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194:) and the sopo are both a structure built on posts with a distinctive roof shape. Despite the similarity in appearance, structurally and architecturally they were designed as an inversion of one another. One example is the central post which supported the roof of both structures: the central post of a Batak Toba house was placed the same way as the tree would grow, with the thicker part placed in the bottom; in a sopo, the post is placed upside-down, with the thicker part of the tree placed on top. Other main differences is the obvious open structure of the sopo as opposed to the enclosed structure of the house. Batak Toba house also stands broadly with the posts spreading outward as it stood on the ground; the sopo on the other hand was designed with its post converged inward toward the center, and then it widens as it goes up toward the cantilevered attic-storage at the roof level.
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160:. This large sopo served as a meeting hall, and its attic could be used as a shrine for sacred treasures, in which case it may not always function as a granary. Smaller ordinary sopo, on the other hand, has less ornamentation and stands on the opposite side of each houses in a village. These ordinary sopo are used for storing rice.
218:
In Batak Toba society, the main house is inherited to the youngest son (because he is considered to be the one that would care for his parents in their old age), while the eldest son inherits the sopo. If there are more than two sons in the family, the youngest son would receive the house's main room
197:
The open space of a sopo is provided by a wooden platform. This wooden platform is used as a meeting point, a working place, resting place or other mundane activities. In larger sopo, the sitting platform is skirted by wooden planks that are jointed in the corners, acting as a balustrade. Simple sopo
88:
During the 20th-century, many old sopo have been converted into houses by adding wooden panels around the periphery of the open space, to form an enclosed structure. These new dwellings are continued to be called sopo. Various type of sopo, original and converted, can be found in villages surrounding
85:, it is designed as an open structure as opposed to the closed structure of a house. The pavilion-like open space is used as a public space for the villagers, to be used as temporary resting place for travelers, resting place for celibate males, or as a small forum where people would meet and talk.
206:
The Batak Toba house and sopo are both neutral structures used by both men and women. Despite the non-exclusive use of both structures, the ruma is generally accepted to be the realm of women while the sopo is considered as the realm of men. The symbolism is evident in the Batak Toba expression
214:
The sopo is a sacred structure, as the harvest was also seen as containing the spirit of an agriculture deity. A sopo in essential is more sacred in comparison with the house, and so they are treated differently. For example, a sopo is always built on a ground higher than that of the house.
125:), a sopo is hierarchically divided into three sections representing the three realms of the Batak Toba cosmos. The lower part is where the livestock is kept. The middle part is used as a place of rest or for women daily activities e.g. sewing. The top part is used as attic-storage.
44:
with the exception of being smaller in size and a construction ritual that is the opposite of a Batak house. Sopo is used as a repository for various items, e.g. rice, magical items, or trophies. Sopo can also be used as a meeting point for social activities.
211:, meaning "the ruma (house) a dwelling for women, the sopo a dwelling for men". The ruma was also said to symbolize the female buffalo, while the sopo the male buffalo, probably alluding to the shape of the roof ridge which resembles the back of the buffalo.
16:
167:. Each stone base has a diameter of 40 centimetres (16 in) on its base, and tapered on top to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in diameter. These main posts are supported by smaller posts (
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171:). All of the posts are bounded by anchor rails which is arranged in narrowly-spaced four levels. Each of the anchor rail levels are named (from the bottom to the top):
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means "rice"), war trophies (e.g. wild boar or human skulls, or the smoked and dried hands of the enemies), or magic ritual items (e.g. the
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Inverted posts for the granary - The House in
Southeast Asia: A Changing Social, Economic and Political Domain
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There are different types of sopo depending on the number of its posts. A four-posted sopo is known as
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is a Batak word which indicates a structure which is used to store items, whether it is to store rice (
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Sopo is usually oriented to face the traditional Batak house in a north–south axis. Similar to the
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are usually built by the chief of the village, and so every Batak Toba village would have one
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located at the center of a square and exactly on the opposite side of the chief's house. A
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The Social
Organisation and Customary Law of the Toba-Batak of Northern Sumatra
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decoration on top gives it an appearance of a buffalo-like creature.
447:. Translation. Vol. 7. Springer Science & Business Media.
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Vergouwen, J.C. (2013). Keuning, J.; Scott-Kemball, Jeune (eds.).
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Domenig, Gaudenz (2013). Howell, Signe; Sparkes, Stephen (eds.).
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The main posts of a sopo are supported by a stone base known as
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generally has a similar appearance to the house of Batak Toba (
393:
Fugitive Dreams: An
Anthology of Dutch Colonial Literature
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Napitupulu, S.P. (1997). Sitanggang, Hilderia (ed.).
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can still be seen in the village of Lumban
Nabolon,
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28:is a treasury structure in the architecture of
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436:. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan.
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20:An early 20th-century picture of a sopo.
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109:Model of a sopo of the Batak Toba. The
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209:ruma jabu ni boru, sopo jabu ni baoa
40:. Its form is similar to that of a
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997:Post-colonial & contemporary
900:Mosque architecture in Indonesia
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132:, a six-posted sopo is known as
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119:traditional Batak Toba houses
895:List of mosques in Indonesia
144:("great sopo"). Large-sized
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101:Architecture and function
89:the southern part of the
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140:while twelve-posted is
42:Batak traditional house
390:Beekman, E.M. (1988).
190:The Batak Toba house (
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1014:Soejoedi Wirjoatmodjo
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30:the Toba Batak people
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963:Indies Empire style
953:Henri Maclaine Pont
169:tiang-dang pembantu
883:Islam in Indonesia
136:, eight-posted is
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417:. Routledge.
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165:batu ojahan
138:sopo siualu
134:sopo sionam
130:sopo siopat
93:and on the
49:Description
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260:References
154:sopo bolon
150:sopo bolon
146:sopo bolon
142:sopo bolon
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819:Palembang
804:Manggarai
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683:Saka guru
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564:Padmasana
559:Paduraksa
249:Rangkiang
221:jabu bona
202:Symbolism
91:Lake Toba
53:The word
38:Indonesia
1040:Category
1026:Category
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794:Gayonese
779:Acehnese
673:Pendhapa
645:Javanese
569:Wantilan
517:Balinese
227:See also
67:pustahas
59:sopo eme
789:Enggano
635:Sandung
591:Geriten
73:). The
834:Toraja
784:Banjar
723:Papuan
668:Kraton
601:Jambur
451:
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763:Leuit
730:Honai
714:Surau
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626:Liang
620:Dayak
606:Singa
596:Gorga
578:Batak
544:Bhoma
111:singa
32:from
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611:Sopo
449:ISBN
419:ISBN
398:ISBN
192:ruma
183:and
123:ruma
83:sopo
79:ruma
75:sopo
55:sopo
26:sopo
735:Jew
69:or
63:eme
1042::
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