567:
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33:
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54:
522:(m) strain, ordinarily each ascus will contain a pattern of four + and four m spores. However, it was found that, with low frequency, some asci had ratios that differed from the expected 4+ : 4m (e.g. 6+: 2m or 2+: 6m or even 5+: 3m or 3+: 5m). In these cases it appeared that the m gene had been converted to the + gene or vice versa. And so the phenomenon was termed "
358:
epiphyllous. S. fimicola grows septate hyphae which at the macro level look like small dark brown fibers forming a fluffy sheet over the substrate. Small black spots will form when sexual reproduction occurs, as these spots are the location of the ascii. Additionally, there are tan and grey mutant strains of
530:
in 1951 by
Lindsay Olive, and definitively characterized by him in 1959. Olive considered that these gene conversion events resulted from "trans replication, by which a locus is copied more than the normal number of times during replication at meiotic prophase." Since then many studies on the gene
482:
is also phototropic and the response is twofold: 1) the number of fruiting bodies produced by the fungus is influenced by light and 2) the direction which the fruiting bodies grow is also influenced. This response is likely mediated by a specific fungal receptor called the S. fimicola white collar-1
327:
within the taxonomy of the
Sordariomycetes is being researched and updated. The sordariomycetes are known as the flask fungi because they are characterized by flask-shaped perithecia and unitunicate asci. Phylogenetic studies of partial 18s ribosomal DNA strands has illuminated the phylogeny of the
357:
typically follows the life cycle of an obligate dung fungus; sexual reproduction that is obligate to herbivore dung after passage through the herbivore's gastrointestinal tract. Following meiosis on dung, ascospores are discharged and stick onto plant surfaces where they are thought to remain
278:
is a dark brown. Certain mutants are grey or tan. A common experiment for an introductory biology lab class is to cross one of the mutant types with a wild type and observe the ratio of coloring in the offspring. This experiment illustrates the concepts of genetic inheritance in a
291:
squashes can give us information about crossing over during meiosis. If no crossing over occurs a 4:4 pattern is produced: four black spores, and four tan spores all lined up. If crossing over does occur there is a 2:2:2:2 pattern visible, or a 2:4:2 pattern.
267:, usually 7–12 days, and are easily grown in culture. Most species are self-fertile and each strain is isogenic. All kinds of mutants are easily induced and readily obtainable with particular ascospore color mutants. These visual mutants aid in
539:. Efforts to understand gene conversion at the molecular level have provided important insights into the mechanism and adaptive function of meiotic recombination, which in turn bears on the adaptive function of sexual reproduction.
487:
with a non-functional mutant SfWC-1 receptor had delayed and less-pronounced fruiting-body formation, was defective in phototropism of the perithecial beaks, and lacked the fruiting-body zonation pattern compared with the wild type.
341:
differs from other species of
Sordariaceae studied in the aggregation of the ascogenous cells to form a placenta‐like mass in the base of the centrum. Consequently, the asci arise in a cluster rather than in a uniform wall layer.
336:
centrum. Broad paraphyses composed of delicate, multinucleate cells arise from the cells of the centrum and completely fill the perithecium, crushing the remaining pseudoparenchymatous cells against the perithecial wall.
1409:
566:
394:
was traditionally understood to grow on the dung of herbivorous animals or in decaying plant matter, it has also been discovered that it grows symbiotically with some plants. New research shows that
550:
581:
502:
Each individual meiosis generates four haploid products, and after one further round of mitosis, eight products are formed and all retained as haploid spores within the sac-like
382:
is also a good tool for teaching meiosis as it quickly produces diploid perithecium which undergoes meiosis to produce ascii with ordered linear tetrads of haploid ascospores.
353:
is an ascomycete fungus that grows well on nutrient agar, dung, and in decaying matter in soil. As an ascoymcete it has a sexual teleomorph form and an asexual anamorph form.
635:
Hongsanan, Sinang; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Samarakoon, Milan C.; Jeewon, Rajesh; Zhao, Qi; Al-Sadi, Abdullah M.; Bahkali, Ali H. (1 May 2017).
1353:
1185:
792:
Newcombe, George; Campbell, Jason; Griffith, David; Baynes, Melissa; Launchbaugh, Karen; Pendleton, Rosemary (3 February 2016). Albrectsen, Benedicte Riber (ed.).
1224:
922:"The Blue-Light Photoreceptor Sfwc-1 Gene Regulates the Phototropic Response and Fruiting-Body Development in the Homothallic Ascomycete Sordaria fimicola"
464:
was first isolated from maize researchers believed that it was most likely an opportunistic pathogen. Healthy maize plants in the laboratory did not grow
378:
grows well in a laboratory setting and because of that it is often used in introductory biology laboratories and also as a model organism for research.
165:
1340:
1159:
328:
Sordariomycetes. Morphological features that characterize the
Sordariaceae include the differentiation of the hyphal envelope that surrounds the
685:
Duong, Lam (2004). "Emarcea castanopsidicola gen. et sp. nov. from
Thailand, a new xylariaceous taxon based on morphology and DNA sequences".
263:
in a linear arrangement. These species share a number of characteristics that are advantageous for genetic studies. They all have a short
1133:
1048:
619:
374:
grown under these conditions produces markedly more perithecium than in those with higher carbon ratios or higher nitrogen ratios.
510:
in an individual ascus has facilitated certain kinds of genetic analyses, particularly the analysis of the molecular mechanism of
1273:
179:
1211:
32:
708:
483:
photoreceptor (SfWC-1). Other species of phototropic fungi have homologous receptors with similar receptor domains.
920:
Krobanan, Kulsumpun; Liang, Syun-Wun; Chiu, Ho-Chen; Shen, Wei-Chiang (12 April 2019). Druzhinina, Irina S. (ed.).
1229:
53:
861:"Reduction of symptoms of take-all of wheat and rye-grass seedlings by the soil-borne fungus Sordaria fimicola"
426:
424:
has also been shown to inhibit the growth of other species of fungi which are pathogenic to plants including
1414:
415:
1062:
432:
402:
has been found to grow among the roots of rye-grass and wheat-grass. In sterilized and unsterilized soil,
900:"Coprophilous fungi and antagonistic effect of Sordaria fimicola against plant pathogenic fungi in vitro"
460:
has also been shown to negatively affect the health of some plants that it can be found growing on. When
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that have been the principal subjects in genetic studies is dung of herbivorous animals. The species
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grows best in carbon rich substrates, but it also needs access to nitrogen. Research has shown that
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664:
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637:"An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence"
333:
311:. Thus, as it grows the stalk will bend toward a light source and when the sac bursts, the
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523:
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1002:
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809:
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1021:
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1319:
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411:
308:
115:
418:, both of which have antibacterial properties that may help prevent host disease.
323:
Research to update
Sordariomycete fungal taxonomy is ongoing, and the position of
1305:
818:
1216:
1172:
859:
Dewan, M.M.; Ghisalbertib, E.L.; Rowland, C.; Sivasithamparam, K. (April 1994).
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709:"Morphological Studies in Sordaria Fimicola and Gelasinospora Longispora"
216:
125:
1345:
1164:
1043:
Harold L. K. Whitehouse. 1982. Genetic
Recombination. New York: Wiley
507:
300:
296:
280:
212:
1177:
794:"Revisiting the Life Cycle of Dung Fungi, Including Sordaria fimicola"
1371:
1203:
519:
196:
75:
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1125:
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promoted host growth and prevented mortality. Research shows that
312:
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in the fruit bodies, called perithecia. An interesting feature of
284:
200:
370:
grows best with a carbon:nitrogen ratio between 5:1 and 10:1, as
1112:
220:
1060:
243:, or flask-fungi. The natural habitat of the three species of
259:, producing black perithecia containing asci with eight dark
506:(pl. asci). The retention of the products of an individual
556:
A mating between wild-type (dark brown) and mutant (tan)
251:
is common and worldwide in distribution. The species of
283:
organism. The eight ascospores are produced inside an
271:, especially in analysis of intragenic recombination.
468:
indicating that healthy maize plants may exclude it.
1410:
Taxa named by John
Baptiste Henri Joseph Desmazières
575:
perithecia with both mutant and wild-type ascospores
410:
in potato dextrose cultures is capable of producing
1289:
1069:
476:resulting in reduced fecundity and reduced growth.
932:(12): e02206–18, /aem/85/12/AEM.02206–18.atom.
610:Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996).
8:
531:conversion phenomenon were carried out with
219:labs because it is easy to grow on nutrient
1057:
526:." Gene conversion was first detected in
31:
20:
1020:
1010:
961:
835:
817:
591:ascus with an unusual 2:1:1:1:1:2 pattern
535:and other organisms, particularly other
178:
987:"Aberrant Tetrads in Sordaria Fimicola"
602:
546:
926:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
915:
913:
295:Another common lab use is to observe
7:
1382:a6257e56-925c-4537-a115-bea5675af73d
1240:6f745b97-6e71-4ee0-942f-c28957621ae7
787:
785:
744:
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702:
700:
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678:
614:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 361.
753:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 361.
725:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1977.tb11884.x
332:into peripheral wall layers and a
14:
765:"Life Cycle of Sordaria Fimicola"
398:is a facultative dung fungus and
239:, is a member of the large class
580:
565:
549:
52:
211:is often used in introductory
199:. It is commonly found in the
1:
223:in dish cultures. The genus
991:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
877:10.1016/0929-1393(94)90022-1
819:10.1371/journal.pone.0147425
749:Alexopoulous, C. J. (1996).
315:are shot towards the light.
518:(+) strain is mated with a
1431:
713:American Journal of Botany
495:
307:is that its fruit body is
653:10.1007/s13225-017-0384-2
154:
147:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
274:The most common form of
427:Pestalotiopsis guepinii
416:indole-3-carboxaldehyde
707:Mai, Shing H. (1977).
433:Colletotrichum capsici
184:
1012:10.1073/pnas.45.5.727
898:Jeamjitt, O. (2007).
751:Introductory Mycology
612:Introductory Mycology
512:genetic recombination
472:did colonize healthy
227:, closely related to
182:
946:10.1128/AEM.02206-18
865:Applied Soil Ecology
445:Alternaria alternata
334:pseudoparenchymatous
1003:1959PNAS...45..727O
938:2019ApEnM..85E2206K
810:2016PLoSO..1147425N
687:Studies in Mycology
183:Image taken at 100x
451:Fusarium oxysporum
185:
1392:
1391:
1291:Sphaeria fimicola
1261:Open Tree of Life
1071:Sordaria fimicola
1063:Taxon identifiers
985:Olive LS (1959).
589:Sordaria fimicola
573:Sordaria fimicola
558:Sordaria fimicola
439:Curvularia lunata
351:Sordaria fimicola
346:Fungal morphology
325:Sordaria fimicola
209:Sordaria fimicola
189:Sordaria fimicola
177:
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158:Sordaria fimicola
41:Sordaria fimicola
25:Sordaria fimicola
16:Species of fungus
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305:S. fimicola
249:S. fimicola
192:is a species of
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492:Gene conversion
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269:tetrad analysis
257:morphologically
241:Sordariomycetes
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96:Sordariomycetes
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149:Binomial name
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772:. Retrieved
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255:are similar
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164:(Roberge ex
157:
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116:Sordariaceae
43:perithecium
40:
24:
18:
1405:Sordariales
1173:iNaturalist
537:ascomycetes
533:S. fimicola
528:S. fimicola
485:S. fimicola
480:S. fimicola
474:B. tectorum
470:S. fimicola
466:S. fimicola
462:S. fimicola
458:S. fimicola
422:S. fimicola
408:S. fimicola
404:S. fimicola
400:S. fimicola
396:S. fimicola
392:S. fimicola
380:S. fimicola
376:S. fimicola
372:S. fimicola
368:S. fimicola
364:S. fimicola
360:S. fimicola
355:S. fimicola
339:S. fimicola
276:S. fimicola
194:microscopic
106:Sordariales
1399:Categories
906:: 593–600.
693:: 253–260.
597:References
514:. When a
330:ascogonium
265:life cycle
261:ascospores
230:Neurospora
205:herbivores
86:Ascomycota
82:Division:
1306:Q59578547
954:0099-2240
885:0929-1393
828:1932-6203
769:Sciencing
733:1537-2197
661:1878-9129
516:wild type
390:Although
236:Podospora
134:Species:
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
1367:MycoBank
1359:11004754
1328:Fungorum
1300:Wikidata
1199:MycoBank
1191:11239715
1147:Fungorum
1086:Q3837939
1080:Wikidata
1031:16590433
972:30979837
846:26839959
798:PLOS ONE
560:colonies
319:Taxonomy
289:Sordaria
253:Sordaria
245:Sordaria
225:Sordaria
217:mycology
127:Sordaria
112:Family:
62:Domain:
1346:2572654
1165:2572653
1113:1030508
999:Bibcode
963:6544823
934:Bibcode
837:4739622
806:Bibcode
669:5062936
508:meiosis
386:Ecology
301:mitosis
297:meiosis
281:haploid
213:biology
122:Genus:
102:Order:
92:Class:
1379:NZOR:
1372:140784
1333:140784
1279:100469
1266:615465
1237:NZOR:
1204:147988
1178:384335
1152:147988
1126:SORDFI
1047:
1029:
1022:222623
1019:
970:
960:
952:
904:Plants
883:
844:
834:
826:
774:20 May
731:
667:
659:
618:
543:Images
520:mutant
313:spores
197:fungus
1354:IRMNG
1320:4YMZZ
1274:WoRMS
1253:28781
1230:27338
1186:IRMNG
1139:20469
1134:EUNIS
1100:6YW34
665:S2CID
504:ascus
285:ascus
201:feces
166:Desm.
76:Fungi
1341:GBIF
1225:NCBI
1160:GBIF
1121:EPPO
1045:ISBN
1027:PMID
968:PMID
950:ISSN
881:ISSN
842:PMID
824:ISSN
776:2021
729:ISSN
657:ISSN
616:ISBN
448:and
414:and
299:and
233:and
221:agar
215:and
170:Ces.
1315:CoL
1212:NBN
1108:EoL
1095:CoL
1017:PMC
1007:doi
958:PMC
942:doi
873:doi
832:PMC
814:doi
721:doi
649:doi
287:.
207:.
203:of
1401::
1369::
1356::
1343::
1330::
1317::
1302::
1276::
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1025:.
1015:.
1005:.
995:45
993:.
989:.
966:.
956:.
948:.
940:.
930:85
928:.
924:.
912:^
902:.
879:.
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863:.
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822:.
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802:11
800:.
796:.
784:^
767:.
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727:.
717:64
715:.
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699:^
691:50
689:.
677:^
663:.
655:.
645:84
643:.
639:.
587:A
454:.
442:,
436:,
430:,
362:.
168:)
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887:.
875::
869:1
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816::
808::
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723::
671:.
651::
624:.
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