219:
materials charged into the furnace. There is no mention of stoves or hot blast; so it appears that the furnace used a cold-blast technology. A cold air blast made it more difficult—but not impossible—to achieve a furnace temperature that allowed molten pig iron and slag to be run from the furnace, and avoiding what was known as a 'chilled hearth'. Cold-blast technology was used successfully in some colonial-era blast furnaces—notably the two furnaces at
168:, gave the iron content of the magnetite ore as being 66.34% and that of the hematite ore 53.7%. Due to pig iron being an impure form of iron, the pig iron content of the ore was slightly higher; for the magnetite 71.8% and 58.1% for the hematite. Wallace also analysed the composition of a sample of the company's
308:
The half-yearly meeting, in July 1875, was told that the company had been unsuccessful in recommencing production or in raising additional capital. However, the directors thought it inadvisable to liquidate the company, until it found out whether the 'Launceston
Company' had been able to dispose, at
288:
A writer using a pseudonym, 'Blast
Furnace Man', would later opine that the detail design of the blast furnace used by the company was to blame for its troubles. That is conceivably true, but the lack of technical and operational expertise in South Australia seems to be the underlying reason that the
243:
They were advertising for a manager in June. Mr C.L. Dubois took the position. Charles Lewis Dubois (1817—1914) was an early settler of the colony of South
Australia. He was a man of many talents, who had been involved in various businesses—including the 'Nevada Silver Mining Company Limited' and the
284:
Furnace operation resumed, on 28 November 1874, and apparently went well initially. However, the furnace had suffered damage due to the repeated cooling and reheating over previous months. Large cracks formed, through which hot furnace gases were escaping, becoming so serious as to cause the furnace
218:
The choice of charcoal as the fuel limited the height of the furnace—and hence its overall size—because charcoal is not as strong as coke and its capacity to support the weight of ore and flux is less. This is important to ensure that the blast air can flow properly through the burden made up of the
316:
By the time the results of the sales of the
Tasmanian iron were known, the market price for iron had fallen further still. A meeting of shareholders, held on 30 December 1875, voted to wind up the company by voluntary liquidation. Its land and other assets were put up for sale by tender in February
266:
The company was in financial trouble, being short of cash to continue operations. Messrs. F. Clarke and Sons made an offer for the company, and operations continued for a time with that source of finance. The furnace was relit on 15 November 1874, but reportedly with similar results to the earlier
251:
The furnace was blown in on 16 July 1874, charged with hematite ore, and at 4 a.m. on 18 July, the first iron was run from the furnace. It was a promising start but before long there were problems. Obstructions consisting of half-solidified iron and slag developed in the furnace, as did build ups
76:
There was an increase in pig-iron prices in the early 1870s, which led to the formation of a number of colonial-era iron-making ventures in
Australia. A world-wide shortage caused the price of imported pig-iron to increase, from ÂŁ4 10s per ton in 1870 to ÂŁ9 per ton in 1873 greatly advantaging
313:. Despite producing iron of excellent quality using charcoal fuel, between January and July 1875, that company had difficulty disposing of its iron at an economic price; it planned to raise more capital and expand its operations, to be more economically viable, but that plan came to nothing.
256:" until another obstruction in the hearth grew to a size that the furnace needed to be shut down to remove it. Despite these problems, it seems that the company was optimistic about the future and, in early October, was tendering for charcoal burners to supply 12,000 bushels per month.
239:
The company was advertising for furnacemen and engineers in
January 1874. Construction of the furnace site was well advanced by the end of April 1874. A progress report in May 1874, indicated that all was going well, and that they were aiming to go into production on 24 May 1874.
118:
The colonial parliament of South
Australia voted to give bonus of ÂŁ2000 for the first 500 tons of pig-iron manufactured in the colony. This bonus alone would allow the company to recoup much of the ÂŁ3000 that it had raised in capital to build its plant, and commence operation.
263:'s show in Adelaide. However, by then, the furnace site was no longer operating, and all the men had been laid off, after the furnace was shut down on 30 October 1874; that was the last of the furnace operation by the South Australian Iron and Steel Company.
248:—and who had a strong long-term interest in the economic advancement of South Australia. Although he appears to have had some knowledge of smelting, unsurprisingly for South Australia at the time, he seems not to have been an experienced iron-works manager.
132:
In April 1874, the company bought a total of 93 acres, (with a 44 acre lot being for furnace buildings, workshops, huts, sheds, &c.) of land for its furnace and works. The mine and furnace site was in area known as the
Hindmarsh Tiers, near
292:
The company's meeting in
December 1874 meeting was told that the cumulative production of pig iron to date had been around 40 tons. It was well short of the 500 tons needed to win the colonial government's ÂŁ2000 bonus.
77:
locally manufactured iron. However, this high price did not last long, as iron-making capacity increased and pig-iron was once again imported cheaply as ballast in sailing ships returning from
England to Australia.
285:
to be shut down on 5 December 1874. Dubois claimed that, in three days, it had made more iron than over the rest of the period of its operation. But the furnace was ruined by then, at best in need of major repairs.
56:
had been well known, from soon after colonial settlement took place. There had been experimental smelting of the ores as early as the early 1840s. The deposits in the state are vast and widespread, but those in the
260:
363:
1665:
274:"—but whom he claimed had quarrelled about who was responsible for the poor outcomes. Faced with a lack of relevant technical knowledge in the colony, Dubois consulted a book, "
309:
good prices, of 700 tons of iron that it had made (500 tons to Melbourne and 200 tons to Britain). The description of the 'Launceston Company' matches well to the
1660:
1490:
176:
301:
The company's meeting in December 1874 meeting was told that the capital of the company had been nearly expended. In a letter in April 1875, the, by then, "
439:
252:
inside the furnace known as 'scaffolding'. However, the furnace ran with some success from 18 to 26 September 1874, producing around 21 tons of iron of "
102:
for the purpose of Smelting and Manufacturing Iron and Steel from the very rich Magnetite and Hematite Iron Ore found at Mount Cone, near Victor Harbour,
81:
215:, and was capable of 700 cubic feet of air per minute. The furnace and its blast equipment were designed to produce 7½ tons of pig iron every 24-hours.
1633:
348:
There is little left of the South Australian Iron and Steel Company, except its vacant furnace and mine sites and its papers in the state archives.
691:
325:
The production from the South Australian Iron and Steel Company Limited's furnace would be the last iron smelting in South Australia, until
1609:"Mount Jagged Mine, Mount Compass, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Mt Lofty Ranges (Adelaide Hills), Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia, Australia"
740:"Mount Jagged Mine, Mount Compass, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Mt Lofty Ranges (Adelaide Hills), Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia, Australia"
305:" C.L. Dubois, was lamenting the inability of South Australia to exploit its rich iron ore, and that Tasmania was by then leading the way.
220:
1466:
447:
148:
The company's original magnetite and hematite quarry site was about four miles from the furnace site, at Mount Cone (today within
152:). Later hematite ore was found on the company's property at the smelter site. It was this nearby ore that was to be used first.
830:
70:
100:
In December 1873, a prospectus was issued for the South Australian Iron and Steel Company Limited. The new company was, "
357:
310:
228:
526:
161:
92:. Some of the iron made then survives in an iron fence in Murray Street, Gawler, which commemorates the event.
716:
245:
142:
208:
223:—but it could not be made to work reliably in others. Some furnaces initially designed as cold blast—the
859:
272:
two Englishmen, who professed to have a good knowledge of iron smelting by the English method with coke
333:
in 1941. But from 1915 iron ore was mined once again in South Australia—from the vast deposits of the
259:
In November 1874, samples of pig iron and a piston made from the company's iron were exhibited at the
199:", and was named 'Pioneer'. It was 30 feet high, with an internal capacity of 452 cubic feet. It was "
107:" It held its first shareholder's meeting was held on 22 December 1874. The company's offices were in
338:
496:
772:
281:" He claimed this book revealed that the furnacemen had not been operating the furnace properly.
1484:
330:
224:
115:. Share scrip issued in February 1874. A call of two shillings per share was made in March 1874.
58:
36:. Its blast furnace operated intermittently, over the period from 16 July to 5 December 1874.
1472:
1462:
836:
826:
453:
443:
105:
of which there is a very large quantity in sight, as well as an unlimited supply of Limestone.
360:- the Tasmanian iron-making venture referred to as the 'Launceston Company' in this article.
334:
212:
108:
53:
33:
29:
1643:. Government of South Australia, Attorney-General's Department. 31 May 2016. p. 10.
175:
There was no coal resource in South Australia to provide coke. The only alternative, to
939:
184:
89:
1334:
141:"—eleven or twelve miles by road—from the seaport of Victor Harbor, along the road to
1654:
471:
409:
342:
270:
According to the manager, C. L. Dubois, the problems had been due to the furnacemen—"
149:
66:
1634:"Special List GRS 513 - Lodged company documents of defunct companies (1844 - 1986)"
134:
62:
25:
825:. Melbourne, Australia: Light Railway Research Society of Australia. p. 16.
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Furnace, fire & forge : Lithgow's iron and steel industry, 1874–1932
601:
575:
521:
457:
436:
Furnace, fire & forge : Lithgow's iron and steel industry, 1874–1932
24:
was a colonial era iron-making venture, located in the Hindmarsh Tiers, near
169:
49:
197:
built after the design of similar furnaces at work at Vordernberg in Sweden
69:), were relatively close to the newly settled areas around the seaport of
180:
112:
45:
1608:
739:
165:
201:
built of firebricks, sheathed with iron plates, girded with iron hoops
85:
1093:"MURNINNIE BISMUTH AND COPPER MINING AND PATENT SMELTING COMPANY"
231:, and Lithgow Valley Ironworks—were soon switched to hot blast.
205:
a pentagon of red bricks, lined with the best English firebricks
326:
172:, which is used as a flux in smelting, and found it suitable.
88:, had smelted a small quantity of iron, using ore from the
697:. Donovan and Associates. November 1997. pp. 395–401.
364:
List of 19th-century iron smelting operations in Australia
1459:
An iron will : mining at Beaconsfield - 1804 to 1877
692:"VICTOR HARBOR HERITAGE SURVEY, VOLUME 2, BUILT HERITAGE"
1308:"THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY"
65:and Mount Cone (within the modern-day locality of
22:South Australian Iron and Steel Company Limited,
1406:"SOUTH AUSTRALIA'S NEGLECTED SOURCES OF WEALTH"
768:"The South Australian Iron and Steel Company"
639:Yorke's Peninsula Advertiser and Miners' News
8:
1666:Defunct manufacturing companies of Australia
261:Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society
440:Light Railway Research Society of Australia
1509:South Australian Chronicle and Weekly Mail
1489:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1461:(3rd ed.). . pp. 193, 194, 195.
1097:South Australian Chronicle and Weekly Mail
207:". The air blower was driven by a 20 h.p.
1432:"SOUTH AUSTRALIAN IRON AND STEEL COMPANY"
1380:"SOUTH AUSTRALIAN IRON AND STEEL COMPANY"
1256:"SOUTH AUSTRALIAN IRON AND STEEL COMPANY"
935:"South Australian Iron and Steel Company"
177:shipping coal or coke from other colonies
137:. The furnace site was about nine miles "
497:"James Martin Phoenix Foundry - Gawler"
375:
18:South Australian Iron and Steel Company
1482:
1661:Ironworks and steelworks in Australia
1374:
1372:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
762:
760:
706:
704:
686:
684:
682:
629:
627:
625:
623:
7:
1336:A Treatise On The Metallurgy Of Iron
337:—and shipped to blast furnaces at
289:furnace could not work reliably.
179:, was to use local timber to make
160:Detailed analysis of the ores, by
14:
1355:South Australian Weekly Chronicle
476:www.southaustralianhistory.com.au
414:www.southaustralianhistory.com.au
1641:State Records of South Australia
989:"VINEYARD AND GARDEN STATISTICS"
1457:Burch, Nigel (13 March 2012).
863:. 21 September 1864. p. 8
28:, in the upper reaches of the
1:
472:"Iron ore in South Australia"
410:"Iron ore in South Australia"
84:, at the Phoenix Foundry, in
821:McKillop, Robert F. (2006).
501:www.gawler.nowandthen.net.au
434:McKillop, Robert F. (2006).
1583:"Iron ore. For Port Kembla"
1384:South Australian Advertiser
1260:South Australian Advertiser
358:Tamar Hematite Iron Company
311:Tamar Hematite Iron Company
229:Tamar Hematite Iron Company
123:Ore mines and blast furnace
59:southern Mount Lofty Ranges
1682:
1410:South Australian Register
1149:South Australian Register
1071:South Australian Register
1067:"COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE"
1045:South Australian Register
1019:South Australian Register
993:South Australian Register
887:South Australian Register
606:South Australian Register
580:South Australian Register
527:South Australian Register
183:, to use as the fuel and
855:"The Fitzroy Iron Works"
438:. Melbourne, Australia:
1015:"RAILWAY TO THE MURRAY"
235:Operations and problems
209:horizontal steam engine
195:The blast furnace was "
661:"GOVERNMENT LAND SALE"
345:, in New South Wales.
329:started production at
30:Hindmarsh River Valley
1175:Express and Telegraph
1123:Express and Telegraph
860:Sydney Morning Herald
800:Express and Telegraph
717:Express and Telegraph
384:"OUR OWN PRODUCTIONS"
1505:"IMPOUNDING NOTICES"
1171:"GOVERNMENT GAZETTE"
203:" and its base was "
1333:H Bauerman (1874).
279:Metallurgy of Iron.
1597:– via Trove.
1563:. 27 February 1918
1314:. 20 November 1874
1151:. 3 September 1870
871:– via Trove.
582:. 19 February 1874
556:. 24 December 1873
530:. 15 December 1873
331:Whyalla Steelworks
244:'Swan Brewery' in
225:Fitzroy Iron Works
162:Dr William Wallace
156:Ore, flux and fuel
40:Historical context
1537:. 29 January 1876
1535:Adelaide Observer
1436:Adelaide Observer
1227:Adelaide Observer
1223:"THE WEEK'S NEWS"
1073:. 10 January 1862
1047:. 19 January 1857
967:Adelaide Observer
915:. 28 January 1874
889:. 21 January 1874
665:Adelaide Observer
388:Adelaide Observer
254:variable quality,
139:as the crow flies
1673:
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1557:"IRON AND STEEL"
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1511:. 1 January 1876
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1386:. 2 January 1875
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1351:"BLAST FURNACES"
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1125:. 27 August 1870
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390:. 7 October 1843
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335:Middleback Range
44:The presence of
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1412:. 10 April 1875
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1357:. 8 August 1885
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1203:. 25 April 1874
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802:. 28 April 1874
796:"Iron Smelting"
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776:. 27 April 1874
773:Evening Journal
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712:"IRON SMELTING"
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667:. 18 April 1874
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608:. 19 March 1874
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213:vertical boiler
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109:Grenfell Street
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54:South Australia
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34:South Australia
12:
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5:
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1613:www.mindat.org
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1589:. 28 July 1928
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969:. 27 June 1874
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940:Southern Argus
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744:www.mindat.org
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720:. 22 July 1874
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442:. p. 14.
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90:Barossa Valley
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1531:"Advertising"
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1468:9780987371362
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1438:. 3 July 1875
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1099:. 6 June 1868
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1041:"Advertising"
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