430:, the ECHR ruled that Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights "provides an absolute prohibition of torture". Even if there are compelling grounds to suppose that a deportee is engaged in terrorism, they cannot be deported if doing so would place them at risk of torture. The case meant that terrorist suspects arrested in the UK after
295:
noted that the
Winstanley-Burgess offices reflected its partners' priorities: "I entered a dark, dingy, decaying building on the East London Road, where dirty magnolia woodchip papered stud wall partitions, with holes where they had been torn and kicked in frustration by the firm's clients, and which
410:
countermanded this, and
Burgess began proceedings against the Home Office and Home Secretary for contempt of court. The High Court ruled against M., the Court of Appeal overturned that decision, and the Law Lords upheld the decision of the Court of Appeal, ruling that "ministers and officials may be
405:
who arrived in the UK in 1990, had been refused. Thirty minutes before the aircraft deporting him was due to take off, Burgess applied to a duty judge to defer removal. This was ignored. Burgess visited a judge at home at 12:30 am; the judge ordered that M. be met in Zaire by officials from the
303:
paid tribute to
Burgess in the House of Commons in 1997, telling MPs that "in Government circles", Burgess was "probably looked upon as one of those difficult characters who pursue matters when they should not and who become over-interested in civil liberties. It is a good job that we have such
482:
in central London during the evening rush hour. A member of the public grabbed the perpetrator, 34-year-old
Senthooran Kanagasingham, whom Burgess had befriended, shouting: "What have you done?" Kanagasingham is reported to have replied: "I'm guilty, I'm guilty. I surrender." According to the
290:
Burgess acquired a reputation for showing great kindness to her clients, helping them financially and with housing. Jawaid
Luqmani of Luqmani Thompson called her "extraordinarily talented, with an encyclopedic grasp of the law" and someone who had "almost no ego". In an obituary for Burgess,
486:
At the time of the killing, Kanagasingham used the name Nina and was undergoing gender reassignment from male to female, but he later asked to be referred to as male. After meeting
Kanagasingham in 2009, Burgess had been helping him, including with financial support. They had just visited
450:
in 2003 that she was exhausted from "working 13-hour days, plus weekends, and earning about the same as a teacher", and that although "you'll be lucky to make a profit, let alone fund a pension, the media will shamelessly libel you as a legal aid millionaire." She took a year off to study
383:
had been refused entry to the UK in 1987. Burgess stopped their deportation by requesting a judicial review of the decision not to grant them asylum. The men stripped down to their underwear on the tarmac in an effort to slow down their removal. Burgess won at the court of appeal, but the
33:
491:; Burgess had expressed concern to the doctor about Kanagasingham's mental health, but Kanagasingham had disagreed with Burgess about it in the doctor's presence. One hour later, Burgess was pushed under an eastbound train. Around 600 people attended her funeral service at
271:
with Robert
Winstanley, a friend from Cambridge, and did voluntary work for the Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants. In 1975, she and Winstanley founded Winstanley-Burgess solicitors above a
388:
overturned the decision, and the group was sent back to Sri Lanka. Burgess and another lawyer travelled to Sri Lanka, located the group, gathered evidence of their mistreatment, and appealed to the
816:
1569:
350:
man who asked the government to amend his birth certificate to allow him to marry a woman. Burgess and Rees's barrister, Nick Blake, argued unsuccessfully that
English law violated the
1549:
1222:
324:, began to transition from male to female during the marriage, adopting the name Sonia Burgess, but she continued to practise law as David. From 1992 until 2002, she represented
411:
liable for contempt of court and that injunctions and other legal remedies are available against them". The government was required to pay costs. According to the legal scholar
944:
832:
446:
reported that the company, when it closed, consisted of five partners, three assistant solicitors, three caseworkers, two trainees, and 11 support staff. Burgess wrote in
483:
prosecution, CCTV footage showed
Kanagasingham with both hands in the middle of Burgess's back, bending the knee to gain "maximum force" to push Burgess onto the track.
442:
Robert
Winstanley left Winstanley-Burgess in 1996 to become a judge, and in August 2003 Burgess closed the company, blaming high costs and low legal aid payments. The
1174:
354:
Article 8 (right to respect for private and family life) and Article 12 (right to marry) in its treatment of transgender people. Also in 1986, Burgess represented
283:
firm specializing in asylum work, "soon set the standard for all legal aid immigration practices for its superb work and tenacious dedication to refugee rights".
1594:
1589:
230:, West Yorkshire, with her mother, Comfort, a secondary-school headteacher, and older sister, Ros. Her father was absent. From 1959 to 1966, she attended
1604:
1599:
459:, central London, and lived as Sonia when not working. As David, she worked for Luqmani Thompson & Partners, an immigration law firm, and for the
511:
1426:
479:
1451:
515:
373:(1991), British law was changed to allow asylum seekers to appeal against refusal of asylum without having to leave the country. A group of 52
1408:
191:. Winstanley-Burgess solicitors, co-founded by Burgess in 1975, became one of the UK's "most respected asylum and immigration law practices".
1584:
1544:
1539:
407:
1037:"Despite two days of frantic activity in May 1991 attempts to stop deportation of man accused of anti-government activity in Zaire failed".
1465:
R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex parte Sivakumaran and Conjoined Appeals (UN High Commissioner for Refugees Intervening)
551:
R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex parte Sivakumaran and Conjoined Appeals (UN High Commissioner for Refugees Intervening)
1296:
243:
94:
351:
1574:
1564:
1509:
1146:
540:. Tel Aviv, Israel: Symposium on Psycho-Legal Aspects of Sexual Problems. 2nd International Congress on Psychiatry, Law and Ethics.
680:
1352:"Manslaughter verdict for death of Sonia Burgess at King's Cross Underground"]. British Transport Police statement, courtesy of
1559:
389:
215:
1579:
1395:
1328:
1468:, AC 958, 1 All ER 193, 2 WLR 92, Imm AR 147, United Kingdom: House of Lords (Judicial Committee), 16 December 1987.
1127:
911:
412:
231:
201:
538:"Transexualism, birth registration and the right to marry: Schedule of legislative and case law developments in Europe"
1554:
899:
455:
in Tibet, and when she returned to England in 2005, she and her spouse separated. Burgess moved to an apartment in
583:
456:
423:
316:
refugee working as a nurse in the UK and one of Winstanley-Burgess's former clients. The couple set up home in
210:
167:
743:
492:
569:
The Queen v. Immigration Appeal Tribunal, ex parte Gustaff Desiderius Antonissen (Free movement of persons)
928:
817:"Family and friends say sex change man, formerly from Skipton, was a 'trailblazer' in human rights issues"
779:(Application no. 70/1995/576/662). European Court of Human Rights. Strasbourg. Judgment. 11 November 1996.
518:
with an order that he serve at least seven years. He was found dead on 8 April 2013 in his prison cell in
1254:
392:(ECHR). The appeal was unsuccessful, but in response to the case the British government changed the law.
1369:. Issue 70441, p. 13.Cheston, Paul (13 December 2011). "Transsexual 'pushed lawyer to his death'."
1534:
1529:
862:
646:
460:
132:
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and had three children—two biological and one adopted (Lhamo's biological niece). Burgess, who was
304:
people in Britain. The rule of law and the democratic process is strengthened by such solicitors."
1022:
800:
427:
205:
537:
1191:
1071:
1108:
1095:
1059:
369:
Winstanley-Burgess obtained several landmark decisions or changes in the law. As a result of
1477:
1365:
Maclean, Ruth (13 December 2011). "Sex-change man denies Tube murder of transexual lawyer".
1158:
1112:
979:. 45/1990/236/302-306, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 26 September 1991.
849:
793:
676:
575:
452:
397:
325:
284:
268:
196:
159:
1491:
1207:
Robins, Jon (16 September 2003). "Is the tabloid press right about immigration lawyers?"].
895:
519:
496:
472:
292:
188:
32:
1223:"Murder inquiry 'after woman pushed under Tube train at Kings Cross station during joke'"
296:
looked as if they would collapse at any moment. ... Rarely did money change hands."
1463:
958:
Rees, Mark; O'Donnell, Katherine (2018). "Taking to the law". In Christine Burns (ed.).
1087:
385:
264:
60:
1382:
1283:
833:"Killer of former Skipton Ermysted's Grammar School boy and lawyer is jailed for life"
1523:
976:
739:
507:
380:
300:
1479:
Mendis v. Immigration Appeal Tribunal and Secretary of State for the Home Department
1111:. University of Cambridge Faculty of Law. Research Paper No. 50/2016, pp. 5–6.
557:
Mendis v. Immigration Appeal Tribunal and Secretary of State for the Home Department
267:
in Skipton, Burgess moved to London, where in 1972 she worked at Dawson & Co in
1051:
1014:
709:
377:
355:
247:
239:
1175:"Winstanley-Burgess to shut as low legal aid rates and long hours take their toll"
495:
in November 2010. As a result of witnessing her death, Nathalie McDermott founded
1496:, Imm AR 196, United Kingdom: High Court (England and Wales), 26 November 1991.
1409:"A trans actor joining EastEnders is a triumph – but one born from tragedy"
772:
488:
321:
1482:, Imm AR 6, United Kingdom: Court of Appeal (England and Wales), 17 June 1988.
788:
Rudolf, Beate (January 1998). "Chahal v. United Kingdom. No. 70/1995/576/662".
609:
Razgar, R (on the application of) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department
406:
British Embassy and returned to the UK. Acting on legal advice, Home Secretary
334:, a group co-founded by Stephen Whittle that campaigns for transgender rights.
503:
475:
227:
56:
374:
359:
347:
280:
276:
272:
105:
1239:
Davenport, Justin (28 October 2010). "Dead tube man is top lawyer Sonia".
1162:
603:
R (Tamil Information Centre) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department
571:
EUECJ C-292/89 (26 February 1991), Court of Justice of the European Union.
1116:
330:
317:
1493:
R v. Immigration Appeal Tribunal, Ex parte Gustaff Desiderius Antonissen
1026:
804:
593:, European Court of Human Rights, 1996. Application no: 75/1995/581/667
235:
64:
1452:"Investigation into the death of a man at HMP Belmarsh in April 2013"
988:
Murlagh, Peter (17 May 1989). "Expelled Tamils beaten in Sri Lanka".
471:
In October 2010, Burgess was killed after being pushed in front of a
82:
797:
402:
363:
313:
1383:"Man admits killing lawyer Sonia Burgess at King's Cross station"
1109:"Leading Administrative Law Cases: M v The Home Office 1 AC 377"
1001:
Herbert, Shiranikha (4 December 1991). "Ministers and contempt".
431:
1510:"The readers' editor on ... reporting transgender issues"
949:. Strasbourg: European Court of Human Rights, 17 October 1986.
1130:(17 August 1993). "Lords put rule of law back on the rails".
187:; 25 September 1947 – 25 October 2010) was a leading British
1427:"Transsexual killer of top lawyer found dead in prison cell"
1284:"Eyewitnesses tell how Sonia Burgess was pushed under train"
597:
A v. Chief Constable of the West Yorkshire Police & Anor
1329:"Man who pushed solicitor under tube train jailed for life"
1056:
British Government and the Constitution: Text and Materials
218:
confirmed the scope of its protection against deportation.
605:
EWHC 2155 (Admin) (18 October 2002), Administrative Court.
279:. The barrister Frances Webber wrote that the company, a
1454:. Prisons and Probation Ombudsman for England and Wales.
1255:"Woman accused of tube murder was undergoing sex change"
711:
In re M (A.P.) (Cross-appellant and Original Respondent)
461:
Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture
401:(1993), the asylum application of M., a teacher from
194:
Burgess initiated several important cases, including
133:
Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture
1017:(July 1994). "Accidental Loss of an Asylum Seeker".
671:
669:
667:
565:, European Court of Human Rights, 26 September 1991.
744:"The extraordinary life and death of David Burgess"
149:
141:
119:
111:
101:
90:
71:
42:
23:
1322:
1320:
1318:
900:"Sonia ('David') Burgess (1947–2010): An obituary"
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
1094:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.
1058:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.
358:, a Sri Lankan national who claimed the right of
346:(1986), Burgess represented Mark Rees, a British
287:trained at Winstanley-Burgess from 1995 to 1997.
599:EWCA Civ 1584 (5 November 2002), Court of Appeal
426:(1996), involving the deportation to India of a
1279:
1277:
1275:
962:. London: Unbound Publishing, pp. 141–142.
1297:"Lawyer who died under train lived as a woman"
705:
703:
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640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
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1396:"An Address for the Funeral Service of Sonia"
977:"Vilvarajah and Others v. the United Kingdom"
972:
970:
968:
734:
732:
730:
728:
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724:
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720:
611:EWCA Civ 840 (19 June 2003), Court of Appeal.
8:
1570:People educated at Ermysted's Grammar School
1550:Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
1092:Ashes and Sparks: Essays On Law and Justice
1078:. Issue 70099, 8 November 2010, p. 59.
960:Trans Britain: Our Journey from the Shadows
681:"The asylum lawyer who is seeking a refuge"
563:Vilvarajah and others v. the United Kingdom
559:, Imm AR 6, Court of Appeal, 17 June 1988.
512:on the grounds of diminished responsibility
371:Vilvarajah and others v the United Kingdom
20:
1107:Forsyth, Charles F. (29 September 2016).
790:The American Journal of International Law
714:. Judgment. House of Lords, 27 July 1993.
553:AC 958, House of Lords, 16 December 1987.
312:In 1985, Burgess married Youdon Lhamo, a
126:Winstanley-Burgess solicitors (1975–2003)
768:
766:
764:
1142:
1140:
620:
587:, European Court of Human Rights, 1996.
242:. After Ermysted's, she studied law at
1508:Pritchard, Stephen (23 January 2011).
1253:Topping, Alexandra (1 November 2010).
422:In another case initiated by Burgess,
499:in October 2011 as a tribute to her.
419:"put the rule of law back in place".
238:as a boarder, where she was a fan of
7:
1425:Randhawa, Kiran (17 February 2015).
1155:International Journal of Refugee Law
912:"Mr. David Winnick (Walsall, North)"
775:Case of Chahal v. the United Kingdom
536:with Richard Ekins (February 1986).
480:King's Cross St Pancras tube station
1394:Herbert, Clare (17 November 2010).
848:Webber, Frances (4 November 2010).
352:European Convention on Human Rights
200:(1993), described by legal scholar
1595:20th-century British women lawyers
1590:21st-century British women lawyers
1327:Walker, Peter (22 December 2011).
522:with a plastic bag over his head.
362:at the Church of the Ascension in
14:
1450:Newcomen, Nigel (February 2014).
1221:Hough, Andrew (26 October 2010).
1147:"European Court of Human Rights.
861:Newman, Melanie (29 April 2019).
850:"David Burgess – an appreciation"
645:Bawdon, Fiona (2 November 2010).
487:Kanagasingham's family doctor in
244:St Catharine's College, Cambridge
95:St Catharine's College, Cambridge
1605:20th-century English LGBT people
1600:21st-century English LGBT people
1190:Neilson, Scott (20 March 2003).
815:White, Clive (5 November 2010).
502:In December 2011, a jury at the
31:
129:Luqmani Thompson & Partners
1407:Lees, Paris (9 October 2015).
1173:Rohan, Paula (20 March 2003).
852:. Institute of Race Relations.
390:European Court of Human Rights
216:European Court of Human Rights
208:for more than 200 years", and
1:
1385:. BBC News, 12 December 2011.
1286:. BBC News, 13 December 2011.
927:Hanson, Nigel (26 May 2004).
506:found Kanagasingham, who had
1585:Violence against trans women
1545:21st-century English lawyers
1540:20th-century English lawyers
1149:Chahal v. The United Kingdom
591:X, Y and Z v. United Kingdom
1021:. 57(4), pp. 620–626.
145:Asylum/immigration services
1621:
1398:. St Martin in the Fields.
1211:. Issue 67869, p. 96.
1134:. Issue 64724, p. 28.
1041:, 28 July 1993, p. 2.
946:Rees v. the United Kingdom
902:. whittlings.blogspot.com.
514:, and he was sentenced to
344:Rees v. the United Kingdom
37:Sonia Burgess in July 2010
16:British immigration lawyer
1575:People murdered in London
1565:English transgender women
510:, guilty of manslaughter
232:Ermysted's Grammar School
204:as "the most significant
30:
647:"David Burgess obituary"
584:Chahal v. United Kingdom
424:Chahal v. United Kingdom
222:Early life and education
211:Chahal v. United Kingdom
168:Chahal v. United Kingdom
1196:The Law Society Gazette
1179:The Law Society Gazette
933:The Law Society Gazette
929:"It's law in the genes"
867:The Law Society Gazette
493:St Martin-in-the-Fields
434:could not be deported.
1560:English murder victims
1157:. 1997. 9(1): 86–121.
1019:The Modern Law Review
1005:, Law Reports, p. 23.
837:Telegraph & Argus
821:Telegraph & Argus
246:, graduating with an
214:(1996), in which the
1580:English LGBT lawyers
1117:10.2139/ssrn.2845454
328:sometimes or always
1356:, 24 December 2011.
1354:European Union News
1301:The Daily Telegraph
1227:The Daily Telegraph
1163:10.1093/ijrl/9.1.86
918:, 30 October 1997.
898:(2 November 2010).
839:, 23 December 2011.
685:The Daily Telegraph
444:Law Society Gazette
254:Career and marriage
226:Burgess grew up in
206:constitutional case
1555:English solicitors
1303:. 12 December 2011
742:(9 January 2011).
448:Independent Lawyer
259:Winstanley-Burgess
189:immigration lawyer
677:Rozenberg, Joshua
516:life imprisonment
178:
177:
112:Years active
53:25 September 1947
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1431:Evening Standard
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1241:Evening Standard
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896:Whittle, Stephen
893:
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792:. 92(1), 70–74.
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691:
673:
662:
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576:M v. Home Office
457:Cambridge Circus
453:Tibetan Buddhism
417:M v. Home Office
398:M v. Home Office
326:Press For Change
285:Harriet Wistrich
197:M v. Home Office
160:M v. Home Office
152:
78:
52:
50:
35:
21:
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1503:Further reading
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1192:"Safe harbour?"
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1088:Sedley, Stephen
1086:
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1072:"David Burgess"
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1066:
1050:Turpin, Colin;
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679:(29 May 2003).
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547:
533:
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520:Belmarsh Prison
497:All About Trans
473:Piccadilly Line
469:
440:
428:Sikh separatist
340:
310:
293:Stephen Whittle
261:
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174:
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75:25 October 2010
67:
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871:
863:"Born fighter"
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740:Day, Elizabeth
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526:Selected works
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386:House of Lords
381:asylum seekers
366:, Manchester.
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142:Known for
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79:(aged 63)
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61:West Yorkshire
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1128:Wade, William
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1052:Tomkins, Adam
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1015:Harlow, Carol
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408:Kenneth Baker
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301:David Winnick
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269:Lincoln's Inn
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185:David Burgess
182:
181:Sonia Burgess
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25:Sonia Burgess
22:
19:
1514:The Observer
1513:
1492:
1487:
1478:
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1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:
1420:
1413:The Guardian
1412:
1403:
1390:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1333:The Guardian
1332:
1305:. Retrieved
1300:
1291:
1262:. Retrieved
1259:The Guardian
1258:
1248:
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1226:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1186:
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1123:
1103:
1098:, n. 2.
1091:
1083:
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1055:
1046:
1039:The Guardian
1038:
1033:
1018:
1010:
1003:The Guardian
1002:
997:
992:, p. 4.
990:The Guardian
989:
984:
959:
954:
945:
940:
932:
923:
915:
907:
866:
857:
844:
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828:
820:
811:
789:
784:
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751:. Retrieved
748:The Observer
747:
710:
688:. Retrieved
684:
654:. Retrieved
651:The Guardian
650:
608:
602:
596:
590:
582:
574:
568:
562:
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501:
485:
470:
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438:Later career
421:
416:
413:William Wade
396:
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370:
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356:Viraj Mendis
343:
341:
329:
311:
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289:
262:
248:upper second
240:rugby league
225:
209:
202:William Wade
195:
193:
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180:
179:
166:
158:
151:Notable work
77:(2010-10-25)
18:
1535:2010 deaths
1530:1947 births
489:Cricklewood
322:transgender
97:(law, 1969)
1524:Categories
616:References
504:Old Bailey
476:tube train
375:Sri Lankan
228:Castleford
102:Occupation
57:Castleford
49:1947-09-25
1367:The Times
1264:9 January
1209:The Times
1132:The Times
1076:The Times
753:9 January
656:9 January
545:Key cases
360:sanctuary
281:legal-aid
277:Islington
273:Pizza Hut
250:in 1969.
120:Employers
115:1969–2010
106:Solicitor
91:Education
85:, England
1436:13 March
1307:15 March
1090:(2011).
1054:(2007).
690:13 March
331:pro bono
318:Highbury
308:Marriage
265:training
1338:10 July
1027:1096559
916:Hansard
805:2998063
579:QB 270.
531:Writing
314:Tibetan
236:Skipton
65:England
1025:
803:
263:After
183:(born
171:(1996)
163:(1993)
83:London
1023:JSTOR
801:JSTOR
467:Death
403:Zaire
378:Tamil
364:Hulme
348:trans
338:Cases
1438:2019
1340:2014
1309:2019
1266:2011
755:2011
692:2019
658:2011
432:9/11
72:Died
43:Born
1159:doi
1113:doi
1096:271
1060:117
794:doi
478:at
395:In
342:In
299:MP
275:in
234:in
1526::
1512:.
1429:.
1331:.
1317:^
1299:.
1274:^
1257:.
1225:.
1194:.
1177:.
1153:.
1139:^
1074:.
967:^
931:.
914:.
874:^
865:.
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763:^
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683:.
666:^
649:.
623:^
463:.
415:,
63:,
59:,
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823:.
796::
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773:"
757:.
694:.
660:.
51:)
47:(
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