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criteria. Staff members at the house were encouraged to treat residents as peers and to share household chores. The program was designed to create a quiet, calming environment that respected and tolerated individual differences and autonomy. There was also an ethos of shared responsibility in running
272:
Research at
Soteria Berne found that the majority of acute schizophrenia patients could be treated as successfully by this paradigm as by standard hospital proceedings, but with significantly lower doses of anti-psychotics and at similar daily costs. Some advantages of the Soteria model may be found
231:
interventions by a nonprofessional staff, usually without neuroleptic drug treatment, in the context of a small, homelike, quiet, supportive, protective, and tolerant social environment." More recent adaptions sometimes employed professional staff. The
Soteria approach has traditionally been applied
277:
results indicated that the
Soteria paradigm yields similar – and in certain cases better – results than standard treatment. However, as noted by the authors, the review was based on a limited number of studies of questionable quality, and more research is needed in order to form a better consensus.
223:
The US Soteria
Project closed as a clinical program in 1983 due to lack of financial support, although it became the subject of research evaluation with competing claims and analysis. Second-generation US successors to the original Soteria house called Crossing Place are still active, although more
141:
Traditional psychiatric wards function according to the medical model, in which physicians have considerable authority, and in which they rely heavily upon medications to treat or cure what those physicians view as patients' mental illnesses. Critics of this model have pointed out that its reliance
276:
In the context of increasing interest in the
Soteria model in the United Kingdom, several European countries, North America, and Australasia, a review of controlled trials was conducted in order to evaluate the efficacy of the approach in the treatment of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. The
212:, in practice, they were not completely rejected and were used in some circumstances. The Soteria staff, compared to staff in other psychiatric services, were found to possess significantly more intuition, introversion, flexibility, and tolerance of altered states of consciousness.
215:
However, the
Soteria Research Project was also the subject of much controversy. One of the main critiques was that the project was withholding evidence-based treatment as it was based on invalid anti-medication and anti-disease models, which went against the widely accepted
145:
Soteria emerged as a response to former psychiatric patients who said that they needed "love and food and understanding, not drugs", by providing an alternative centered on development, learning, and growth, and by comparing its results to those of the traditional model.
1754:
251:, Switzerland, on May 1, 1984. However, the Bern approach differs from Mosher's original project in that it does not adopt the same anti-medical stance, using a consensual low-dose anti-psychotic treatment and including psychiatric staff.
1399:
125:
Soteria houses are often seen as gentler alternatives to the psychiatric hospital system, which is perceived as authoritarian, hostile, or violent, and overly reliant on the use of psychiatric (particularly antipsychotic) drugs.
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268:
At least two of the following six symptoms within the previous four weeks: severely deviant social behaviors, schizophrenic disorders of affect, catatonia, thought disorders, hallucinations, delusions.
220:
of disease. Some also questioned the reported efficacy of the treatment, noting that Mosher's definition of patient recovery was staying off of drugs, with no assessment of their symptoms.
122:, founder of the first Soteria house, believed that people with schizophrenia did, in fact, recover from the illness without the use of neuroleptics in a supportive home-like environment.
717:
1739:
1497:
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Mosher's first
Soteria house specifically selected unmarried patients between the ages of 18 and 30 who had recently been diagnosed with schizophrenia according to
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1041:
1338:
162:, in 1971. A replication facility ("Emanon") opened in 1974 in another suburban San Francisco Bay Area city. Mosher was influenced by the philosophy of
204:
the house and in playing a part in the mutually-supportive community, where the distinction between experts and non-experts was downplayed (similar to
1248:
882:
Ciompi L (1997). "The
Soteria-concept. Theoretical bases and practical 13-year-experience with a milieu-therapeutic approach of acute schizophrenia".
456:
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658:
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Ciompi, Luc; Dauwalder, Hans-Peter; Maier, Christian; Aebi, Elisabeth; Trütsch, Karl; Kupper, Zeno; Rutishauser, Charlotte (October 1992).
35:
1198:
A Hungarian
Soteria organization that provides multiple services to people with mental health problems and their families and communities.
1419:
748:
1378:
54:
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688:
72:
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111:, the common elements of the Soteria approach include the use of primarily nonmedical staff, who do not prescribe or administer
1704:
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1353:
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Soteria houses provide a community space for people experiencing mental distress or crisis and have no restraint facilities.
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medication to patients, and the preservation of residents' personal power, social networks, and communal responsibilities.
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Some psychiatrists contest the
Soteria model's validity due to a perception that it diverges from the widely accepted
1009:
354:"Soteria Bern: an innovative milieu therapeutic approach to acute schizophrenia based on the concept of affect-logic"
50:
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Soteria-based houses are currently run in Sweden, Finland, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, the United States.
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718:"Soteria and other alternatives to acute psychiatric hospitalization: a personal and professional review"
227:
Writing in 1999, Mosher described the core of Soteria as "the 24 hour a day application of interpersonal
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1744:
1383:
1358:
1301:
307:
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or schizophrenic psychosis defined by using DSM-III-R criteria, not more than one year before admission;
217:
130:
400:"A systematic review of the Soteria paradigm for the treatment of people diagnosed with schizophrenia"
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159:
995:
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448:
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1404:
1212:
1209:"Loren Mosher M.D. talks about Soteria Project and non-drug treatments for schizophrenia (video)"
1117:
574:
491:
647:"The Soteria Project: The First Generation American Alternatives to Psychiatric Hospitalization"
449:"Treatment of acute psychosis without neuroleptics: Two year outcomes from the Soteria Project"
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Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill
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163:
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on labeling inevitably produces consequences, namely stigmatization and objectification.
908:
Perris, C.M. Cognitive Therapy with Schizophrenic Patients. Guilford, New York, NY, 1989.
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Soteria-Alaska operated from 2008 until 2015 when it closed due to insufficient funding.
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101:
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A first European near-replication of the original Soteria house was implemented in
155:
119:
1164:
85:
1143:
809:
1603:
1513:
1145:
Doctoring the mind: is our current treatment of mental illness really any good?
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1208:
1105:
284:
90:
1181:
1165:"Acute in-patient psychiatry: residential alternatives to hospital admission"
835:
562:
1454:
1400:
American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization
415:
843:
767:"Being with madness: personality characteristics of three treatment staffs"
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624:
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487:
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379:
1755:
We've Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – and the World's Getting Worse
1189:
1113:
895:
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950:
790:
782:
510:"Soteria Programme – International Mental Health Collaborating Network"
826:
703:
Sullivan HS (1962) Schizophrenia as a human process. New York: Norton.
1201:
1087:"The Pilot Project 'Soteria Bern': Clinical Experiences and Results"
534:"The Soteria project: a forerunner of "a third way" in psychiatry?"
1226:
254:
The following criteria were required for patients to be admitted:
200:
193:
154:
The original Soteria Research Project was founded by psychiatrist
84:
1063:
248:
1230:
1195:
18:
765:
Hirschfeld RM, Matthews SM, Mosher LR, Menn AZ (April 1977).
653:. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Pub. pp. 111–132.
597:
Carpenter, William T.; Buchanan, Robert W. (1 January 2002).
16:
Alternative inpatient treatment of people in psychotic crises
651:
Alternatives to the Hospital for Acute Psychiatric Treatment
939:
599:"Commentary on the Soteria Project: Misguided Therapeutics"
398:
Calton T, Ferriter M, Huband N, Spandler H (January 2008).
100:
is a milieu-therapeutic approach developed to treat acute
1163:
Johnson S.; Gilburt H.; Lloyd-Evans B.; Slade M. (2007).
972:
917:
532:
Stupak, Radosław; Dobroczyński, Bartłomiej (2019-12-31).
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at the subjective-emotional, familial, and social level.
961:
42:
53:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
1740:
The Politics of Experience and The Bird of Paradise
1667:
1506:
1392:
1264:
1498:World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry
1010:"Soteria Alaska opening in the fall—Staff needed"
232:to the treatment of those given a diagnosis of
810:"The Biopsychosocial Model Thirty Years Later"
683:. Philadelphia: Basic Books. pp. 220–26.
1339:Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement
1242:
808:Fava, Giovanni A.; Sonino, Nicoletta (2008).
8:
393:
391:
389:
187:
1249:
1235:
1227:
672:
670:
104:, usually implemented in Soteria houses.
1180:
1038:"Soteria-Alaska, Inc. - Facility Repairs"
825:
711:
709:
614:
552:
469:
457:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
423:
369:
133:, as well as research quality concerns.
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
640:
638:
636:
634:
447:Bola, John; Mosher, Loren (April 2003).
208:). Though the model calls for no use of
1480:Royal Association for Disability Rights
859:"Soteria-California and Its Successors"
339:
319:
192:for "salvation" or "deliverance" (see
34:contains content that is written like
1024:"Some Observations of Soteria-Alaska"
725:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
616:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006965
352:Ciompi L, Hoffmann H (October 2004).
7:
1415:Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law
918:Soteria - kristillinen terapiakeskus
592:
590:
588:
527:
525:
347:
345:
343:
1420:Citizens Commission on Human Rights
1379:Self-help groups for mental health
1204:planning Soteria houses in the UK.
929:Allgemeine Psychiatrie I / Soteria
480:10.1097/01.nmd.0000061148.84257.f9
224:focused on medication management.
14:
1445:International Disability Alliance
814:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
737:10.1097/00005053-199903000-00003
287:
23:
1705:Interpretation of Schizophrenia
1430:Disability Rights International
1215:from the original on 2021-12-22
1493:Socialist Patients' Collective
1354:Psychiatric survivors movement
1277:Controversies about psychiatry
984:Pathways Vermont Soteria House
1:
1795:Treatment of mental disorders
1450:Learning Disability Coalition
1344:Political abuse of psychiatry
1094:British Journal of Psychiatry
996:"Lessons from Soteria-Alaska"
554:10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/91731
1475:Rehabilitation International
1410:Autism Network International
857:Mosher, Loren (2000-08-29).
1465:National Empowerment Center
1425:Critical Psychiatry Network
1292:History of mental disorders
649:. In Richard Warner (ed.).
1811:
1735:The Myth of Mental Illness
1470:Radical Psychology Network
884:Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi
716:Mosher L.R. (March 1999).
1763:
1460:MindFreedom International
1272:Biopsychiatry controversy
1148:. NYU Press. p. 21.
1106:10.1192/S0007125000297183
771:Hosp Community Psychiatry
677:Whitaker, Robert (2002).
645:Mosher, Loren R. (1995).
188:
1720:Madness and Civilization
1710:Liberation by Oppression
1192:started by Loren Mosher.
1182:10.1192/pb.bp.106.011197
166:, previous experimental
1349:Positive disintegration
1287:Hearing Voices Movement
1100:(Supplement): 145–153.
240:Current implementations
206:therapeutic communities
168:therapeutic communities
1680:Anatomy of an Epidemic
1435:Hearing Voices Network
1307:Martha Mitchell effect
1297:Involuntary commitment
603:Schizophrenia Bulletin
303:Deinstitutionalization
210:psychiatric medication
94:
1750:The Radical Therapist
1745:The Protest Psychosis
1384:Therapeutic community
1359:Psychoanalytic theory
1302:Involuntary treatment
1060:soteria-alaska.com:80
416:10.1093/schbul/sbm047
308:Therapeutic community
218:biopsychosocial model
186:comes from the Greek
131:biopsychosocial model
88:
55:neutral point of view
1334:Nouthetic counseling
1066:on 27 September 2012
1026:. 28 September 2012.
1012:. 20 September 2008.
176:Harry Stack Sullivan
160:San Jose, California
1374:Rosenhan experiment
1369:Rhetoric of therapy
1282:Critical psychiatry
783:10.1176/ps.28.4.267
47:promotional content
1725:Radical Psychology
1700:Doctoring the Mind
1405:Aspies For Freedom
1202:UK Soteria Network
1196:Soteria Foundation
1190:Website on Soteria
973:Soteria Alapítvány
541:Psychiatria Polska
261:A recent onset of
172:Fairweather Lodges
95:
49:and inappropriate
1772:
1771:
1766:Psychiatry portal
1730:The Gene Illusion
1634:Elizabeth Packard
1594:Peter C. Gøtzsche
1579:Leonard Roy Frank
1519:Giorgio Antonucci
1155:978-0-8147-9148-6
827:10.1159/000110052
660:978-0-88048-484-8
295:Psychiatry portal
137:Theoretical model
98:The Soteria model
83:
82:
75:
1802:
1624:Joanna Moncrieff
1484:Paranoia Network
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1184:
1169:The Psychiatrist
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1062:. Archived from
1056:"Soteria-Alaska"
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1045:
1040:. Archived from
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793:. Archived from
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747:. Archived from
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547:(6): 1351–1364.
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358:World Psychiatry
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263:schizophreniform
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93:, Germany (2011)
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36:an advertisement
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1790:Anti-psychiatry
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1695:Crazy Therapies
1675:Against Therapy
1663:
1659:Robert Whitaker
1654:Stephen Ticktin
1589:James Gottstein
1574:Michel Foucault
1559:Judi Chamberlin
1554:Ted Chabasinski
1539:Richard Bentall
1534:Lauretta Bender
1524:Franco Basaglia
1502:
1388:
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1258:Anti-psychiatry
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1211:. youtube.com.
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998:. 29 June 2015.
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164:moral treatment
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1175:(7): 262–264.
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1133:External links
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1044:on 2022-10-05.
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404:Schizophr Bull
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1668:Publications
1649:Thomas Szasz
1619:Loren Mosher
1614:Kate Millett
1564:David Cooper
1549:Paula Caplan
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1322:of sexuality
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1604:R. D. Laing
1514:Linda Andre
940:Toll – Haus
258:Aged 17–35;
182:. The name
107:Based on a
63:August 2022
1779:Categories
1629:David Oaks
1219:2010-08-14
1142:. (2009).
1070:12 January
868:2023-08-05
820:(1): 1–2.
515:2023-06-28
334:References
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43:improve it
1455:Mad Pride
1140:Bentall R
836:0033-3190
563:0033-2674
466:CiteSeerX
1569:Lyn Duff
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1122:40933685
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625:12795492
579:55230325
571:32017822
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281:See also
1690:Asylums
1488:Soteria
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951:Soteria
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496:1095393
425:2632384
371:1414694
189:Σωτηρία
184:Soteria
150:History
1507:People
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492:S2CID
452:(PDF)
314:Notes
201:DSM-2
194:Soter
1150:ISBN
1110:PMID
1072:2022
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840:PMID
832:ISSN
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