1389:(Who) having despatched many ships in the midst of the rolling sea and having caught Sangrāma-vijayōttunga-varman, the king of Kadāram, together with the elephants in his glorious army, (took) the large heap of treasures, which (that king) had rightfully accumulated; (captured) with noise the (arch called) Vidhyādharatorana at the "war gate" of his extensive city, Śrī Vijaya with the "jewelled wicket-gate" adorned with great splendour and the "gate of large jewels"; Paṇṇai with water in its bathing ghats; the ancient Malaiyūr with the strong mountain for its rampart; Māyuriḍingam, surrounded by the deep sea (as) by a moat; Ilangāśōka (i.e. Lankāśōka) undaunted in fierce battles; Māpappālam having abundant (deep) water as defence; Mēviḷimbangam having fine walls as defence; Vaḷaippandūru having Viḷappandūru (?); Talaittakkōlam praised by great men (versed in) the sciences; Mādamālingam, firm in great and fierce battles; Ilāmuridēśam, whose fierce strength rose in war; Mānakkavāram, in whose extensive flower gardens honey was collecting; and Kadāram, of fierce strength, which was protected by the deep sea
310:
26:
225:
158:
1300:
1505:
The stele of
Rajendra Chola I mentions Sri Vijaya as the first of the countries conquered. The Tamil inscription lists Sri Vijaya with "its jewelled wicket-gate" and "a gate of large jewels" as the first of the treasures captured by the fleet. The Sri Vijaya, mentioned in the inscriptions, has been
1477:
kingdom. After learning of
Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra Chola, the Tambralinga kingdom requested aid from the Srivijaya king Sangrama Vijayatungavarman. This eventually led to the Chola Empire coming into conflict with the Srivijiya Empire. The war ended with a victory for the
1393:
The
Thiruvalangadu plates, from the fourteenth year of Rajendra Chola I, mentions his conquest of Kadaram but does not go into the details. The first attempt by someone from outside India to identify the places associated with the campaign was made by
1464:
The causes of the hostility are obscure. While some scholars opine that the campaign was undertaken to establish Chola dominance over the seas of South-East Asia, other suggest that it might have been a war of plunder. It seems that the Khmer king
1825:
1994:
Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975), "Khmer
Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18 (3), pp. 318-336, Brill Publishers
1697:
Traders from the Tamil country firmly established themselves over various parts of South-East Asia. A merchant guild was set up in Burma and another in
Sumatra in 1088. Indian historian
1010:
2213:
1421:
published in 1918 after several years of research, rejected both the theories and provided the first convincing description of
Rajendra Chola I's conquest of Southeast Asia.
2223:
990:
1564:
Mayirudingam is believed to be the same as Ji-lo-ting listed by the
Chinese writer Chau Ju-Kua among the dependencies of Sri Vijaya and is identified with the city of
2056:
970:
2103:
1328:
1525:, with its bathing ghats, is second of the lands to be conquered by the naval fleet. Pannai has been identified as Panai or Pane, a city on the eastern coast of
1059:
2203:
1678:
The
Southeast Asia campaign intensified interactions between India and Southeast Asia. The campaign also led to the establishment of diplomatic ties with
2228:
1736:
1104:
1245:
1205:
2168:
1321:
1267:
1401:, who had published the stele in 1891. Hultzsch identified the principalities mentioned in the inscription with places ruled by the
1225:
1694:
in 1077. The Chola Empire did not establish its direct rule over South-East Asia though they might have levied a periodic tribute.
1260:
1250:
1240:
1235:
1215:
1277:
1069:
317:
1314:
1282:
1272:
1255:
1220:
1144:
1114:
1049:
879:
582:
405:
289:
2071:
898:
591:
2009:(1961), "The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Cola", Artibus Asiae 24 (3/4), pp. 338-342, Artibus Asiae Publishers
1980:
Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World
Economy in the Second Millennium by Ronald Findlay,Kevin H. O'Rourke p.67
1698:
1495:
1124:
238:
2218:
1079:
1230:
250:
110:
1553:
river valley, where a strong principality flourished at that time. Other suggestion is the southern part of the
1800:"Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia | ISEAS Publishing"
1210:
631:
137:
377:
2178:
1446:
1754:"Book Review: Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia"
2208:
1134:
861:
326:
309:
1405:. In 1903, he rescinded his theory and stated that the stele described Rajendra Chola I's conquest of
2186:
1617:
1162:
925:
888:
841:
771:
741:
711:
681:
298:
1584:
and is believed to be the same as the province of Ling-ya-sseu-kia mentioned in Chau Ju-Kua's list.
980:
945:
811:
731:
601:
2097:
1861:
1853:
1781:
1660:) mentioned in the stele is identified with the Kataha of Sanskrit literature and Kadaram of the
1185:
1170:
831:
801:
721:
641:
474:
2164:
1845:
1773:
1732:
1690:
in 1015. This was followed by a second embassy by his son, Rajendra I, in 1033 and a third by
1621:
1020:
1000:
781:
671:
661:
621:
356:
55:
1753:
1837:
1765:
1450:
1414:
1304:
1180:
935:
761:
751:
444:
1645:
1581:
1554:
1402:
1358:
1342:
1175:
916:
791:
691:
651:
484:
242:
93:
2006:
1633:
1625:
1542:
851:
821:
701:
524:
454:
104:
2161:
Nagapattinam to
Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia
1596:
identifies Mapappalam of the inscription with the city of Papphalama mentioned in the
2197:
1865:
1785:
1530:
1526:
1511:
1479:
1466:
1434:
504:
131:
100:
1461:
the relations deteriorate as the Chola Dynasty started to attack Srivijayan cities.
25:
1691:
1683:
1470:
1454:
494:
424:
387:
163:
1644:
Nakkavaram, mentioned in the records, has been identified by V. Venkayya with the
1799:
1726:
1593:
1474:
1406:
1398:
611:
534:
336:
127:
67:
2057:"The Identifications of Some of Ptolemy's Place Names in the Golden Khersonese"
1769:
1701:
suggests that Tamil traders of the Chola period might have had a knowledge of
1687:
1673:
1577:
1550:
1483:
1458:
1438:
1382:
1346:
554:
230:
198:
31:
1849:
1777:
1506:
identified by Coedès with the Sri Vijaya kingdom which rule from its base at
1706:
1702:
1507:
1442:
1430:
1395:
1362:
1354:
1350:
564:
514:
464:
367:
171:
71:
1917:. Vol. 2: Suvarnadvipa. Dacca: Ashok Kumar Majumdar. pp. 167–190.
1369:
of Rajendra I are the principal sources of information about the campaign.
1580:) mentioned in the inscriptions has been located on the east coast of the
346:
63:
1857:
1629:
1613:
1601:
434:
59:
1565:
1522:
1377:
The most detailed source of information on the campaign is the Tamil
544:
1841:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1473:
requested aid from the powerful Chola Emperor Rajendra against the
1679:
1657:
1612:
Talaittakkolam is believed to be the same as Takkola mentioned by
1546:
1410:
1378:
1366:
414:
178:
120:
84:
1826:"The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon"
183:
116:
2002:
2000:
1541:
Malaiyur, with "its strong mountain", has been identified with
1482:
and Angkor Wat of the Khmer Empire, and major losses for the
1365:. The Thiruvalangadu plates, the Leyden grant, and the Tamil
2090:
Tamil Influences in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines
2064:
Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
1437:
of Tamilakam was initially friendly during the reign of
2159:
Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (2009).
1341:
Inscriptions and historical sources assert that the
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1387:
18:
1682:. The first Tamil embassy to the court of the
2214:Military campaigns involving the Chola Empire
2038:
2036:
2034:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1600:. The place is believed to be located in the
1322:
8:
1943:
1941:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1664:and the Kiet-cha of the Chinese chronicles.
1529:, located on the estuary of Panai River and
19:Rajendra Chola I's South-East Asian campaign
1879:
1877:
1875:
2102:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1329:
1315:
283:
24:
15:
2224:History of the foreign relations of India
1758:International Journal of Maritime History
2163:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
2143:The Indian origin of New Zealand's Maori
1441:. In 1006 CE a Srivijayan Maharaja from
2145:. Hindu World Publications. p. 61.
1915:Ancient Indian colonies in the Far East
1717:
1568:in the centre of the Malay Peninsula.
297:
286:
243:
2095:
7:
1486:Empire and the Tambralinga kingdom.
99:Expansion of Chola influence &
2204:Military history of Southeast Asia
1752:Pearson, Michael (December 2010).
96:sacked and conquered by the Cholas
14:
2088:Arokiaswamy, Celine W.M. (2000).
1725:Cotterell, Arthur (16 May 2011).
1298:
308:
223:
156:
1824:Spencer, George W. (May 1976).
1457:. However, during the reign of
2229:Naval battles involving Cholas
1011:French and British interregnum
30:Map of the Chola empire after
1:
34:'s South-east Asian campaign.
2070:(III): 86–98. Archived from
1830:The Journal of Asian Studies
899:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow
2128:
2116:
2042:
2025:
1968:
1947:
1932:
1900:
1699:V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar
1496:Chola invasion of Srivijaya
1361:in 1025 in order to subdue
1349:sent a naval expedition to
406:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms
2245:
1883:
1770:10.1177/084387141002200220
1671:
1656:The place Kadaram (modern
1628:or the modern-day city of
1493:
1080:United States of Indonesia
917:Chinese Kongsi federations
109:Dissolution of Srivijayan
2092:. Manila s.n. p. 46.
1731:. John Wiley & Sons.
1231:Javanese historical texts
269:
256:
251:Samara Vijayatunggavarman
216:
149:
38:
23:
1913:Majumdar, R. C. (1937).
1576:The land of Ilangasoka (
1419:Le Royaume de Sri Vijaya
991:Dutch East India Company
632:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
2179:Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta
1728:Asia: A Concise History
1604:region of Lower Burma.
126:Later campaigns in the
1624:, and identified with
1447:Maravijayattungavarman
1391:
1042:Emergence of Indonesia
217:Commanders and leaders
2141:Gupta, S. M. (1995).
1804:bookshop.iseas.edu.sg
1429:The relation between
1097:Republic of Indonesia
963:European colonization
862:Riau-Lingga Sultanate
270:Casualties and losses
2187:University of Madras
2077:on 25 February 2017.
1453:in the port town of
1385:. The stele states:
1305:Indonesia portal
926:Heshun Confederation
842:Yogyakarta Sultanate
772:Kalinyamat Sultanate
742:Sultanate of Jailolo
712:Sultanate of Ternate
425:Tarumanagara Kingdom
2055:W. Linehan (1951).
1070:National Revolution
1060:Japanese occupation
946:Santiaogou Republic
812:Palembang Sultanate
732:Sultanate of Tidore
602:Peureulak Sultanate
535:Dharmasraya Kingdom
1449:, constructed the
1149:1998–present
1050:National Awakening
880:Christian kingdoms
846:1755–present
836:1745–present
832:Surakarta Sunanate
802:Kingdom of Kaimana
756:1526–present
722:Sultanate of Bacan
642:Pagaruyung Kingdom
583:Islamic sultanates
475:Shailendra Dynasty
231:Rajendra the Great
138:Rajahanate of Cebu
2219:Conflicts in 1025
1738:978-0-470-82957-8
1622:Golden Chersonese
1339:
1338:
1153:
1152:
1105:Liberal democracy
1088:
1087:
1033:
1032:
1021:Dutch East Indies
954:
953:
907:
906:
889:Larantuka Kingdom
870:
869:
782:Mataram Sultanate
682:Cirebon Sultanate
662:Malacca Sultanate
622:Ternate Sultanate
573:
572:
555:Singhasari Empire
549:1000s–1300s
515:Kahuripan Kingdom
396:
395:
282:
281:
145:
144:
136:Establishment of
56:Southern Thailand
2236:
2190:
2174:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2029:
2023:
2010:
2004:
1995:
1992:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1951:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1887:
1881:
1870:
1869:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1722:
1662:Kalingattuparani
1592:The epigraphist
1451:Chudamani Vihara
1331:
1324:
1317:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1115:Guided Democracy
1101:
1100:
1046:
1045:
967:
966:
936:Lanfang Republic
922:
921:
885:
884:
806:1600s–1926
796:1528s–1877
762:Banjar Sultanate
752:Banten Sultanate
736:1500s–1967
652:Brunei Sultanate
588:
587:
565:Majapahit Empire
465:Srivijaya Empire
445:Kalingga Kingdom
411:
410:
378:Toba catastrophe
361:94,000–12,000 BP
332:
331:
312:
302:
284:
245:
239:Sang Rama Wijaya
228:
227:
226:
161:
160:
159:
40:
39:
28:
16:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2194:
2193:
2177:
2171:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2032:
2024:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1954:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1890:
1882:
1873:
1842:10.2307/2053272
1823:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1676:
1670:
1646:Nicobar Islands
1582:Malay Peninsula
1555:Malay Peninsula
1498:
1492:
1427:
1403:Pandyan Dynasty
1375:
1359:Malay Peninsula
1335:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1165:
1155:
1154:
1139:1967–1998
1129:1966–1967
1119:1959–1966
1109:1950–1959
1098:
1090:
1089:
1084:1949–1950
1074:1945–1949
1064:1942–1945
1054:1908–1942
1043:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1028:1945–1949
1027:
1026:1800–1942
1015:1806–1816
1005:1685–1824
995:1602–1799
985:1521–1677
975:1512–1850
964:
956:
955:
950:1777–1853
940:1777–1884
930:1776–1854
919:
909:
908:
882:
872:
871:
866:1824–1911
856:1814–1946
826:1725–1946
816:1659–1823
792:Johor Sultanate
786:1586–1755
776:1527–1599
766:1526–1863
746:1496–1903
726:1515–1946
716:1486–1914
706:1496–1903
696:1475–1554
692:Demak Sultanate
686:1445–1677
676:1405–1851
666:1400–1511
656:1368–1888
646:1347–1833
636:1267–1521
626:1257–1914
616:1225–1613
592:Spread of Islam
585:
575:
574:
569:1293–1527
559:1222–1292
539:1183–1347
529:1045–1221
519:1019–1045
485:Mataram Kingdom
408:
398:
397:
329:
300:
293:
224:
222:
184:Kingdom of Pegu
157:
155:
94:Malay Peninsula
74:
29:
12:
11:
5:
2242:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2175:
2170:978-9812309365
2169:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2080:
2047:
2030:
2011:
2007:R. C. Majumdar
1996:
1982:
1973:
1952:
1937:
1920:
1905:
1888:
1871:
1836:(3): 405–419.
1816:
1791:
1764:(2): 352–354.
1744:
1737:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1669:
1666:
1654:
1653:
1642:
1641:
1634:Isthmus of Kra
1610:
1609:
1608:Talaittakkolam
1590:
1589:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1561:
1539:
1538:
1520:
1519:
1503:
1502:
1494:Main article:
1491:
1488:
1445:dynasty, king
1426:
1423:
1374:
1371:
1343:Medieval Chola
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1003:
997:
996:
993:
987:
986:
983:
977:
976:
973:
965:
962:
961:
958:
957:
952:
951:
948:
942:
941:
938:
932:
931:
928:
920:
915:
914:
911:
910:
905:
904:
901:
895:
894:
891:
883:
878:
877:
874:
873:
868:
867:
864:
858:
857:
854:
852:Deli Sultanate
848:
847:
844:
838:
837:
834:
828:
827:
824:
822:Siak Sultanate
818:
817:
814:
808:
807:
804:
798:
797:
794:
788:
787:
784:
778:
777:
774:
768:
767:
764:
758:
757:
754:
748:
747:
744:
738:
737:
734:
728:
727:
724:
718:
717:
714:
708:
707:
704:
702:Aceh Sultanate
698:
697:
694:
688:
687:
684:
678:
677:
674:
672:Sulu Sultanate
668:
667:
664:
658:
657:
654:
648:
647:
644:
638:
637:
634:
628:
627:
624:
618:
617:
614:
608:
607:
606:840–1292
604:
598:
597:
596:800–1600
594:
586:
581:
580:
577:
576:
571:
570:
567:
561:
560:
557:
551:
550:
547:
545:Pannai Kingdom
541:
540:
537:
531:
530:
527:
525:Kediri Kingdom
521:
520:
517:
511:
510:
509:932–1579
507:
501:
500:
499:914–1908
497:
491:
490:
489:716–1016
487:
481:
480:
477:
471:
470:
467:
461:
460:
457:
455:Melayu Kingdom
451:
450:
447:
441:
440:
437:
431:
430:
427:
421:
420:
417:
409:
404:
403:
400:
399:
394:
393:
390:
384:
383:
380:
374:
373:
371:
363:
362:
359:
353:
352:
349:
343:
342:
340:
330:
325:
324:
321:
320:
314:
313:
305:
304:
295:
294:
287:
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
267:
266:
263:
259:
258:
254:
253:
234:
219:
218:
214:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:Talaittakkolam
205:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
181:
167:
152:
151:
147:
146:
143:
142:
141:
140:
134:
124:
113:
107:
105:Southeast Asia
97:
80:
76:
75:
54:
52:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2241:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
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1983:
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1974:
1970:
1965:
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1949:
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1616:as a trading
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1531:Barumun River
1528:
1527:North Sumatra
1524:
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1512:South Sumatra
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1499:
1497:
1489:
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1480:Chola dynasty
1476:
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1468:
1467:Suryavarman I
1462:
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1456:
1452:
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1435:Chola dynasty
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1415:George Coedès
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968:
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949:
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939:
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929:
927:
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923:
918:
913:
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890:
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886:
881:
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875:
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859:
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853:
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835:
833:
830:
829:
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809:
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735:
733:
730:
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719:
715:
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703:
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689:
685:
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680:
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670:
669:
665:
663:
660:
659:
655:
653:
650:
649:
645:
643:
640:
639:
635:
633:
630:
629:
625:
623:
620:
619:
615:
613:
610:
609:
605:
603:
600:
599:
595:
593:
590:
589:
584:
579:
578:
568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
556:
553:
552:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
536:
533:
532:
528:
526:
523:
522:
518:
516:
513:
512:
508:
506:
505:Sunda Kingdom
503:
502:
498:
496:
493:
492:
488:
486:
483:
482:
478:
476:
473:
472:
468:
466:
463:
462:
458:
456:
453:
452:
448:
446:
443:
442:
438:
436:
433:
432:
428:
426:
423:
422:
418:
416:
415:Kutai Kingdom
413:
412:
407:
402:
401:
391:
389:
386:
385:
381:
379:
376:
375:
372:
370:
369:
365:
364:
360:
358:
355:
354:
350:
348:
345:
344:
341:
339:
338:
334:
333:
328:
323:
322:
319:
316:
315:
311:
307:
306:
303:
296:
291:
285:
277:
274:
273:
268:
264:
261:
260:
255:
252:
249:
248:
246:
240:
235:
233:
232:
221:
220:
215:
209:
206:
203:
202:
201:
200:
193:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
168:
166:
165:
154:
153:
148:
139:
135:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
112:
108:
106:
102:
98:
95:
91:
90:
89:
88:
86:
81:
78:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
49:
45:
42:
41:
37:
33:
27:
22:
17:
2209:1025 in Asia
2182:
2160:
2153:Bibliography
2142:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2089:
2083:
2072:the original
2067:
2063:
2050:
1976:
1971:, pp 219–220
1914:
1908:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1803:
1794:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1727:
1720:
1696:
1692:Kulottunga I
1686:was sent by
1684:Song Emperor
1677:
1661:
1655:
1643:
1611:
1597:
1591:
1575:
1563:
1560:Mayirudingam
1549:province in
1540:
1521:
1504:
1471:Khmer Empire
1463:
1455:Nagapattinam
1428:
1418:
1392:
1388:
1376:
1340:
1287:
1246:Christianity
495:Bali Kingdom
388:Buni culture
366:
351:1,000,000 BP
335:
237:
236:
229:
197:
194:Mayirudingam
170:
169:
164:Chola Empire
162:
150:Belligerents
115:Conquest of
83:
82:
46:1025–1068 CE
1594:V. Venkayya
1475:Tambralinga
1399:E. Hultzsch
1396:epigraphist
1211:Archaeology
1206:Agriculture
612:Aru Kingdom
337:Paleolithic
299:History of
128:Philippines
68:Philippines
2198:Categories
2185:. Madras:
1809:15 October
1688:Rajaraja I
1674:Tamil bell
1672:See also:
1640:Nakkavaram
1588:Mapappalam
1578:Langkasuka
1572:Ilangasoka
1551:Batanghari
1501:Sri Vijaya
1459:Rajendra I
1439:Rajaraja I
1383:Rajendra I
1347:Rajendra I
1268:Mass media
1145:Reform era
1125:Transition
971:Portuguese
357:Flores Man
327:Prehistory
210:Nakkavadam
204:Mappapalam
199:Langkasuka
32:Rajendra I
2183:The Cōlas
2181:(2000) .
2098:cite book
1866:154741845
1850:1752-0401
1786:127026949
1778:0843-8714
1707:Polynesia
1703:Australia
1598:Mahavamsa
1545:in today
1508:Palembang
1490:Conquests
1484:Srivijaya
1443:Sailendra
1431:Srivijaya
1363:Srivijaya
1355:Indonesia
1351:Indochina
1226:Education
1135:New Order
903:1670–1950
893:1515–1904
479:600s–900s
469:600s–1025
459:600s–1347
449:500s–600s
439:400s-500s
429:400s–500s
382:75,000 BP
368:Neolithic
301:Indonesia
172:Srivijaya
130:by other
72:Indonesia
1618:emporion
1537:Malaiyur
1433:and the
1345:Emperor
1273:Military
1251:Hinduism
1241:Buddhism
1236:Religion
1216:Currency
1199:By topic
419:350–1605
347:Java Man
318:Timeline
290:a series
288:Part of
257:Strength
191:Malayiur
92:Much of
64:Malaysia
51:Location
2131:, p 218
2119:, p 217
2045:, p 216
2028:, p 215
1950:, p 213
1935:, p 212
1903:, p 211
1886:, p 212
1858:2053272
1668:Results
1652:Kadaram
1632:in the
1630:Takuapa
1620:on the
1614:Ptolemy
1602:Talaing
1469:of the
1373:Sources
1261:Judaism
1221:Economy
1186:Bandung
1171:Jakarta
1163:Regions
1001:British
981:Spanish
435:Kantoli
392:400 BCE
278:Unknown
275:Unknown
265:Unknown
262:Unknown
241: (
179:Kadaram
111:mandala
101:culture
87:victory
60:Myanmar
2167:
2129:Sastri
2117:Sastri
2043:Sastri
2026:Sastri
1969:Sastri
1948:Sastri
1933:Sastri
1901:Sastri
1864:
1856:
1848:
1784:
1776:
1735:
1566:Chaiya
1543:Malayu
1523:Pannai
1518:Pannai
1425:Causes
1353:, the
292:on the
188:Pennai
132:Cholas
79:Result
2075:(PDF)
2060:(PDF)
1884:Kulke
1862:S2CID
1854:JSTOR
1782:S2CID
1713:Notes
1680:China
1658:Kedah
1626:Trang
1547:Jambi
1411:Burma
1379:stele
1367:stele
1283:Women
1278:Sport
1256:Islam
1181:Bogor
121:Burma
103:into
85:Chola
2165:ISBN
2104:link
2068:xxiv
1846:ISSN
1811:2023
1774:ISSN
1733:ISBN
1705:and
1407:Bago
1357:and
1176:Bali
117:Pegu
70:and
43:Date
1838:doi
1766:doi
1510:in
1409:in
1381:of
244:POW
2200::
2100:}}
2096:{{
2066:.
2062:.
2033:^
2014:^
1999:^
1985:^
1955:^
1940:^
1923:^
1891:^
1874:^
1860:.
1852:.
1844:.
1834:35
1832:.
1828:.
1802:.
1780:.
1772:.
1762:22
1760:.
1756:.
1709:.
1648:.
1636:.
1533:.
1514:.
1417:'
1413:.
66:,
62:,
58:,
2189:.
2173:.
2106:)
1868:.
1840::
1813:.
1788:.
1768::
1741:.
1330:e
1323:t
1316:v
247:)
123:)
119:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
