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of
Iggizzulen, whose father was the spiritual leader. The latter, in explanation to the sultan, was too old to move to Tiznit, remaining mostly enclosed in his Zawiya of Iligh. In accordance with the policy of ‘association’ of the great ‘feudal’ chiefs, it was his son that Moulay Hassan granted, some
540:
Disturbed by the aid of the tribes of
Izerguiin, Yaggout and Ait Lhassen were giving to Mackenzie, Moulay Hassan had first sought to intimidate them in 1884. Then in 1888 Moroccan soldiers came to Cape Juby and attacked the trading station, killing Mackenzie and pillaging his stores. Britain sent a
488:
The army left its camps in
Marrakech on March 17, 1886 to Agadir, following the same route as the previous expedition. Six weeks later, the army reached Tiznit without too much difficulty. There, the sultan was joined by the son of Sheikh Husayn ben Hisham of Tazerwalt, who on this occasion renewed
452:
Bayruk and Husayn ben Hisham, he asked them to join him in Agadir. The Sheikh of
Tazerwalt sent his son there; Sheikh Bayruk personally came to meet the sultan. Moulay Hassan covered both of them with honours and urged them to assume their responsibilities in the face of European penetration.
447:
had to unload new provisions to allow the convoy to continue its march to
Guelmim, the intended end of the expedition. But the sea went wild and the French steamer could not dock at Aglou. Moulay Hassan hurried back to Massa, then to Agadir. Failing to impose his will on the
541:
warship and
Morocco was obliged to pay compensation of 5,000 pounds. Subsequently, the English government tried to guard control of Cape Juby for commercial reasons, but without success. The company was attacked again in 1889.
552:. The English ceded, for a sum of 50,000 pounds, their trading station of Port Victoria to the Sherifian sultan, recognizing by the same treaty his rights on regions where they had long disputed them—the territories between
354:
bloom, would awaken the separatist tendencies of Sheikh Husayn ben Hisham of
Tazerwalt and Sheikh Mohamed Bayruk of Guelmim, who had assumed the right to cede to Mackenzie the territory on which he erected his trading post.
548:, agreed that if the Makhzen bought out the British North African Company, Mackenzie's factory on Cape Juby would be removed and his government would recognise Moroccan sovereignty over the coast and hinterland as far as
362:
the new gateway to southern
Morocco, which was first used to supply the military expedition. The following year, he sent a circular letter to provincial governors all over Morocco explaining that his expedition to the
484:
through the different stages in which it had to pass. An important place was given in this operation to the kasbah of Tiznit, the main base of operations against the Ba Amrane and their counterparts of Oued Noun.
28:
480:
In 1886 Moulay Hassan decided to launch a second expedition in the region. Learning from the previous operation, this time he renounced the use of
European steamers taking care to supply the
464:. This, however, was not enough to put an end to the actions of Europeans or the separatist actions of the Ait Ba Amrane in the Tarfaya region. In 1883 Mackenzie's factory was attacked.
537:. He was well disposed towards the Makhzen, as his father had been before him. In 1890, Moulay Hassan received the marabout at Marrakesh. Ma al-'Aynayn went on to fight the British.
514:
257:. In addition to these posts, the more obvious and more commanding points of governmental control, Moulay Hassan also invested with official authority many of the local
509:
not far from the staging area of the trans-Saharan caravans. From there he went down to the coast, then to Assaka, Ifni, and
Tarfaya. From there, in 1886, a smaller
456:
Before his return to Marrakech on August 11, 1882, the sultan had Tiznit fortified, which thus became a Makhzen city, a short distance from the coast coveted by
1054:
320:
135:
388:. Special attention was paid to questions of stewardship and, so that his army would not lack anything, the sultan hired two steamers, one English – the
350:. In addition to his economic benefits, the sultan feared that the North West African Company created by the English adventurer, who wanted to make the
384:
a powerful army of 25–40,000 men, belonging all to the Guish tribes, and between fifteen and thirty artillery pieces, as well as the new units of the
327:), Husayn ben Hisham, in reining in Bayruk and Mackenzie, but Husayn was a very autonomous subject and was negotiating on his own account with
904:
517:
Sir William Kirby Green about indemnifying the North West African Company for its loss, but it did reestablish the Makhzen in the region.
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988:
967:
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461:
292:
150:
568:
In 1882 and 1886 Moulay Hassan's armies managed to re-establish Moroccan control in the desert regions bordering on the Atlantic.
891:
431:, the capital of Sous, where Moulay Hassan received the allegiance of the notables of the province. After appointing new
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between 1882 and 1895. As a result of these campaigns, a series of Moroccan posts were established to the south of
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323:
government did not recognise his own claim of sovereignty. The sultan tried to interest the master of Iligh (
526:
380:
In 1882 Moulay Hassan launched a major military expedition to the south of the country. He assembled in
328:
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to ensure his collaboration in the face of European encroachments in the extreme south of the country.
339:
264:
457:
316:
234:
172:
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218:
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British recognition of Moroccan suzerainty on the territory between Oued Draa and Cape Bojador.
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1005:
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was to a region that had not been in ‘intimate relations’ with the Makhzen for many years.
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145:
130:
1043:
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from where he planned to go to Aglou, only a few kilometers from Ifni on the coast.
549:
513:
forced Mackenzie and his people to leave Tarfaya, which caused arguments with the
276:
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999:
978:
957:
936:
915:
409:
553:
397:
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was still waiting. With his troops replenished, the sultan descended towards
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was to establish a trading post in order to divert Saharan trade directed to
428:
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413:
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381:
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did not believe that Bayruk had any right to cede Moroccan land, but the
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over the Sahara, Sheikh Muhammad Mustafa uld Mamun, commonly called
303:
to cede him a strip of land, two miles wide and eight miles long at
560:
approved this recognition, as these territories belong to Morocco.
271:. An investiture of Moroccan authority was as well accorded to the
471:
364:
259:
242:
54:
938:
Les populations du Sahara occidental: histoire, vie et culture
427:
was waiting for the sultan. Then she took the road towards
87:
Moroccan purchase of the British North West Africa Company.
810:
808:
778:
776:
774:
525:
In 1887, after the Spanish army set up their new post at
74:
Reestablishment of Moroccan authority in the Sous region.
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793:
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601:
599:
597:
396:– to transport food and ammunition along the coast from
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614:
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582:
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419:
The campaign began in May 1882 from Marrakech. Through
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423:
and Iml-n-Tanoust, the army arrived to Agadir where
291:In 1879 the Englishman Donald Mackenzie set up the
230:were a series of military expeditions conducted by
1001:Le Sahara occidental et les frontières marocaines
505:stopped at Guelmim, where the sultan installed a
33:West Coast of Africa from Agadir to Cape Bojador.
21:
8:
263:in southwestern Morocco—such as the Qaid of
435:, he headed for the coast, in Massa, where
338:The objective of Mackenzie in the south of
501:After going deeper towards Oued Noun, the
18:
1004:(in French). Nouvelles Editions Latines.
544:In 1895 the British Minister in Tangier,
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862:
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814:
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765:
753:
741:
729:
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307:. There he built his factory, called
267:, Dahman ben Bayruk, and the Qaid of
7:
1055:Battles involving the United Kingdom
529:, Moulay Hassan appointed his first
358:In 1881 the sultan decided to make
462:British North West African Company
293:British North West African Company
253:, Kasbah Ba Amrane, Assaka and at
14:
983:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
151:British North West Africa Company
941:(in French). KARTHALA Editions.
212:
203:
194:
178:
165:
144:
129:
106:
27:
917:Le conflit du Sahara occidental
489:his allegiance and that of the
404:to Agadir, then from Agadir to
899:(in French). Éditions Perrin.
1:
980:Morocco Since 1830: A History
1022:Morocco's Saharan Frontiers
959:The Map of Africa by Treaty
515:British Minister in Tangier
22:Sous expedition (1882–1895)
16:Moroccan expedition to Sous
1151:
1050:Battles involving Morocco
977:Pennell, Richard (2000).
956:Hertslet, Edward (2013).
914:Barbier, Maurice (1982).
494:time later, the title of
158:
99:
37:
26:
1019:Trout, Frank E. (1969).
998:Rézette, Robert (1975).
935:Gaudio, Attilio (1993).
920:(in French). Harmattan.
890:Abitbol, Michel (2014).
189:Sheikh Husayn ben Hisham
45:May 1882 – 13 March 1895
556:and Cape Bojador. The
477:
159:Commanders and leaders
521:Expedition of 1888–95
475:
392:– the other French –
311:, at the entrance of
191:Sheikh Mohamed Bayruk
476:Map of Agadir, 1885.
122:Sheikhdom of Guelmim
118:Emirate of Tazerwalt
853:, pp. 153–154.
768:, pp. 335–336.
209:William Kirby Green
1025:. Librairie Droz.
478:
468:Expedition of 1886
376:Expedition of 1882
299:Mohamed Bayruk of
1125:Conflicts in 1895
1120:Conflicts in 1894
1115:Conflicts in 1893
1110:Conflicts in 1892
1105:Conflicts in 1891
1100:Conflicts in 1890
1095:Conflicts in 1889
1090:Conflicts in 1888
1085:Conflicts in 1887
1080:Conflicts in 1886
1075:Conflicts in 1885
1070:Conflicts in 1884
1065:Conflicts in 1883
1060:Conflicts in 1882
906:978-2-262-03816-8
893:Histoire du Maroc
335:representatives.
224:
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95:
94:
70:Moroccan victory
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1135:1890s in Morocco
1130:1880s in Morocco
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546:Sir Ernest Satow
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200:Donald Mackenzie
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228:Sous expedition
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867:
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855:
843:
841:, p. 156.
831:
829:, p. 102.
819:
817:, p. 337.
804:
787:
785:, p. 336.
770:
758:
756:, p. 335.
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744:, p. 104.
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722:
720:, p. 334.
710:
708:, p. 101.
698:
696:, p. 153.
686:
671:
669:, p. 154.
654:
652:, p. 970.
642:
627:
625:, p. 108.
610:
608:, p. 105.
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527:Villa Cisneros
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295:and persuaded
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136:United Kingdom
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1011:9782723317368
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990:9781850654261
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962:. Routledge.
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948:9782865374113
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927:9782858021970
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877:, p. 26.
876:
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832:
828:
823:
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802:, p. 37.
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755:
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732:, p. 61.
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723:
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714:
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707:
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699:
695:
690:
687:
684:, p. 63.
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
659:
655:
651:
650:Hertslet 2013
646:
643:
640:, p. 26.
639:
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632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
598:
594:
591:, p. 62.
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559:
558:United States
555:
551:
547:
542:
538:
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535:Ma al-'Aynayn
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317:Moulay Hassan
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309:Port Victoria
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235:Moulay Hassan
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185:Ma al-'Aynayn
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173:Moulay Hassan
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884:Bibliography
870:
863:Pennell 2000
858:
846:
834:
827:Pennell 2000
822:
815:Abitbol 2014
800:Barbier 1982
783:Abitbol 2014
766:Abitbol 2014
761:
754:Abitbol 2014
749:
742:Pennell 2000
737:
730:Rézette 1975
725:
718:Abitbol 2014
713:
706:Pennell 2000
701:
689:
682:Rézette 1975
645:
606:Pennell 2000
589:Rézette 1975
567:
550:Cape Bojador
543:
539:
530:
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510:
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337:
290:
272:
258:
227:
225:
219:Ernest Satow
171:
100:Belligerents
69:
875:Gaudio 1993
623:Gaudio 1993
412:, north of
243:Sous region
81:Territorial
1044:Categories
851:Trout 1969
839:Trout 1969
694:Trout 1969
667:Trout 1969
638:Trout 1969
572:References
398:Casablanca
371:Expedition
348:Río de Oro
287:Background
564:Aftermath
554:Oued Draa
429:Taroudant
421:Chichaoua
402:El Jadida
390:Greenwood
382:Marrakesh
344:Essaouira
340:Oued Noun
325:Tazerwalt
315:. Sultan
313:Cape Juby
277:Ait Oussa
269:Tazerwalt
265:Oued Noun
59:Cape Juby
460:and the
445:L'Amélie
437:L'Amélie
425:L'Amélie
394:L’Amélie
346:towards
281:Tajakant
279:and the
50:Location
531:khalifa
511:mahalla
503:mahalla
482:mahalla
450:sheikhs
321:British
305:Tarfaya
301:Guelmim
275:of the
255:Guelmim
241:in the
239:Morocco
113:Morocco
83:changes
1029:
1008:
987:
966:
945:
924:
903:
507:kasbah
441:Tiznit
386:‘Askar
360:Agadir
352:Sahara
333:German
329:French
297:Sheikh
251:Tiznit
247:Agadir
232:Sultan
66:Result
897:(PDF)
458:Spain
433:qaids
410:Aglou
406:Massa
273:qaids
260:qaids
249:: at
1027:ISBN
1006:ISBN
985:ISBN
964:ISBN
943:ISBN
922:ISBN
901:ISBN
496:qaid
491:leff
414:Ifni
408:and
400:and
365:Sous
331:and
226:The
57:and
55:Sous
42:Date
237:of
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807:^
790:^
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416:.
283:.
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909:.
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