Somali Army, he began to fight together with Ethiopia against the Somali
2643:, in particular the Hawadle sub-clan was the massacre he ordered in January 1991, just before he escaped Mogadishu for his clan strongholds in the deep south of Somalia. It is estimated that over 6,000 individuals died in the massacre of
2285:. After the war he deserted the army, and helped lead the failed 1978 coup attempt following which he had immediately fled to Ethiopia. In response to the coup, harsh reprisals were carried out by the government on the Majeerteen clan.
827:
3282:
The SSDF, which drew its support almost exclusively from the Mijerteen, the major clan in the northeast of Somalia, began hitting at strategic installations and military posts, as it aided the Ethiopian army in hunting down the
1198:
2647:, including women and children. This was a major turning point for the USC and further fueled the need to overthrow Siad Barre's regime - eventually proving successful as he was overthrown in late January. This incident in
2249:
At the end of 1978 the first major outflow of refugees numbering in the hundreds of thousands headed for Somalia, and were bombed and strafed during the exodus by the Ethiopian military. This placed immense strain on the
820:
1035:
2567:
investigation concluded that the Barre regime's killing of Isaaq civilians was a genocide, and that the crime of genocide was "conceived, planned and perpetrated by the Somali government against the Isaaq people".
760:
2414:
in 1991. During SSDF internal fighting during 1983 and 1984, Ethiopian security forces entered their camps and arrested the rebels central committee members. After the rebels had no longer become useful to
6430:
2190:
As Barre's regime weakened in its last two years, government institutions collapsed, and clan cohesion disintegrated. The state went bankrupt as taxes went unpaid and foreign aid was withdrawn. The
1191:
5388:
2895:
1184:
1028:
4287:
949:
2187:(SPM) led efforts against the regime. Despite their resistance, these opposition fronts failed to offer a unified or viable political alternative after the central government fell.
2179:
The final years of President Siad Barre's rule were marked by growing armed conflict across Somalia. In the north, the SNM was active, while the SSDF operated in the northeast. The
753:
718:
3938:
2760:
and ousted Siad Barre, ending his 21-year rule. It was rumored that he had fled in a tank. The rebels announced their victory on the formerly government-operated radio station.
2419:, he had members of the organization killed, imprisoned or dispersed. The SSDF did not recover as an organization until relations with Ethiopia normalized during the tenure of
454:
1021:
6207:
975:
899:
746:
2242:
of 1977-78 brought to the surface opposition elements within the armed forces. Another significant consequence of the war was the massive influx of refugees from the
636:
5426:
2456:, as both Somalia and Ethiopia at the time offered safe havens of operation for resistance groups against each other. From there the SNM successfully launched a
1634:
4609:
1513:
4134:"Rebels Battle Military for Control of Somalia Capital Africa: President Siad Barre is reported to be directing operations from a bunker near the airport".
648:
602:
6130:
5303:
3920:
Mburu, Chris; Rights, United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human; Office, United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country (2002-01-01).
339:
1130:
2327:(WSLF) fighters. During major Ethiopian military operations in 1980 that aimed to crush the WSLF, the SSDF was used to attack WSLF camps within Somalia.
1799:
904:
711:
5831:
3921:
2094:
3761:
6019:
4430:
3807:
1739:
447:
643:
6435:
1809:
1358:
629:
5514:
5451:
893:
3662:
2540:
that followed was linked to the Barre government's belief that SNM attacks were receiving assistance from the Ethiopian government. The harsh
6227:
6039:
6014:
5916:
5861:
4399:
4374:
4353:
4324:
4300:
4149:
4023:
3736:
3692:
3586:
3525:
3496:
3469:
3442:
3414:
3389:
3333:
3306:
3225:
3178:
3140:
3094:
3067:
3000:
2944:
2879:
2849:
1689:
1518:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1077:
968:
854:
704:
6069:
2340:
2258:
Somalis were also driven from the region, bringing much of their livestock, which led to disastrous ecological impacts as Somalia's limited
2173:
538:
528:
218:
6475:
6079:
4985:
4203:
3542:
1568:
543:
5446:
4579:
1363:
1208:
580:
4741:
4695:
1904:
1804:
1140:
985:
440:
6084:
4230:
5911:
5059:
3904:
2069:
1869:
1834:
5983:
5358:
5343:
4443:
3992:
3948:
3873:
3846:
3771:
3719:
3640:
3613:
3556:
2816:
2598:
2346:
2314:
2298:
2162:
1899:
1839:
1819:
1734:
1423:
1328:
324:
159:
93:
6135:
6105:
4092:
6404:
6089:
5963:
5363:
2059:
2029:
2024:
2004:
1954:
961:
4176:
570:
6312:
6242:
5993:
5876:
5871:
5477:
5296:
4562:
2753:
2324:
2109:
2039:
1989:
1934:
1879:
1849:
1829:
1503:
465:
140:
1045:
575:
5441:
4678:
4541:
3709:
3421:
Yet Siyaad surprised friends and foes alike by turning both events to advantage. His army vigorously repulsed the invaders...
2527:
2198:
for the first time, intensifying the rebellion. By late 1990, the country was on the brink of full-scale civil war, with the
2044:
1924:
1919:
1889:
1774:
1729:
784:
587:
112:
97:
518:
3232:
The SSDF soon began to launch guerrilla raids on Somali army bases and civilian targets across the Ethiopian-Somali border.
6322:
6115:
5921:
5906:
4995:
4980:
4936:
4844:
4712:
4531:
2777:
2667:) - who had caused many civilian deaths towards Isaaq's (SNM) by sending bombers to attack the northern cities, including
2331:
SSDF launched attacks, the regime retaliated by rounding up hundreds of Majerteen officers and purging the civil service.
2089:
1974:
1764:
1694:
1543:
6187:
3787:
6480:
6440:
6232:
6197:
6145:
5958:
5049:
4975:
4931:
4423:
3923:
Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia)
2191:
2099:
2019:
2014:
1979:
1859:
1854:
1749:
1608:
796:
479:
119:
4572:
6212:
6125:
5978:
5851:
5106:
5069:
5064:
5054:
4882:
4724:
4604:
4599:
4015:
2064:
1984:
1959:
1784:
1654:
1398:
1348:
1157:
1100:
624:
501:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6277:
5931:
5926:
5289:
5170:
4235:
4208:
4181:
4154:
4097:
2841:
2556:
2441:
businesspeople, students, former civil servants and former politicians who lived in the United Kingdom founded the
2323:
across the border on Somali army bases and civilian targets. The Ethiopians began using the SSDF to help hunt down
2251:
2219:
2138:
2079:
2009:
1769:
1684:
1323:
1145:
999:
927:
914:
668:
369:
263:
231:
202:
3890:
3863:
2806:
2619:
Faced with saboteurs by day and sniper fire by night, Siad Barre ordered remaining units of the badly demoralized
2374:, "The plan was to cut Somalia into two by driving the troops all the way to the ocean, but the plan backfired."
1909:
658:
126:
86:
6485:
6425:
6292:
5123:
5082:
5007:
5002:
4648:
4516:
4310:
3200:
2714:
2184:
2034:
1894:
1709:
1318:
1150:
414:
3818:
6307:
6257:
5896:
5886:
5655:
5416:
5153:
3896:
3517:
3170:
2769:
2602:
2442:
2432:
2266:
2166:
2142:
1644:
1413:
1338:
1167:
920:
860:
302:
5753:
5577:
2916:
Civil Society & their role in Africa's struggle to deepen democracy: Experiences of Somaliland in the Horn
2377:
In spite of losses taken four years earlier during 1978 from the Ethiopian-Cuban counter offensive during the
653:
270:
3836:
3603:
108:
6358:
6297:
6237:
6140:
6064:
6024:
5891:
5881:
5660:
5509:
5421:
5133:
5128:
5044:
4941:
4921:
4623:
4491:
4416:
2411:
2074:
1929:
1714:
1699:
1639:
1458:
1408:
1373:
1135:
934:
619:
313:
614:
6262:
6074:
5645:
5492:
5039:
4946:
2773:
2730:
2684:
2623:
to kill civilians on a large scale. By 1989 torture and killing became the order of the day in Mogadishu.
2606:
2514:
women. In addition, the clan lost an estimated 50,000 camels, 10,000 cattle, and 100,000 sheep and goats.
2461:
2254:(SDR) frail economy, forcing the government to increasingly rely on foreign aid to function. Thousands of
2199:
2180:
2104:
1779:
1674:
1598:
1453:
1433:
801:
609:
491:
291:
6363:
6317:
6267:
6059:
6054:
5998:
5587:
5353:
2741:
2416:
2407:
2294:
2278:
1794:
1659:
1558:
1548:
1125:
1095:
876:
523:
392:
50:
5582:
6272:
6150:
5773:
5768:
5728:
5597:
5542:
5238:
5143:
5092:
4990:
4953:
4926:
4632:
4511:
4501:
2359:
2282:
2203:
1964:
1944:
1874:
1864:
1754:
1724:
1388:
597:
592:
403:
380:
274:
4258:
6217:
6192:
5988:
5973:
5703:
5572:
5519:
5312:
5228:
5213:
5193:
5165:
4970:
4900:
4658:
3351:
2390:
2235:
1999:
1914:
1613:
1588:
1573:
1553:
1533:
1498:
685:
555:
484:
5266:
2683:
majority Hawiye. These actions by Barre sealed his fate, as by 1990 the predominantly Hawiye USC (
6160:
6049:
6044:
6034:
6029:
5185:
5087:
5027:
4916:
4653:
4526:
4521:
4506:
4451:
3273:
1949:
1824:
1593:
1578:
1488:
1483:
868:
5552:
3361:
the Ethiopian aim was to provide the DFSS with the wherewithal to overthrow President Siad Barre
2914:
17:
6338:
5968:
5856:
5813:
5808:
5758:
5693:
5562:
5547:
5328:
5233:
5203:
5148:
5118:
4668:
4395:
4370:
4349:
4330:
4320:
4296:
4048:
4019:
3988:
3982:
3965:
3944:
3900:
3869:
3842:
3767:
3715:
3688:
3636:
3609:
3582:
3552:
3521:
3492:
3465:
3438:
3410:
3385:
3329:
3302:
3265:
3221:
3174:
3136:
3090:
3063:
2996:
2940:
2875:
2869:
2845:
2812:
2744:, where the palace is located. The rebels claimed to have captured the cities' radio station,
2464:
operations on army positions in the northern Isaaq territories before returning to Ethiopia.
2457:
2371:
2320:
1789:
1664:
1528:
1493:
1468:
1393:
1110:
133:
2627:
shift in United States policy as the United States began to distance itself from Siad Barre.
2612:
Taisier M. Ali states that Barre assuaged the Majeerteen, and targeted other groups like the
6287:
5788:
5640:
5497:
5378:
5260:
5223:
5218:
5175:
4567:
4486:
4476:
3257:
2533:
2507:
2503:
2223:
2134:
1473:
1438:
1353:
1105:
1090:
1004:
728:
560:
237:
2678:
In response to mutinies by Hawiye soldiers in October 1989, the Red Berets began attacking
432:
6353:
6343:
6202:
6110:
5431:
5406:
5383:
5160:
5138:
5074:
4834:
4819:
4663:
4496:
2745:
2277:
after the Somali government had put down the insurrection. During the Ogaden War, Colonel
1448:
1383:
1333:
1162:
1120:
1115:
1072:
1067:
1062:
909:
425:
5698:
2713:, the formation of an anti-Barre military faction formed of Ogaden clansmen called SPM (
6378:
6282:
5798:
5778:
5557:
5338:
5270:
5208:
4824:
4814:
4794:
4729:
4549:
4481:
4364:
2772:
declared the northwestern portion of the country independent. Although internationally
2564:
2537:
2523:
2351:
2215:
2161:
groups opposed to his regime. Backed by Ethiopia, the two earliest rebel factions, the
2150:
2054:
1378:
883:
789:
663:
550:
511:
224:
3865:
Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland
3684:
Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland
3578:
Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland
3544:
Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland
2498:
sub-clan of Colonel Ahmad, died of thirst in the waterless area northeast of Galkayo,
6419:
6383:
6373:
6368:
6252:
6120:
5803:
5783:
5763:
5743:
5718:
5675:
5617:
5607:
5436:
4764:
4041:
3217:
Somali Foreign Policy, 1960 - 1990: An Analysis of Thirty Years of Diplomatic History
2992:
Somali Foreign Policy, 1960 - 1990: An Analysis of Thirty Years of Diplomatic History
2936:
Somali Foreign Policy, 1960 - 1990: An Analysis of Thirty Years of Diplomatic History
2834:
2757:
2737:
2700:
1744:
678:
5866:
4011:
The Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969â1991
3461:
The Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969â1991
3298:
Secessionism in African Politics: Aspiration, Grievance, Performance, Disenchantment
2494:
sub-clans and their herds. In May and June 1979, more than 2,000 Umar Mahamuud, the
6247:
5793:
5748:
5482:
5373:
5348:
4769:
4717:
4471:
2651:
was the major cause for clan tensions as Siad Barre's militias mainly consisted of
2420:
3031:
2740:
was quoted to have said that the rebels had been beaten back from an assault into
2169:(SNM) began attacks during the against government forces during the early 1980s.
4385:
4343:
4314:
4009:
3682:
3630:
3576:
3486:
3459:
3379:
3323:
3296:
3215:
3194:
3132:
Anatomy of Violence: Understanding the Systems of Conflict and Violence in Africa
3130:
3059:
Anatomy of Violence: Understanding the Systems of Conflict and Violence in Africa
3057:
2990:
2934:
6302:
5846:
5733:
5708:
5650:
5612:
5602:
5472:
4862:
4799:
3246:"From Lash to Red Star: The Pitfalls of Counter-Insurgency in Ethiopia, 1980-82"
3084:
496:
75:
2605:
movements before converging to form their own branch in the very late 80s, the
2555:
A policy letter written by Barre's son-in-law and viceroy in the north General
6348:
6222:
5836:
5622:
5567:
5537:
5467:
5198:
4872:
4804:
4705:
4683:
4536:
3261:
2781:
2664:
2660:
2648:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2511:
2495:
2491:
2486:
The Red Berets systematically smashed the small reservoirs in the area around
2479:
2386:
2378:
2367:
2302:
2270:
2239:
2146:
673:
533:
506:
358:
3269:
6388:
6182:
5901:
5841:
5723:
5333:
4774:
4700:
4466:
4391:
4334:
3548:
2749:
2718:
2581:
2449:
2211:
2195:
2158:
2510:, the urban militia known for harassing civilians, raped large numbers of
5738:
5713:
5670:
5504:
5487:
5411:
4877:
4867:
4852:
4829:
4759:
4688:
3664:"My Clan Against the World": US and Coalition Forces in Somalia 1992-1994
2785:
2668:
2589:
2545:
2541:
2453:
2394:
2274:
2255:
286:
3661:
F. Baumann, Robert; A. Yates, Lawrence; F. Washington, Versalle (2011).
5665:
4857:
4439:
3277:
3245:
2710:
2705:
2672:
2652:
2499:
2487:
2382:
2363:
2259:
398:
375:
364:
353:
258:
5281:
4062:"Unrest Fills Somalia's Capital as Rebel Groups Press Drive to City".
5592:
4789:
4754:
3892:
Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice
3295:
Vries, Lotje de; Englebert, Pierre; Schomerus, Mareike (2018-08-20).
2679:
2656:
2640:
2613:
2585:
2580:
moved quickly to occupy the south portion of Somalia. The capital of
2577:
2243:
4408:
4289:
The collapse of the Somali state: the impact of the colonial legacy
2639:
The most shocking and gruesome revenge Siad Barre took against the
696:
4809:
4749:
4673:
2696:
2594:
2549:
2438:
2355:
2207:
2183:(USC) gained ground in the central regions, and in the south, the
2871:
After The Storm: The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East
2265:
The first serious postwar challenge to the regime came during an
2218:. After a battle between the regime and rebels in Mogadishu, the
4958:
4784:
4779:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3014:
3012:
5285:
4412:
1180:
1017:
957:
816:
742:
700:
436:
5368:
3802:
3800:
69:
29:
2141:
in 1991. The rebellion effectively began in 1978 following a
2389:, but were instead halted to a stalemate at border towns of
2137:
that began in the 1970s and resulted in the collapse of the
193:(12 years, 9 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
2636:
into his bunker at the military barracks near the airport.
3435:
From Barre to Aideed: Somalia : the Agony of a Nation
5389:
Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
3838:
The Early Morning Phonecall: Somali Refugees' Remittances
3711:
Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity
3325:
My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics
3051:
3049:
2593:
regime. A number of Hawiye elites had joined the earlier
3381:
The Country that Does Not Exist: A History of Somaliland
3086:
Eritrea and Ethiopia : from conflict to cooperation
3629:
Division, Library of Congress Federal Research (1993).
2699:
refugees who fled the Ethiopia-Somalia war were of the
4259:"The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia"
6431:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
4150:"Situation in Somalia confused as fighting continues"
2687:) military group had beset the capital of Mogadishu.
27:
1978â1991 clan rebellion against President Siad Barre
2319:
With Ethiopian assistance, the SSDF began to launch
2222:
collapsed in January 1991, marking the unset of the
6397:
6331:
6173:
6098:
6007:
5949:
5940:
5822:
5684:
5631:
5528:
5460:
5397:
5319:
5184:
5105:
5026:
4899:
4843:
4740:
4631:
4592:
4459:
4450:
4204:"Somali radio says cease-fire reached in Mogadishu"
2297:setup base for a new rebel organization called the
100:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4040:
3763:Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation
2833:
2448:By 1982 the SNM transferred their headquarters to
2238:at the hands of Cuban/Ethiopian forces during the
844:United Nations Intervention in Somalia (1992â1995)
2995:. Adonis & Abbey Publishers. pp. 85â88.
4231:"Somali president flees; rebels control capital"
3570:
3568:
2460:against the Barre regime through incursions and
5427:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
4366:The cost of dictatorship: the Somali experience
3656:
3654:
3652:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3160:
3158:
3156:
178:
6208:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
2725:Fall of Siad Barre: December 1990âJanuary 1991
5297:
4424:
3687:. Routledge. pp. 98â100 with footnotes.
3670:. Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 15.
3220:. Adonis & Abbey Publishers. p. 86.
2939:. Adonis & Abbey Publishers. p. 89.
2922:. African Participatory Democracy Conference.
2896:"Military Coup Foiled, Somali Leader Reports"
1192:
1029:
969:
828:
754:
712:
448:
8:
4119:"Somali Rebels Claim Hold on Capital City".
3788:Somaliand: Time for African Union Leadership
3409:. Profiles. Avalon Publishing. p. 159.
2984:
2982:
2980:
2273:clan, and many of the coup plotters fled to
2246:into Somalia, estimated at over a million.
2174:joint invasion with Ethiopian troops in 1982
3808:"Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics"
3405:Laitin, David D.; Samatar, Said S. (1987).
5946:
5304:
5290:
5282:
5111:
5032:
4909:
4905:
4641:
4637:
4456:
4431:
4417:
4409:
4345:Failed states: when governance goes wrong!
4093:"Rebels claim control of Somalian capital"
4087:
4085:
3984:Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolution
3605:Somalia: Issues, History, and Bibliography
3328:. Liverpool University Press. p. 28.
3116:
3018:
1199:
1185:
1177:
1036:
1022:
1014:
976:
962:
954:
835:
821:
813:
761:
747:
739:
719:
705:
697:
455:
441:
433:
175:
3889:Robins, Nicholas A.; Jones, Adam (2009).
2490:so as to deny water to the Umar Mahamuud
160:Learn how and when to remove this message
4574:Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009)
4177:"Guerrillas reject calls for cease-fire"
3199:. Vol. 11. African Studies Center,
3135:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 193.
3062:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 193.
2971:
2959:
2868:Cordesman, Anthony H. (6 October 2016).
35:
5832:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
4387:Networks of Dissolution: Somalia Undone
3437:. Stellagraphics Limited. p. 137.
3384:. Oxford University Press. p. 52.
3089:. Trenton, N.J.: Red Sea. p. 149.
2856:in return for depriving the snm of its.
2836:The Cambridge Survey of World Migration
2797:
2269:. The officers were primarily from the
5515:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
5452:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
4076:
4047:. Cambridge University Press. p.
3737:"Investigating genocide in Somaliland"
2548:(which was 90 per cent destroyed) and
2468:Crackdowns by the Barre administration
2345:The Ethiopian army intended to us the
5862:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
3458:Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji (2016-04-01).
3250:The Journal of Modern African Studies
3032:"Ogaden: The Land But Not the People"
2410:in jail, where he remained until the
7:
3937:Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (2003-02-25).
3485:Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (2003-02-25).
3407:Somalia: Nation in Search of a State
3129:Gebrewold-Tochalo, Belachew (2009).
3056:Gebrewold-Tochalo, Belachew (2009).
2805:Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (2003-02-25).
2788:, has remained relatively peaceful.
98:adding citations to reliable sources
2704:balance of power away from his own
2584:is located in the territory of the
4043:The New Interventionism, 1991-1994
3512:Clapham, Christopher, ed. (1998).
3165:Clapham, Christopher, ed. (1998).
2172:The SSDF assaults culminated in a
227:takes place between 1987 and 1989.
25:
5359:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
5344:Criticism of communist party rule
4286:Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam M. (1996).
3793:(Report). 23 May 2006. p. 5.
2663:militias, led by General Morgan (
2427:Formation of SNM and northern war
2370:in central Somalia. According to
2347:Somali Salvation Democratic Front
2315:Somali Salvation Democratic Front
2299:Somali Salvation Democratic Front
2281:had served as a commander in the
2163:Somali Salvation Democratic Front
6405:Human rights in the Soviet Union
5364:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
5265:
5256:
5255:
4622:
3940:Historical Dictionary of Somalia
3862:Richards, Rebecca (2016-02-24).
3541:Richards, Rebecca (2016-02-24).
3488:Historical Dictionary of Somalia
2832:Cohen, Robin (2 November 1995).
2808:Historical Dictionary of Somalia
2341:1982 EthiopianâSomali Border War
2194:brought large scale violence to
987:Rise of the Islamic Courts Union
950:Consolidation Period (1995-2006)
419:
408:
397:
386:
374:
363:
352:
333:
318:
307:
296:
285:
269:
257:
219:1982 EthiopianâSomali Border War
74:
34:
6313:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
6243:Fall of the inner German border
4542:Somaliland War of Independence
3987:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
3491:. Scarecrow Press. p. 16.
2913:Jhazbhay, Iqbal (August 2010).
2325:Western Somali Liberation Front
191:10 April 1978 â 26 January 1991
85:needs additional citations for
18:Somalian Revolution (1986â1992)
6436:Civil wars of the 20th century
6303:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
5442:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
4008:Mohamed Haji Ingiriis (2016).
3817:. January 2005. Archived from
3322:Hughes, Geraint (2012-03-13).
2528:Somaliland War of Independence
2010:Beledweyne and Mogadishu (Mar)
785:Somaliland War of Independence
588:Somaliland War of Independence
1:
6323:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
5922:Inter-regional Deputies Group
5907:National League for Democracy
4532:Trust Territory of Somaliland
4369:. New York: L. Barber Press.
4363:Ghalib, Jama Mohamed (1995).
4316:Whatever happened to Somalia?
2721:of Ogaden colonel Omar Jess.
2506:. In Galkayo, members of the
2192:July 1989 riots and massacres
6233:Alexanderplatz demonstration
6198:Polish Round Table Agreement
5872:People's Movement of Ukraine
3835:Lindley, Anna (2013-01-15).
3602:Fitzgerald, Nina J. (2002).
3433:Dualeh, Hussein Ali (1994).
2729:In early December 1990, the
2267:attempted coup in April 1978
2252:Somali Democratic Republic's
797:Mogadishu riots of July 1989
644:DjiboutianâEritrean conflict
480:Eritrean War of Independence
45:appears to contradict itself
6476:Military history of Somalia
6278:January Events in Lithuania
6213:Hungarian Round Table Talks
5852:Democratic Party of Albania
4016:University Press of America
6502:
5932:Hungarian Democratic Forum
5927:Alliance of Free Democrats
5917:Union of Democratic Forces
4257:Lacey, Marc (2006-06-05).
4236:United Press International
4209:United Press International
4182:United Press International
4155:United Press International
4098:United Press International
3964:Kingsley, Charles (2012).
3708:Jones, Adam (2017-05-20).
3575:Richards, Rebecca (2016).
2842:Cambridge University Press
2557:Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan
2521:
2437:In April 1981, a group of
2430:
2338:
2312:
2220:Somali Democratic Republic
2139:Somali Democratic Republic
2100:Dhanaane Busley base (Mar)
1770:Daallo Airlines Flight 159
1047:War in Somalia (2006â2009)
370:Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan
264:Somali Democratic Republic
232:Somali Democratic Republic
203:Somali Democratic Republic
6293:1991 protests in Belgrade
5251:
5114:
5035:
4912:
4908:
4644:
4640:
4620:
4348:. London: Horn Heritage.
3681:Rebecca Richards (2016).
3359:(17): 8. 25 August 1982.
3349:"Somalia: Taking Stock".
3301:. Springer. p. 105.
3262:10.1017/S0022278X02003981
3201:Michigan State University
3196:Northeast African Studies
3083:Amare Tekle, ed. (1994).
2715:Somali Patriotic Movement
2675:'s second largest city).
2185:Somali Patriotic Movement
1218:
1055:
995:
905:UN killings of protestors
850:
780:
738:
519:EthiopianâSomali conflict
475:
415:Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur
345:
249:
183:
6283:January Events in Latvia
6273:Reunification of Germany
6258:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
6188:1987â1989 Tibetan unrest
5912:National Salvation Front
5897:Belarusian Popular Front
5887:Popular Front of Estonia
5656:Polish underground press
5417:List of socialist states
4342:Dool, Abdullahi (1998).
3981:Ali, Taisier M. (1999).
3970:. Libre UK. p. 224.
3897:Indiana University Press
3632:Somalia: a country study
3518:Indiana University Press
3378:Prunier, GĂ©rard (2021).
3171:Indiana University Press
2770:Somali National Movement
2443:Somali National Movement
2433:Somali National Movement
2309:Rise and decline of SSDF
2167:Somali National Movement
2157:), to attack clan-based
2110:Mogadishu tea shop (Aug)
649:Ethiopian civil conflict
43:This article or section
6359:Economic liberalization
6298:1991 Belarusian strikes
6238:Fall of the Berlin Wall
5892:Public Against Violence
5882:Popular Front of Latvia
5661:Political demonstration
5510:Chinese economic reform
5422:People Power Revolution
4492:Sultanate of the Geledi
3214:Farah, Ibrahim (2020).
2989:Farah, Ibrahim (2020).
2933:Farah, Ibrahim (2020).
2874:. Bloomsbury Academic.
2764:Somaliland and Puntland
2412:Fall of the Derg regime
2366:in the north-east, and
2060:Buloburde and Jalalaqsi
620:Hanish Islands conflict
5493:New political thinking
4039:Mayall, James (1996).
3244:Tareke, Gebru (2002).
2784:, as with neighboring
2731:United Somali Congress
2709:soldiers stationed in
2685:United Somali Congress
2607:United Somali Congress
2473:Against the Majeerteen
2262:became overburdened.
2181:United Somali Congress
2090:Mogadishu market (Mar)
1434:Operation Indian Ocean
1310:Operations and battles
900:Pakistani Peacekeepers
625:EritreanâEthiopian War
610:Second Afar insurgency
502:SomaliâKenyan conflict
492:1961 revolt in Somalia
346:Commanders and leaders
6364:Post-Soviet conflicts
6318:Tajikistani Civil War
6268:Revolution on Granite
6228:Monday Demonstrations
5754:SanjaasĂŒrengiin Zorig
5588:Mengistu Haile Mariam
5354:Eastern Bloc politics
4384:Simons, Anna (2018).
3766:. The Red Sea Press.
3760:Tekle, Amare (1994).
2738:Mohamed Hawadle Madar
2133:was the start of the
2095:Mogadishu hotel (Mar)
1740:Ministry of Education
1544:Awdheegle and Bariire
524:1963 Ogaden Rebellion
468:in the Horn of Africa
393:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
53:for more information.
5774:Vytautas Landsbergis
5769:Viacheslav Chornovil
5598:Denis Sassou Nguesso
4581:(2009–present)
4512:Warsangali Sultanate
4502:Majeerteen Sultanate
4079:, pp. 210, 211.
4018:. pp. 236â239.
3464:. UPA. p. 199.
2362:initially aimed for
2283:Somali National Army
2153:, the "Red Berets" (
2147:President Siad Barre
1750:Jazeera Palace Hotel
1609:Dhanaane Busley base
638:OEF â Horn of Africa
598:Insurgency in Ogaden
593:Djiboutian Civil War
404:Mohamed Farrah Aidid
381:Muhammad Ali Samatar
94:improve this article
6481:Revolutions of 1989
6441:Cold War rebellions
6218:Pan-European Picnic
6193:1988 Polish strikes
5573:Wojciech Jaruzelski
5313:Revolutions of 1989
3943:. Scarecrow Press.
3608:. Nova Publishers.
3352:Africa Confidential
3203:. 1989. p. 92.
3119:, pp. 128â129.
3021:, pp. 126â127.
2900:The Washington Post
2811:. Scarecrow Press.
2758:Presidential Palace
686:Al-Fashaga conflict
571:PuntlandâSomaliland
556:Ethiopian Civil War
485:Eritrean civil wars
5578:Slobodan MiloĆĄeviÄ
5447:Vatican Opposition
4883:South West Somalia
4527:British Somaliland
4522:Italian Somaliland
4507:Sultanate of Hobyo
4064:The New York Times
3841:. Berghahn Books.
3514:African guerrillas
3173:. pp. 75â77.
3167:African guerrillas
2742:Wardigley district
2572:Against the Hawiye
2305:regime had begun.
2234:The defeat of the
2143:failed coup dâĂ©tat
1975:Bal'ad and Dinsoor
1960:Mogadishu (16 Aug)
1925:Mogadishu (24 Jul)
1920:Mogadishu (22 Jul)
1905:Mogadishu (28 Feb)
1840:Mogadishu (28 Oct)
1835:Mogadishu (14 Oct)
615:GedeoâGuji clashes
109:"Somali Rebellion"
6471:Conflicts in 1991
6466:Conflicts in 1990
6461:Conflicts in 1989
6456:Conflicts in 1988
6451:Conflicts in 1987
6446:Conflicts in 1986
6413:
6412:
6339:Colour revolution
6169:
6168:
6136:Congo-Brazzaville
5857:Democratic Russia
5814:Pope John Paul II
5809:George H. W. Bush
5759:Vladimir Bukovsky
5548:Mikhail Gorbachev
5543:Nicolae CeauÈescu
5329:Era of Stagnation
5279:
5278:
5247:
5246:
5101:
5100:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5017:
4986:Political parties
4976:Political history
4932:Foreign relations
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4669:Guardafui Channel
4618:
4617:
4557:(1986–1992)
4544:(1981–1991)
4401:978-0-429-72083-3
4376:978-0-936508-30-6
4355:978-0-9525241-9-9
4326:978-1-874209-51-5
4302:978-1-874209-91-1
4136:Los Angeles Times
4121:Los Angeles Times
4025:978-0-7618-6720-3
3741:www.aljazeera.com
3694:978-1-317-00466-0
3588:978-1-317-00465-3
3527:978-0-85255-816-4
3498:978-0-8108-6604-1
3471:978-0-7618-6720-3
3444:978-9966-834-40-9
3416:978-0-86531-555-6
3391:978-1-78738-203-9
3335:978-1-83764-186-4
3308:978-3-319-90206-7
3227:978-1-909112-77-3
3180:978-0-85255-816-4
3142:978-0-7546-7528-0
3096:978-0-932415-96-7
3069:978-0-7546-7528-0
3042:(1): 42â45. 1981.
3002:978-1-909112-77-3
2946:978-1-909112-77-3
2881:978-1-4742-9257-3
2851:978-0-521-44405-7
2778:autonomous region
2754:Mogadishu Airport
2518:Against the Isaaq
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
1955:Mogadishu (8 Aug)
1900:Mogadishu (4 Feb)
1895:Nairobi Latema Rd
1870:Mogadishu (2 Sep)
1820:Mogadishu (2 Jan)
1730:Makka al-Mukarama
1690:Mogadishu embassy
1176:
1175:
1151:Al-Hidayah Mosque
1013:
1012:
946:
945:
812:
811:
694:
693:
669:Benishangul-Gumuz
431:
430:
279:
245:
244:
236:Beginning of the
170:
169:
162:
144:
68:
67:
16:(Redirected from
6493:
6486:Somali Civil War
6426:1980s in Somalia
6288:Transnistria War
5947:
5789:Aung San Suu Kyi
5704:Alexander DubÄek
5641:Civil resistance
5498:Sinatra Doctrine
5478:Demokratizatsiya
5379:Shortage economy
5306:
5299:
5292:
5283:
5269:
5259:
5258:
5112:
5078:
5065:Mineral industry
5055:Economic history
5033:
4966:
4910:
4906:
4642:
4638:
4626:
4582:
4575:
4558:
4545:
4517:Dervish movement
4477:Walashma dynasty
4457:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4410:
4405:
4380:
4359:
4338:
4319:. London: HAAN.
4306:
4295:. London: Haan.
4294:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4131:
4125:
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4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4089:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4046:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3967:A Vet in Somalia
3961:
3955:
3954:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3812:
3804:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3658:
3647:
3646:
3635:. The Division.
3626:
3620:
3619:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3375:
3364:
3363:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3162:
3151:
3150:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3101:
3100:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3007:
3006:
2986:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2902:. 10 April 1978.
2892:
2886:
2885:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2839:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2802:
2695:The bulk of the
2534:Rebecca Richards
2508:Victory Pioneers
2321:guerilla attacks
2224:Somali Civil War
2149:began using his
2135:Somali Civil War
2131:Somali Rebellion
2105:Lido Beach (Aug)
2030:Beledweyne (Oct)
2025:Beledweyne (Sep)
2005:Beledweyne (Feb)
1213:
1209:Somali civil war
1201:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1111:Mogadishu (fall)
1050:
1048:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1015:
990:
988:
978:
971:
964:
955:
915:Checkpoint Pasta
845:
837:
830:
823:
814:
775:
773:
772:Somali Rebellion
763:
756:
749:
740:
733:
731:
730:Somali Civil War
721:
714:
707:
698:
561:Somali Civil War
470:
457:
450:
443:
434:
424:
423:
422:
413:
412:
411:
402:
401:
391:
390:
389:
379:
378:
368:
367:
357:
356:
338:
337:
336:
323:
322:
321:
312:
311:
310:
301:
300:
299:
290:
289:
277:
273:
262:
261:
238:Somali Civil War
230:Collapse of the
185:
184:
179:Somali Rebellion
176:
165:
158:
154:
151:
145:
143:
102:
78:
70:
63:
60:
54:
38:
37:
30:
21:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6393:
6354:Democratization
6344:Decommunization
6327:
6263:Helsinki Summit
6203:April 9 tragedy
6175:
6165:
6094:
6003:
5951:
5942:
5936:
5824:
5818:
5686:
5680:
5633:
5627:
5583:Mathieu Kérékou
5530:
5524:
5456:
5432:Reagan Doctrine
5407:Active measures
5399:
5393:
5384:Totalitarianism
5321:
5315:
5310:
5280:
5275:
5243:
5180:
5171:Public holidays
5097:
5076:
5014:
4960:
4887:
4839:
4835:Woqooyi Galbeed
4820:Middle Shebelle
4736:
4696:Mountain ranges
4664:Greater Somalia
4627:
4614:
4588:
4580:
4573:
4556:
4543:
4497:Isaaq Sultanate
4446:
4437:
4402:
4383:
4377:
4362:
4356:
4341:
4327:
4309:
4303:
4292:
4285:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4267:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4242:
4240:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4215:
4213:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4188:
4186:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4161:
4159:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4104:
4102:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3821:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3745:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3660:
3659:
3650:
3643:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3377:
3376:
3367:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3164:
3163:
3154:
3143:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3117:Issa-Salwe 1996
3115:
3104:
3097:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3019:Issa-Salwe 1996
3017:
3010:
3003:
2988:
2987:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2766:
2746:Radio Mogadishu
2727:
2693:
2574:
2536:, a systematic
2530:
2522:Main articles:
2520:
2475:
2470:
2435:
2429:
2408:Abdullahi Yusuf
2403:
2350:Somalia in the
2343:
2337:
2335:1982 Border War
2317:
2311:
2295:Abdullahi Yusuf
2291:
2279:Abdullahi Yusuf
2236:Somali military
2232:
2165:(SSDF) and the
2127:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2080:Mogadishu (Sep)
2070:Mogadishu (Jul)
2065:Mogadishu (Jun)
2045:Mogadishu (Nov)
2040:Mogadishu (Oct)
2020:Mogadishu (Aug)
2015:Mogadishu (Apr)
1990:Mogadishu (Nov)
1985:Mogadishu (Jun)
1980:Mogadishu (Mar)
1935:Mogadishu (Dec)
1910:Mogadishu (Mar)
1890:Nairobi DusitD2
1880:Mogadishu (Dec)
1860:Mogadishu (Jul)
1855:Mogadishu (Mar)
1850:Mogadishu (Feb)
1830:Mogadishu (Feb)
1810:Mogadishu (Dec)
1805:Mogadishu (Nov)
1800:Mogadishu (Aug)
1785:Mogadishu (Jun)
1775:Mogadishu (Feb)
1765:Mogadishu (Jan)
1623:
1621:
1307:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1172:
1082:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1009:
991:
986:
984:
982:
953:
942:
928:Black Hawk Down
910:Abdi House raid
846:
843:
841:
808:
776:
771:
769:
767:
734:
729:
727:
725:
695:
690:
630:border conflict
544:2022 Al-Shabaab
471:
467:
463:
461:
426:Bashir Bililiqo
420:
418:
417:
409:
407:
406:
396:
395:
387:
385:
373:
372:
362:
361:
351:
334:
332:
331:
327:
319:
317:
316:
308:
306:
305:
297:
295:
294:
284:
256:
205:
192:
166:
155:
149:
146:
103:
101:
91:
79:
64:
58:
55:
49:Please see the
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6499:
6497:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6418:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6379:Post-communism
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6179:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6011:
6009:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5969:Czechoslovakia
5966:
5961:
5955:
5953:
5952:Eastern Europe
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5799:Isaias Afwerki
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5779:Zianon Pazniak
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5690:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5637:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5558:Erich Honecker
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5403:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5339:Anti-communism
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5286:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5263:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5124:Child marriage
5121:
5115:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5093:Transportation
5090:
5085:
5083:Communications
5080:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5003:Prime Minister
5000:
4999:
4998:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4913:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4825:Lower Shebelle
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4730:Bajuni Islands
4722:
4721:
4720:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4577:
4565:
4560:
4552:
4550:Isaaq genocide
4547:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4482:Adal Sultanate
4479:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4461:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4400:
4381:
4375:
4360:
4354:
4339:
4325:
4311:Drysdale, John
4307:
4301:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4263:New York Times
4249:
4222:
4195:
4168:
4141:
4126:
4111:
4081:
4069:
4054:
4031:
4024:
4000:
3993:
3973:
3956:
3949:
3929:
3912:
3906:978-0253220776
3905:
3881:
3874:
3854:
3847:
3827:
3824:on 2005-03-16.
3796:
3779:
3772:
3752:
3735:Reinl, James.
3727:
3720:
3700:
3693:
3673:
3648:
3641:
3621:
3614:
3594:
3587:
3564:
3557:
3533:
3526:
3520:. p. 80.
3504:
3497:
3477:
3470:
3450:
3443:
3425:
3415:
3397:
3390:
3365:
3341:
3334:
3314:
3307:
3287:
3256:(3): 465â498.
3236:
3226:
3206:
3186:
3179:
3152:
3141:
3121:
3102:
3095:
3075:
3068:
3045:
3036:Horn of Africa
3023:
3008:
3001:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2945:
2925:
2905:
2887:
2880:
2860:
2850:
2824:
2817:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2765:
2762:
2726:
2723:
2692:
2691:Against Ogaden
2689:
2573:
2570:
2565:United Nations
2538:state violence
2524:Isaaq genocide
2519:
2516:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2431:Main article:
2428:
2425:
2402:
2399:
2372:GĂ©rard Prunier
2339:Main article:
2336:
2333:
2313:Main article:
2310:
2307:
2290:
2287:
2231:
2228:
2151:special forces
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:(2009âpresent)
1206:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:2nd Beledweyne
1155:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1101:1st Beledweyne
1098:
1093:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
996:
993:
992:
983:
981:
980:
973:
966:
958:
947:
944:
943:
941:
940:
939:
938:
931:
924:
921:Gothic Serpent
917:
912:
907:
902:
890:
889:
888:
887:
886:
884:Somalia affair
866:
865:
864:
861:Provide Relief
851:
848:
847:
842:
840:
839:
832:
825:
817:
810:
809:
807:
806:
799:
794:
793:
792:
790:Isaaq genocide
781:
778:
777:
768:
766:
765:
758:
751:
743:
736:
735:
726:
724:
723:
716:
709:
701:
692:
691:
689:
688:
683:
682:
681:
676:
671:
666:
664:OLA insurgency
661:
656:
646:
641:
634:
633:
632:
622:
617:
612:
607:
606:
605:
595:
590:
585:
584:
583:
578:
573:
568:
558:
553:
551:Oromo conflict
548:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
516:
515:
514:
509:
499:
494:
489:
488:
487:
476:
473:
472:
462:
460:
459:
452:
445:
437:
429:
428:
383:
348:
347:
343:
342:
282:
281:
280:
252:
251:
247:
246:
243:
242:
241:
240:
234:
228:
225:Isaaq Genocide
221:
214:Rebel victory
211:
207:
206:
201:
199:
195:
194:
189:
181:
180:
174:
173:
168:
167:
82:
80:
73:
66:
65:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6498:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6384:Yugoslav Wars
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6374:Neo-Stalinism
6372:
6370:
6369:Neo-Sovietism
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6253:Black January
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6172:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5948:
5945:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5804:Ronald Reagan
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5784:Zhelyu Zhelev
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5764:Boris Yeltsin
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5744:Joachim Gauck
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5676:Strike action
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5618:Todor Zhivkov
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:Deng Xiaoping
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5527:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:Soviet Empire
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5398:International
5396:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5302:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5262:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5154:Mental health
5152:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Ajuran Empire
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4429:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4403:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4291:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4250:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4138:. 1991-01-01.
4137:
4130:
4127:
4123:. 1990-12-31.
4122:
4115:
4112:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4066:. 1990-12-12.
4065:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4004:
4001:
3996:
3994:9780773518834
3990:
3986:
3985:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3950:9780810866041
3946:
3942:
3941:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3916:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3885:
3882:
3877:
3875:9781317004660
3871:
3868:. Routledge.
3867:
3866:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3848:9781782383284
3844:
3840:
3839:
3831:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3773:9780932415974
3769:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3753:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3721:9781842771914
3717:
3714:. Zed Books.
3713:
3712:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3677:
3674:
3666:
3665:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3642:9780844407753
3638:
3634:
3633:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3615:9781590332658
3611:
3607:
3606:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3581:. Routledge.
3580:
3579:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3558:9781317004660
3554:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:, p. 26.
2973:
2972:Drysdale 1994
2968:
2965:
2962:, p. 20.
2961:
2960:Drysdale 1994
2956:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2818:9780810866041
2814:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2768:In 1991, the
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2532:According to
2529:
2525:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2458:guerrilla war
2455:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2293:In Ethiopia,
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:Central Hotel
1723:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Villa Somalia
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1626:Major attacks
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1359:Kenyan border
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1146:3rd Mogadishu
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1141:2nd Mogadishu
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1131:1st Mogadishu
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935:United Shield
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679:War in Amhara
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659:OromiaâSomali
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111: â
110:
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105:Find sources:
99:
95:
89:
88:
83:This article
81:
77:
72:
71:
62:
59:December 2018
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
6332:Later events
6248:Malta Summit
6155:
6080:Turkmenistan
6008:Soviet Union
5994:Soviet Union
5974:East Germany
5794:Meles Zenawi
5749:Sali Berisha
5699:VĂĄclav Havel
5646:Human chains
5553:KĂĄroly GrĂłsz
5483:Khozraschyot
5374:Nomenklatura
5349:Eastern Bloc
5194:Architecture
5134:Demographics
5129:Coat of arms
5070:Oil industry
5045:Central Bank
4962:
4942:Human rights
4922:Constitution
4554:
4472:Land of Punt
4386:
4365:
4344:
4315:
4288:
4280:Bibliography
4266:. Retrieved
4262:
4252:
4241:. Retrieved
4239:. 1991-01-27
4234:
4225:
4214:. Retrieved
4212:. 1991-01-22
4207:
4198:
4187:. Retrieved
4185:. 1991-01-03
4180:
4171:
4160:. Retrieved
4158:. 1991-01-02
4153:
4144:
4135:
4129:
4120:
4114:
4103:. Retrieved
4101:. 1991-01-01
4096:
4072:
4063:
4057:
4042:
4034:
4010:
4003:
3983:
3976:
3966:
3959:
3939:
3932:
3922:
3915:
3891:
3884:
3864:
3857:
3837:
3830:
3819:the original
3814:
3782:
3762:
3755:
3744:. Retrieved
3740:
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3703:
3683:
3676:
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2800:
2780:of Somalia,
2767:
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2629:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2575:
2562:
2554:
2531:
2485:
2476:
2447:
2436:
2421:Meles Zenawi
2404:
2401:SSDF decline
2376:
2358:region. The
2344:
2329:
2318:
2292:
2264:
2260:grazing land
2248:
2233:
2189:
2178:
2171:
2154:
2130:
2128:
1875:Sahafi Hotel
1755:Sahafi Hotel
1685:Mogadishu UN
1620:
1589:Hilowle Gaab
1084:
1083:
1057:
948:
933:
926:
919:
892:
877:
871:Restore Hope
870:
859:
803:Eastern Exit
802:
770:
637:
581:2009âpresent
565:
328:
278:(until 1991)
255:
250:Belligerents
213:
171:
156:
147:
137:
130:
123:
116:
104:
92:Please help
87:verification
84:
56:
44:
6308:August Coup
6161:South Yemen
6106:Afghanistan
5950:Central and
5943:by location
5847:Civic Forum
5734:Feng Congde
5709:Ion Iliescu
5694:Lech WaĆÄsa
5651:Magnitizdat
5613:Zhao Ziyang
5603:Heng Samrin
5563:MiloĆĄ JakeĆĄ
5473:Perestroika
5040:Agriculture
4947:LGBT rights
4863:Hirshabelle
4800:Middle Juba
4077:Ghalib 1995
2697:Darood clan
2462:hit and run
2204:Somali army
2202:routed the
1825:Dayah Hotel
1715:Hotel Amalo
1645:Hotel Shamo
1319:S Mogadishu
1168:2nd Kismayo
1126:Ras Kamboni
1121:1st Kismayo
1096:Bandiradley
878:Deliverance
654:AfarâSomali
497:Bale revolt
6420:Categories
6349:Lustration
6223:Baltic Way
6174:Individual
6151:Mozambique
6090:Uzbekistan
6075:Tajikistan
6060:Kyrgyzstan
6055:Kazakhstan
6020:Azerbaijan
5999:Yugoslavia
5877:Solidarity
5837:Charter 77
5823:Opposition
5719:Wu'erkaixi
5685:Opposition
5632:Opposition
5623:Siad Barre
5568:Egon Krenz
5538:Ramiz Alia
5529:Government
5468:Uskoreniye
5400:background
5322:background
5214:Literature
5077:(currency)
4981:Parliament
4937:Government
4873:Somaliland
4805:Lower Juba
4706:Buur Dhaab
4684:Iskushuban
4679:Waterfalls
4555:Rebellion
4537:Ogaden War
4460:Chronology
4268:2010-02-02
4243:2023-05-07
4216:2023-05-07
4189:2023-05-07
4162:2023-05-07
4105:2023-05-07
3815:World Bank
3746:2017-05-20
2792:References
2782:Somaliland
2774:recognised
2717:) and the
2665:Majeerteen
2661:Majeerteen
2649:Beledweyne
2645:Beledweyne
2633:show trial
2621:Red Berets
2512:Majeerteen
2496:Majeerteen
2492:Majeerteen
2480:Majeerteen
2387:Beledweyne
2379:Ogaden War
2368:Beledweyne
2360:offensives
2271:Majeerteen
2240:Ogaden War
2230:Background
2075:Beledweyne
1950:Baidoa Eid
1700:Beledweyne
1665:Muna Hotel
1640:Beledweyne
1599:Bulo Marer
1529:Camp Simba
1514:Bulo Marer
1424:Bulo Marer
1399:Beledweyne
1389:Linda Nchi
1374:Lower Juba
1349:Beledweyne
1163:2nd Baidoa
1091:1st Baidoa
674:Tigray war
464:Post-1960
359:Siad Barre
120:newspapers
6389:Pink tide
6183:Jeltoqsan
6099:Elsewhere
6050:Lithuania
5902:Rastokhez
5842:New Forum
5825:movements
5724:Chai Ling
5334:Communism
5239:Languages
5144:Education
5075:Shilling
5050:Companies
4991:President
4954:Judiciary
4927:Elections
4775:Galguduud
4713:Mountains
4701:Cal Madow
4633:Geography
4568:Civil War
4467:Laas Geel
4392:Routledge
3549:Routledge
3270:0022-278X
2750:Red Cross
2719:defection
2582:Mogadishu
2542:reprisals
2450:Dire Dawa
2391:Balanbale
2289:Rebellion
2196:Mogadishu
2159:dissident
1930:Kenya bus
1675:Mogadishu
1655:Mogadishu
1549:Mogadishu
1534:Shabeelow
1519:Gandarshe
1364:Mogadishu
1329:C Somalia
1324:Mogadishu
1000:Mogadishu
894:UNOSOM II
869:UNITAF /
566:Rebellion
466:conflicts
150:June 2011
51:talk page
6146:Mongolia
6141:Ethiopia
6126:Cambodia
6030:Chechnya
5964:Bulgaria
5739:Tank Man
5729:Wang Dan
5714:Liu Gang
5671:Samizdat
5666:Protests
5505:Glasnost
5488:500 Days
5412:Cold War
5320:Internal
5261:Category
5229:Religion
5166:Polygamy
5139:Diaspora
4971:Military
4901:Politics
4878:Puntland
4868:Jubaland
4853:Galmudug
4830:Togdheer
4760:Banaadir
4689:Lamadaya
4659:Wildlife
4605:Military
4600:Maritime
4593:By topic
4444:articles
4335:30736422
4313:(1994).
2786:Puntland
2756:and the
2711:Kismaayo
2669:Hargeisa
2601:and the
2590:Murusade
2546:Hargeisa
2454:Ethiopia
2417:Mengistu
2395:Galdogob
2275:Ethiopia
2256:pastoral
2212:Galgadud
2155:Duub Cas
1790:Awdiinle
1695:Westgate
1594:Hawadley
1579:Runirgod
1569:Ethiopia
1559:Galmudug
1484:Kulbiyow
1222:Timeline
1058:Timeline
855:UNOSOM I
340:Ethiopia
198:Location
6398:Related
6156:Somalia
6085:Ukraine
6065:Moldova
6040:Georgia
6035:Estonia
6025:Belarus
6015:Armenia
5989:Romania
5979:Hungary
5959:Albania
5867:SÄ
jƫdis
5687:leaders
5634:methods
5531:leaders
5520:Äá»i Má»i
5461:Reforms
5209:Cuisine
5186:Culture
5107:Society
5088:Tourism
5028:Economy
4917:Cabinet
4858:Khatumo
4742:Regions
4654:Climate
4452:History
4440:Somalia
3278:3876045
2706:Marehan
2673:Somalia
2653:Marehan
2504:Jariban
2500:Garoowe
2488:Galkayo
2383:Galkayo
2364:Galkayo
2216:Hiiraan
2035:Kismayo
2000:Mandera
1965:Galkayo
1945:Afgooye
1915:Kismayo
1795:Galkayo
1735:Garissa
1660:Kampala
1635:AU base
1614:El Dher
1554:Golweyn
1499:Golweyn
1494:Af Urur
1474:Qandala
1469:El Adde
1439:Galgala
1414:Kismayo
1394:Deynile
1339:Kismayo
1085:Battles
603:2007â08
576:2006â09
134:scholar
6176:events
6111:Angola
6070:Russia
6045:Latvia
5984:Poland
5941:Events
5593:Ne Win
5271:Portal
5234:Sports
5204:Cinema
5149:Health
5119:Anthem
4845:States
4790:Sanaag
4755:Bakool
4725:Island
4718:Bahaya
4649:Cities
4610:Postal
4563:Piracy
4442:
4398:
4373:
4352:
4333:
4323:
4299:
4022:
3991:
3947:
3926:. s.n.
3903:
3872:
3845:
3770:
3718:
3691:
3639:
3612:
3585:
3555:
3524:
3495:
3468:
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3224:
3177:
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3093:
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2999:
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2878:
2848:
2815:
2776:as an
2701:Ogaden
2680:Hawiye
2657:Ogaden
2641:Hawiye
2614:Hawiye
2586:Abgaal
2578:Hawiye
2502:, and
2244:Ogaden
2214:, and
1865:Baidoa
1780:Baidoa
1745:Garowe
1574:Bal'ad
1459:Janale
1409:Yurkud
1136:Bargal
1106:Jowhar
1005:Baidoa
534:Ogaden
507:Shifta
210:Result
136:
129:
122:
115:
107:
6131:China
6121:Burma
6116:Benin
5224:Music
5219:Media
5176:Women
4815:Nugal
4810:Mudug
4795:Hiran
4750:Awdal
4674:Hafun
4293:(PDF)
3822:(PDF)
3811:(PDF)
3791:(PDF)
3668:(PDF)
3283:WSLF.
3274:JSTOR
3148:army.
2920:(PDF)
2595:SODAF
2550:Burao
2439:Isaaq
2356:Mudug
2352:Hiran
2303:Barre
2208:Mudug
2086:2024
2055:Mahas
2051:2023
1996:2022
1971:2021
1941:2020
1886:2019
1846:2018
1816:2017
1761:2016
1721:2015
1706:2014
1681:2013
1671:2011
1651:2010
1631:2009
1605:2024
1585:2023
1565:2022
1540:2021
1525:2020
1510:2018
1489:Barii
1480:2017
1465:2016
1454:Leego
1449:Baure
1445:2015
1430:2014
1420:2013
1405:2012
1384:Elwaq
1370:2011
1345:2010
1334:Wabho
1315:2009
1116:Jilib
512:Rhamu
141:JSTOR
127:books
5161:Flag
5008:List
4996:List
4963:Xeer
4959:Law
4785:Sool
4780:Gedo
4765:Bari
4396:ISBN
4371:ISBN
4350:ISBN
4331:OCLC
4321:ISBN
4297:ISBN
4020:ISBN
3989:ISBN
3945:ISBN
3901:ISBN
3870:ISBN
3843:ISBN
3768:ISBN
3716:ISBN
3689:ISBN
3637:ISBN
3610:ISBN
3583:ISBN
3553:ISBN
3522:ISBN
3493:ISBN
3466:ISBN
3439:ISBN
3411:ISBN
3386:ISBN
3330:ISBN
3303:ISBN
3266:ISSN
3222:ISBN
3175:ISBN
3137:ISBN
3091:ISBN
3064:ISBN
2997:ISBN
2941:ISBN
2876:ISBN
2846:ISBN
2813:ISBN
2659:and
2599:SSDF
2588:and
2576:The
2526:and
2393:and
2385:and
2354:and
2145:and
2129:The
1379:Gedo
1303:2024
1298:2023
1293:2022
1288:2021
1283:2020
1278:2019
1273:2018
1268:2017
1263:2016
1258:2015
1253:2014
1248:2013
1243:2012
1238:2011
1233:2010
1228:2009
1078:2009
1073:2008
1068:2007
1063:2006
539:1982
529:1964
325:SSDF
223:The
188:Date
113:news
5369:KGB
5199:Art
5060:EEZ
4770:Bay
4049:104
3258:doi
2603:SNM
2452:in
2206:in
2200:USC
1354:Ayn
314:SPM
303:SNM
292:USC
275:SNA
96:by
6422::
4394:.
4390:.
4329:.
4261:.
4233:.
4206:.
4179:.
4152:.
4095:.
4084:^
4014:.
3899:.
3895:.
3813:.
3799:^
3739:.
3651:^
3567:^
3551:.
3547:.
3516:.
3419:.
3368:^
3357:23
3355:.
3280:.
3272:.
3264:.
3254:40
3252:.
3248:.
3230:.
3169:.
3155:^
3145:.
3105:^
3048:^
3038:.
3034:.
3011:^
2979:^
2898:.
2854:.
2844:.
2840:.
2655:,
2609:.
2597:,
2563:A
2423:.
2397:.
2226:.
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5305:e
5298:t
5291:v
4965:)
4961:(
4432:e
4425:t
4418:v
4404:.
4379:.
4358:.
4337:.
4305:.
4271:.
4246:.
4219:.
4192:.
4165:.
4108:.
4051:.
4028:.
3997:.
3953:.
3909:.
3878:.
3851:.
3776:.
3749:.
3724:.
3697:.
3645:.
3618:.
3591:.
3561:.
3530:.
3501:.
3474:.
3447:.
3394:.
3338:.
3311:.
3260::
3183:.
3099:.
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