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693:. It was believed that the people of Sabbajee could muster 3,000 fighting men, whose fighting ability was well known in the surrounding regions. Upon approach, O'Connor's force observed a large body of hostile fighters stationed around the mosque. The stockade was also lined with men, and a deep trench had been dug in the rear who could fire on any advancing British. O'Connor's force was drawn up in three divisions: the 1st West India Regiment, under Captain A. W. Murray, took the centre; the 2nd West India Regiment, under Captain Anderson, took the right; and the 3rd West India Regiment, under Captain Brabazon, took the left. At about 400 yards from the stockade, the field battery opened fire, and after a few rounds the roof of the mosque and the surrounding houses had gone up in flames.
477:, who had by that point replaced MacDonnell as Governor, was instructed to use his discretion to put an end to the conflict. O'Connor proposed to Suling Jatta that he cede part of his unmanageable territory to the British, as long as the British quelled the rebels. O'Connor entered into negotiations with both the Soninke and the Marabouts. Both factions disliked the idea at first, but the Soninke eventually agreed as they saw no way of recapturing Sabbajee. A section of the anti-war Marabout elders also agreed, and on 24 May 1853 Suling Jatta and these elders signed a treaty whereby a strip of land, including Sabbajee, was added to British Kombo.
1109:. The British guns were placed in a position to fire on the stockade, and began firing with precision. After only firing a few rounds, a large body of Marabouts from Brufut made a sudden attack on the British flank, charging with brandished scimitars. This attack was met by a party of French Marines and detachments from the 1st and 2nd West India Regiments, who fired a volley at very close range before engaging at bayonet point. They were able to quickly route the Marabouts, who took refuge in a neighbouring copse. West India Regiment troops then advanced in skirmishing order to dislodge the Brufut Marabouts and drive them further away.
1042:. During the Soninke–Marabout Wars, the Marabouts launched numerous jihads and surprise attacks in Saloum and other Serer lands causing severe damage and deaths. At the Battle of Nandjigui (1859) the Marabouts killed the King of Saloum Kumba Ndama Mbodj. In Serer Gambia, they killed the last remaining true chiefs of Sabakh and Sanjal (the Farank Sabakh and Farank Sanjal) and annexed both states, and called it Sabakh—Sanjal. These two states used to pay tribute to the Serer crown of Saloum. As well as killing the last true heirs of Sabakh and Sanjal, the Muslims also launched a surprise attack at Kaymor killing the
448:, the British capital in the Gambia, who supplied them with weapons and ammunition. The cession of part of Kombo to the British had not been popular among other citizens. In particular, Marabouts objected to Wesleyan Missionaries that now spread out among the Christian population of Kombo. A small number of elder Marabouts at Sabbajee objected to the war. However, they were both outnumbered and out-voiced by the faction that supported war. Gray has suggested that by this point, the war party of the Marabouts had been infiltrated by those with an anarchist drive, rather than a religious drive.
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town, repulsing several attacks. During this engagement, both
Lieutenant Davis the West India Regiment officers, were wounded. The party retreated back to Jeshwang and took refuge in the house of James Finden, the Colonial Engineer and Officer Commanding the Gambia Militia. However, the Marabouts pursued the party to Jeshwang, forcing them to make a quick decision on how to proceed. It was decided that Finden should rush to raise the alarm, while the rest of the party, with the wounded officers, should evacuate to Cape House near Bakau.
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soldiers were directed to occupy the houses enclosing the square and keep suppressing fire on the mosque until the rockets could be brought up. The second rocket that the
British fired went through the roof, setting it alight again. Gambian efforts to put out the flames failed, and they quickly realised holding the mosque was untenable. Dozens committed suicide rather than surrender, and others threw themselves out the mosque and attempted to rush the British. Eventually, the fanatics in the mosque were either taken prisoner or killed.
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Marines being on each flank. The force dashed forward in the face of heavy volleys from the stockade. The force quickly made it under the stockade, which stood 18 feet (5.5 m) high, having no ladders for scaling it. The
Marabouts kept up the fire on the troops during this brief respite, and cut at the feet and legs of the soldiers through the bottom of the stockade. The British then opened fire on the Marabouts through their own loopholes in the stockade, while others clambered over the stockade and effected an entrance.
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militia in the reserve, upon the beginning of the engagement, retreated without orders and without engaging the
Marabouts. The militia in support of the regulars, upon observing the reserve retreat, fell back also, and in great confusion. Both units of militia retired to Cape St. Mary's, abandoning their wounded. The units of the West India Regiments still held their ground, but after half an hour, decided to withdraw also, as their lines of retreat were being cut off.
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sufficient to dissuade the
Marabouts from advancing further, and they instead plundered some British property in Kotu. Receiving the news, O'Connor mustered all available men and set out for the Kombo. Arriving at Oyster's Creek, both Finden's house and the village of Jeshwang were seen to be in flames. O'Connor was able to find the three wounded officers at Cape St. Mary's on the evening of 16 July, and also met up with 25 pensioners under Sergeant Sankey.
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1170:, King of Barra, to request his mediation with the British government. O'Connor invited the leading Marabout chiefs to Bathurst to discuss the terms upon which he would arrange a peace with the Soninke. On 17 April 1856, the chiefs signed a convention where the promised to attempt to maintain peace among the Marabout villages. The Soninke were then invited and on 26 April signed a convention on similar terms.
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spoiling for the fight. In early July 1855, Fodi Osmanu, a
Marabout resident of Sabbajee, proceeded to Jeshwang in British Kombo and kidnapped a woman whose husband was already being held captive in Sabbajee. A warrant was issued in Bathurst for Fodi Osmanu's arrest. As it was realised there may be some difficulty in arresting him, a party was formed to execute the warrant. This consisted of the
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kept up heavy fire from their stockade, over which a green flag was flying. The three divisions, which had advanced in a crescent, then rushed the stockade at three different points, and attacked the
Gambians at bayonet-point. However, they discovered that the bulk of the defenders had retreated through the town. They had taken refuge in the nearby woods and were not pursued by the British.
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Marabouts made repeated attacks on the flanks, and even at one point threatened the rear. Shells and rockets were bombarded into the wood, and the village of Bakkow, which had been occupied by the enemy, was burned. It took two hours of tough fighting, during which the West India
Regiments repulsed four flank attacks with their bayonets, before the force could make it through the passage.
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to O'Connor by providing eighty of his Serer army to the cause. On 26 July, the coalition army and Cherno's band of Serer warriors proceeded to clear the Muslim enemy out of the bush country between Oyster Creek and Cape St Mary. For three days, there were sharp skirmishes, which resulted in the Serers losing a number of men but the
Muslims were eventually driven back.
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436:, who otherwise were not involved in the Soninke-Marabout dispute. Much of the fighting in this early stage took the form of a raid on an enemy village, the retaliation to which was another raid. However, it became clear that Suling Jatta was losing ground to the Marabouts, as he was outflanked to both the north and the south.
285:, to whom parts of Kombo had been ceded by the Soninke since 1816, was initially reluctant to intervene. However, during the course of the war, the British intervened on two occasions. British forces stormed the Marabout town of Sabbajee twice, in 1853, and again in 1855, razing the town following the second intervention.
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A "strong body of fanatics" still held the
Sabbajee mosque, having extinguished the fire in the roof. They beat war-drums and there were cries of "Allah" from the priests. They kept up fire on the British troops as they entered the large central square of the town, where the mosque stood. The British
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that at some point it would be necessary for the British to intervene in the conflict. Though the British were under no treaty obligation to assist Suling Jatta, the Kingdom of Kombo had historically been good neighbours to the British, and observed the terms of their treaty. Faced with the choice of
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and slain to death. According to historians such as Abdoulaye Saine, that battle "was one of the most crucial battles of the Soninke–Marabout Wars." With such a long conflict between the Serer and Muslim communities, the Serer chief Cherno was among those local chiefs who offered military assistance
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Following the destruction of parts of Sabbajee, the inhabitants were forbidden from rebuilding for a number of years. A fence was built around the town to prevent desecration of the ancestral tombs of the Marabouts. The majority of the inhabitants moved to Gunjur, where they reinforced Fodi Kabba's
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in 1855 reported the loss of the Marabouts at around 1,500. As well as wounds sustained by O'Connor and Lieutenant Armstrong, other British casualties included Staff-Surgeon Hendley and Colonel Finden of the Gambia Militia. Captain De Grigny of the Gambia Militia was killed, while the French lost a
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Following this, the Marabouts offered little resistance, and soon fled through the town, where they were pursued and shot down by the irregular contingent, who had been sent to cut off their retreat. The Marabouts incurred very heavy losses, and the ditch behind the stockade was full of their dead.
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Upon entering the wood, the British were immediately fired upon from all directions. The units of the West India Regiments, who were in the vanguard, immediately returned fire. The militia had been split in two, one acting as support to the regulars, and another acting as a reserve in the rear. The
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Following the successful British storming of Sabbajee, O'Connor attempted to mediate between the Soninke and Fodi Kabba of Gunjur, the Marabout leader. However, his attempts were unsuccessful, so fighting continued. During the next two years, the Marabouts gained strength, despite ostensibly losing
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Upon the conclusion of the treaty between the British, the Soninke, and the Marabouts, it was apparent that the majority of residents of Sabbajee objected to its terms. Within 12 hours of signing the treaty, O'Connor moved a number of troops to Jeshwang. However, the inhabitants of Sabbajee refused
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No resistance was encountered until the wood of Bakkow, where the Marabouts showed in great numbers, and opened heavy fire on the British from the shelter of the forest. The contingent of natives, alongside the regulars of the West India Regiments, replied in kind to the rebel Marabouts. The rebel
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Early on the morning of 17 July, the whole force, which totaled 266 men, marched on Sabbajee, meeting no resistance until it arrived at the woods of Bakkow. To reach the town, it was necessary to proceed through the wood, which only had one single bush path. Before entering, O'Connor directed that
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Significant disorder then occurred in the Gambian ranks, and Lieutenant Colonel O'Connor took this opportunity and decided to storm the town. The right and left flanks extended in a skirmishing order, with the centre remaining in column, and the force advanced on the town. The fighters in Sabbajee
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After a bombardment of an hour and a half, little further was gained, as the Marabouts extinguished fires as fast as they were ignited, and ammunition was being exhausted. O'Connor resolved to take the stockade by storm. Detachments from the West India Regiments formed the centre, with the French
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The party with the wounded officers had a running fight for a mile and a half with the Marabouts. At Bakau Konko, a former Sergeant of the West India Regiments named Sankey, and a number of other pensioners, came to the party's assistance and kept the Marabout advance in check. Sankey's stand was
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The party reached Sabbajee on 16 July, entered the town, and arrested Osmanu without resistance. However, when crossing back through the town square, they were attacked by a large armed party in all directions, while Osmanu escaped. Forming a square, the British forced steadily retreated from the
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had at his command. The French had also brought with them three 12-pounder field guns, which combined with a 5-inch howitzer and three rocket troughs under the British, formed an artillery battery under the French Lieutenant Morel. With preparation complete, the combined British and French force
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on his visit to the Gambia in 1843 noted that on his trip to Medina, the largest settlement in Wuli, that "These Sononkays are the most drunken fellows, indulging in the free use of ardent spirits whenever they have the opportunity" and recounted the story of a local bard who sang the song of a
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The Marabouts, a faction that at the time was growing in strength, were excluded from the governance of Kombo. They were considered strongest at Gunjur, a town that had been Muslim for a longer time than the rest of Kombo, and had itself effectively declared independence in 1840. They were also
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The Marabouts pursued the retreating British forces for over two miles, keeping them under a suppressive fire. The combined detachments lost 23 men in this engagement, with a further 53 wounded. O'Connor himself was severely wounded in the right arm and left shoulder. The news quickly reached
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On 24 June 1855, the Marabouts attacked Busumballa, the current capital of the Soninke. Although the attack was driven off, the King of the Kombo, Suling Jatta, was shot through the heart and killed. Although this attack did not form part of Omar's plan, it is evident that many Marabouts were
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that involved the French, English, Anglo-Africans from Bathurst, Franco-Africans from Saint-Louis and Gorée provoked native African groups. And in 1843, the Muslim Mandinka whom had risen to power in Pakau formed up with a Fula expedition group from nearby Futa Jallon to attack the Soninke in
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O'Connor at one point considered an offensive attack on Gunjur, but decided that he lacked the numbers for such an assault. The Soninke and Marabouts were therefore left by the British to fight out the conflict. All the colonial government in Bathurst did was more strongly enforce the ban on
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over the successor. The matter eventually went in favour of the ruling family of Yundum. This affair gave the Marabouts new impetus in the war, but this was quickly checked by growing poverty among the Marabouts as a result of the constant interruption to agriculture and trade.
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Bathurst, which had been left defenseless and was at the mercy of the Marabout soldiers. Preparations for defence were made, with all "reliable" natives being enlisted. Some 200 total defenders were mustered, and a vessel was dispatched to the neighbouring French settlement of
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The British government was not prepared to give the necessary permission for MacDonnell to intervene at that point. However, as the months went on and the fighting continued, there was a growing concern that it would spill over to British Kombo. Lieutenant Colonel
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Gray, in his history of the Gambia published in 1940, described the primary cause of the war being the dissatisfaction with the governance of Kombo. The King of Kombo was always elected from the leading families of the district, all of whom were
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The loss of the combined Franco-British force, excluding the irregulars, came to 17 killed and 31 wounded. Inside the stockade, the 1st West India Regiment captured two kettledrums, one a war-drum, and the other a death-drum. The
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supplying arms to either side. There were growing disputes within the Soninke, as Suling Jatta's successor died suddenly and there were accusations that they had been poisoned. A dispute followed between the ruling families of
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in 1847, and preached Haji Ismail's Jihad in Sabbajee. Omar had some military training and organisational skill, and in early 1855 began planning an attack by a large Marabout force against the British settlements in Kombo.
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to ask for assistance. The chiefs of the Kingdom of Kombo volunteered their aid to the British, and a skirmish took place on 29 July between Kombo soldiers and the Marabouts in Bakkow, during which the Kombos lost 25 men.
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Demonstrations by the Marabouts began in 1850, but by the end of 1851 the disturbances had become serious and violent. The fighting between the two factions was primarily undertaken by mercenaries, most of whom were
301:. The Soninke themselves, however, only comprised the central portion of Kombo. The main bond between the Soninke was considered their kinship, and they were led, at the time of the beginning of the conflict, by
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and his Muslim–Marabout allies waged numerous jihads against the Serer in an attempt to convert them to Islam and to conquer their lands. For centuries, the Serer had resisted Islamization and adhered to
464:, issued a proclamation warning against people in British territory supplying arms or ammunition to either belligerent in the conflict. MacDonnell also informed the British government back in
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Kaymor Biriama Jogop and many of the Serer inhabitants of Kaymor for refusing to accept Islam. When Maba and his Muslim–Marabout allies tried to launch jihad and subdue the Serer precolonial
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673:. On 30 May 1853, O'Connor's force marched from Bathurst to Jeshwang, eight miles (13 km) away. They made camp there and on 1 June advanced to attack the Marabouts in Sabbajee.
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By 1850, the Marabout villages of the Kombo had formed a loose confederacy in order to contest the authority of the Soninke. There is some evidence to suggest that emissaries from
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forces. Omar managed to escape the town at the time of the assault and fled from the Gambia. Haji Ismail, whose Jihad had spurred on the Marabouts, was captured by the French in
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There were various Soninke—Marabout Wars or wars titled "Soninke—Marabout Wars", and these wars did not end in 1856. This article mainly focuses on the beginning of these wars.
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strong in the southern villages surrounding Gunjur, as well as in the northern part of the kingdom around the town of Sabbajee and Brefet.
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supporting the rightful ruler of the Marabouts, it was clear that the only option to restore law and order was to support the Soninke.
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Having made it through the wood, the force emerged on the plain of Sabbajee. The plain was a sandy level with some scant growth of
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In particular, the Marabouts to the north in Sabbajee and Brefet were a threat to the Soninke. They had a number of supporters in
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1423:", Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3–4, 1986–1987, pp 33–5
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Pouvoir politique traditionnel en Afrique occidentale: essais sur les institutions politiques précoloniales.
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to back down, and so a large force was gathered. This included an armed party from
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whom fought in this conflict and died fighting on the banks of the Gambia river.
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rockets should be fired into the trees to see if any enemy were lying in wait.
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group with no representation in the governance of Kombo, partially inspired by
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reported in 1855 that the irregular contingent was actually only 255 strong.
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Governor MacDonnell meeting with Suling Jatta, King of Kombo, in 1851.
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were subjected to jihadic expeditions by the Muslim–Marabouts of
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As a result of this stalemate, the Marabouts sent emissaries to
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was generally considered the principal leader of the Marabouts.
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had been preaching a Jihad against non-Islamic communities.
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of 1850 to 1856 was a civil war between factions of the
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Cession of Sabbajee and surrounding areas to the British
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The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London
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532:Sabbajee and area becomes part of British Kombo
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1618:The History of the First West India Regiment
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391:. Please do not remove this message until
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16:Gambian civil war with British involvement
1573:Grey, The Earl; Ingram, Governor (1847).
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2385:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof
1630:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
661:, 463 soldiers of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
387:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2400:Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof
1761:Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council
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1034:(King of Saloum) who took residence at
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2395:Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh
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2375:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof
1056:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof
1666:Military history topics of The Gambia
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1776:2017 ECOWAS military intervention
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1490:Présence africaine (1967), p. 94.
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1621:. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd.
810:Initial British attack repulsed
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2154:Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune
2149:States headed by Serer Lamanes
1690:1850–1856 Soninke-Marabout War
1052:Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune
973:British: 40 killed, 84 wounded
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1434:Culture and Customs of Gambia
2445:Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof
2362:(ancient kings / landowners)
1720:81st (West Africa) Division
1700:1866 Capture of Tubabkolong
1097:Second storming of Sabbajee
1017:. In the Serer precolonial
762:Storming of Sabbajee (1855)
481:Storming of Sabbajee (1853)
393:conditions to do so are met
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2664:19th century in the Gambia
2421:Queens & Queen Mothers
1505:Cambridge University Press
1466:Edinburgh University Press
1286:Brooks, George E. (2007).
1105:and dotted with clumps of
2612:
2390:Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof
2164:Timeline of Serer history
1468:(1968), Klein, pp 74–75,
1458:Islam and Imperialism in
1050:, he was defeated at the
1038:—now part of present day
967:
937:
873:
824:
778:
773:
720:Sabbajee. Haji Ismail, a
633:
611:
577:
543:
497:
492:
458:Richard Graves MacDonnell
215:
197:Richard Graves MacDonnell
140:
82:
37:
26:
1899:Classical Ndut teachings
1771:2014 coup d'etat attempt
1766:2006 coup d'etat attempt
1741:1981 coup d'état attempt
1063:Anglo-French force forms
715:Involvement of the Moors
1628:A History of the Gambia
1501:A History of the Gambia
1133:that had just arrived.
1067:On 30 July, the French
983:O'Connor's first attack
2410:Maad Semou Njekeh Joof
2405:Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof
1533:"West Coast of Africa"
1462:Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914
1021:, the Marabout leader
874:Commanders and leaders
578:Commanders and leaders
462:Governor of the Gambia
358:Nature of the fighting
141:Commanders and leaders
2485:Joos Maternal Dynasty
1695:1860–1861 Baddibu War
968:Casualties and losses
958:600 irregular natives
786:16 July—4 August 1855
639:40 killed, 84 wounded
634:Casualties and losses
305:, the King of Kombo.
2450:Serer maternal clans
1615:Ellis, A.B. (1885).
1440:(20120), pp. 47-48,
890:Luke Smythe O'Connor
866:Marabout confederacy
769:Storming of Sabbajee
677:Storming of Sabbajee
663:West India Regiments
594:Luke Smythe O'Connor
570:Marabout confederacy
488:Storming of Sabbajee
475:Luke Smythe O'Connor
255:Soninke-Marabout War
231:West India Regiments
185:Luke Smythe O'Connor
103:Marabout confederacy
92:Kingdom of the Kombo
22:Soninke-Marabout War
2440:Lingeer Ngoné Dièye
2435:Lingeer Ndoye Demba
2159:Battle of Logandème
2124:Kingdom of Biffeche
1751:Gambia Armed Forces
1715:No. 95 Squadron RAF
1685:1830–1831 Barra War
1626:Gray, J.M. (2015).
1288:"Battle of Kansala"
1207:Battle of Logandème
1180:Thomas Lewis Ingram
380:of this section is
344:Mediterranean coast
2430:Lingeer Fatim Beye
1736:Gambia Field Force
1456:Klein, Martin A.,
1432:Saine, Abdoulaye,
1407:Ellis, pp. 248–257
1353:Ellis, pp. 228–236
1202:History of Senegal
911:Captain Villeneuve
505:24 May—1 June 1853
334:Confederacy formed
241:Assorted artillery
208:Captain Villeneuve
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2629:Toucouleur people
2601:
2600:
2370:Lamane Jegan Joof
2269:
2268:
2129:kingdom of Saloum
2090:
2089:
2067:Point of Sangomar
1784:
1783:
1729:Post-independence
1563:Gray, pp. 395–396
1383:Gray, pp. 392–395
1325:Gray, pp. 389–390
1313:Gray, pp. 388–389
1197:History of Gambia
1019:Kingdom of Saloum
1005:Serer involvement
980:
979:
820:
819:
701:Fanatics hold out
646:
645:
539:
538:
421:
420:
413:
318:Battle of Kansala
251:
250:
244:Native irregulars
224:Marabout soldiers
78:
77:
2676:
2610:
2346:
2184:
2139:Serer prehistory
1882:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1788:
1756:1994 coup d'etat
1659:
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1540:. 29 August 1855
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1507:(2015), p. 394,
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1146:and deported to
1137:Negotiated peace
921:Lieutenant Morel
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2265:
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2119:Kingdom of Baol
2086:
2031:
2003:
1994:Kopé Tiatie Cac
1974:Supreme deities
1968:
1871:
1821:
1815:
1785:
1780:
1746:Confederal Army
1724:
1710:Gambia Regiment
1673:Colonial period
1668:
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1591:10.2307/1798169
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1419:, "Histoire du
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1023:Maba Diakhou Bâ
1007:
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1250:History portal
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1236:Senegal portal
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1183:warrior named
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267:Soninke people
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238:French Marines
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235:Gambia Militia
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2669:Serer history
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2144:Serer history
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2008:Other deities
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1904:Creation myth
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1499:Gray, J. M.,
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1293:Mande Studies
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856:
854:
853:French Empire
849:
844:
842:
837:
832:
831:
829:
828:
823:
812:
809:
808:
806:
803:
802:
798:
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789:
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777:
772:
767:
761:
759:
755:
751:
749:
740:
738:
735:
731:
727:
723:
714:
710:War continues
709:
707:
700:
698:
694:
692:
688:
684:
676:
674:
672:
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664:
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621:
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542:
531:
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508:
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451:
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415:
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401:February 2020
394:
390:
384:
383:
379:
373:
364:
363:
357:
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341:
333:
328:
326:
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314:
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306:
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291:
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268:
264:
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256:
243:
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237:
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167:
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148:
147:
145:
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139:
133:
132:French Empire
128:
123:
121:
116:
111:
110:
108:
102:
101:
99:
93:
90:
89:
87:
86:
81:
70:
67:
66:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
41:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
2634:Wolof people
2563:Maad a Sinig
2515:royal titles
2462:royal houses
2354:
2236:Lehar/Laalaa
2179:Demographics
2104:Amar Godomat
2037:Sacred sites
1689:
1680:James Island
1627:
1617:
1609:Bibliography
1582:
1578:
1568:
1542:. Retrieved
1538:Evening Mail
1537:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1457:
1452:
1433:
1428:
1412:
1337:Gray, p. 391
1297:
1291:
1273:Gray, p. 388
1185:Kelefa Saane
1184:
1177:
1165:
1152:
1140:
1129:
1124:Entreprenant
1123:
1119:Evening Mail
1118:
1115:
1111:
1103:Guinea grass
1100:
1091:
1087:Evening Mail
1086:
1073:Entreprenant
1072:
1066:
1011:Serer people
1008:
994:
990:
986:
948:265 British,
943:
825:Belligerents
756:
752:
744:
718:
704:
695:
680:
657:
652:
622:603 British,
617:
544:Belligerents
471:
455:
443:
422:
407:
398:
376:
340:North Africa
337:
315:
307:
303:Suling Jatta
295:
287:
273:– a radical
254:
252:
150:Suling Jatta
83:Belligerents
2624:Lebu people
2619:Jola people
2583:Sene family
2578:Sarr family
2573:Njie family
2568:Ngum family
2558:Maad Saloum
2533:Joof family
2528:Faye family
2480:Joof family
2470:Faye family
2296:Inheritance
2057:Sine-Saloum
2017:Kumba Njaay
1999:Roog (main)
1585:: 150–155.
1421:Sine-Saloum
1168:Demba Sonko
1032:Maad Saloum
955:3 artillery
953:120 French,
950:4 artillery
649:Preparation
624:4 artillery
165:Fodi Osmanu
2653:Categories
2201:Mauritania
2072:Tattaguine
2052:Sine River
1885:Key topics
1257:References
1156:Busumballa
1122:sergeant.
1107:dwarf palm
1015:Senegambia
795:Sabbajee,
730:Abdelkader
667:field guns
514:Sabbajee,
378:neutrality
352:the Gambia
311:Fodi Kabba
263:the Gambia
161:Fodi Kabba
2221:Languages
2187:By region
1954:Symbolism
1914:Festivals
1909:Criticism
1599:0266-6235
1174:Aftermath
1144:Casamance
1128:HMS
671:howitzers
656:HMS
440:Marabouts
426:Serahulis
389:talk page
325:Sédhiou.
271:Marabouts
94:(Soninke)
45:1850–1856
2511:Families
2475:Guelowar
2301:Marriage
2082:Yaboyabo
1984:Kokh Kox
1949:Saltigue
1939:Religion
1877:Religion
1847:Niominka
1438:ABC-CLIO
1191:See also
1130:Myrmidon
938:Strength
791:Location
687:stockade
669:and two
612:Strength
510:Location
446:Bathurst
382:disputed
342:and the
50:Location
2543:Lingeer
2360:Lamanes
2341:Royalty
2274:Culture
2206:Senegal
2096:History
2027:Tiurakh
1934:Pangool
1924:Junjung
1919:Jaaniiw
1827:Peoples
1460:Senegal
1148:Cayenne
1078:Marines
1040:Senegal
976:Unknown
963:Unknown
734:Algeria
642:Unknown
604:Unknown
348:Senegal
322:Sédhiou
299:Soninke
292:Origins
2593:Thilas
2588:Teigne
2538:Lamane
2306:Mbalax
2231:Cangin
2196:Gambia
2114:Khasso
2047:Fatick
2022:Takhar
1929:Lamane
1837:Laalaa
1820:topics
1597:
1544:15 May
1511:
1472:
1444:
1160:Yundum
1036:Kahone
804:Result
691:abatis
658:Teazer
523:Result
466:London
460:, the
281:. The
275:Muslim
62:Result
2523:Buumi
2357:) and
2351:Kings
2326:Tassu
2316:Sabar
2311:Njuup
2291:Death
2281:Birth
2261:Serer
2256:Safen
2251:Palor
2077:Tukar
1959:Women
1944:Sadax
1862:Saafi
1857:Palor
1818:Serer
1082:Gorée
1044:Buumi
998:Gorée
944:960:
726:Jihad
683:Kombo
629:3,000
618:603:
432:, or
430:Serer
279:Jihad
2553:Maad
2548:Loul
2355:Maad
2331:Njom
2321:Tama
2246:Noon
2241:Ndut
2062:Somb
1989:Koox
1964:Xooy
1894:Ciiɗ
1867:Seex
1852:Noon
1842:Ndut
1595:ISSN
1546:2018
1509:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1158:and
1069:brig
930:Omar
783:Date
722:Moor
502:Date
434:Jola
375:The
350:and
253:The
168:Omar
42:Date
2513:and
1587:doi
1054:by
261:in
2655::
1593:.
1583:17
1581:.
1577:.
1554:^
1536:.
1521:^
1503:,
1464:,
1436:,
1388:^
1358:^
1342:^
1330:^
1318:^
1306:^
1296:.
1290:.
1278:^
1264:^
428:,
2353:(
1810:e
1803:t
1796:v
1658:e
1651:t
1644:v
1601:.
1589::
1548:.
1298:9
414:)
408:(
403:)
399:(
395:.
385:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
