South African wine - Knowledge (XXG)

101: 1894:(KWV) was a co-operative first created through the funding and encouragement of the South African government as a force to stabilise and grow the South African wine industry. As the KWV is now a privately owned winemaking co-operative, some of its regulatory responsibilities have fallen to other organisations such as the South African Wine & Spirit Board. The Wine & Spirit Board runs the voluntary certification programme that allows South African wines to be "certified" for quality and accuracy in labelling. In addition to being subject to various labelling guidelines, wines are 33: 634: 2624: 1730:, with about 55% planted with white varieties. Chenin blanc has long been the most widely planted variety, still accounting for over 18% of all grape area planted in South Africa as of 2015, though it is slowly decreasing in overall share of vineyard area. In the 1980s and 1990s, interest in international varieties saw increase in plantings of Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc. Other white grape varieties with significant plantings include Colombard (also spelled locally as Colombar), Cape Riesling, 799: 1252: 86:(WO) system, which was implemented in 1973 with a hierarchy of designated production regions, districts and wards. WO wines must only contain grapes from the specific area of origin. "Single vineyard" wines must come from a defined area of less than 6 hectares. An "Estate Wine" can come from adjacent farms if they are farmed together and wine is produced on site. A ward is an area with a distinctive soil type or climate and is roughly equivalent to a European appellation. 2636: 1136: 3694: 3402: 581: 2612: 1244: 961: 1845:, has seen its plantings rise and fall due to the current fashion of the South African wine industry. Today, it is the second most widely planted red grape variety in South Africa. While there are supporters who want to make the grape South Africa's signature variety, critics of the grape note that hardly any other wine region in the world has planted this variety due to its flaws. In the early 1990s, as 1486: 699: 290: 874: 1048:, and the region's first Wine of Origin wine was released by Tiny and Judy van Niekerk in July 2006. The Stables Wine Estate went bankrupt in 2012. Current cultivars doing well in the growing wine region of KwaZulu-Natal are: Sauvignon Blanc, Pinotage, Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. With mild summer temperatures, the region boasts South Africa's coolest vineyards. 618:, Olifants and Orange Rivers are among the warmest areas and are often the location of bulk wine production and distillation. The cooler climate regions east of Cape Town along the Indian Ocean coast, such as Walker Bay and Elgin, have seen vast expansion and development in recent years as producers experiment with cool climate 1753:

From the 1990s, plantings of red grape varieties rose steadily. In the late 1990s, less than 18% of all the grapes grown in South Africa were red. By 2009 that number had risen to 44%. For most of the 20th century, the high yielding Cinsaut was the most widely planted red grape variety, but the shift

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district is located closest to the river along alluvial soils and the occasional calcium-rich outcrop of land. The average annual precipitation is generally below 400 millimetres (15.75 in), making irrigation essential. Temperatures during the summer growing season are normally around 22 °C

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Following the end of Apartheid and the opening of export markets, the South African wine industry had a substantial learning curve to overcome in order to be competitive on the world's wine market. The Vine Improvement Programme (VIP) was established to bring modern viticultural understanding to the

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and the world's wine market was opening up, winemakers in South Africa ignored Pinotage in favour of more internationally recognised varieties like Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon. Towards the end of the 20th century, the grape's fortunes began to turn, and by 1997 it commanded higher prices than any

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can be produced, provided the vineyard is registered with the government and all grapes used in the production of the wine were grown in that vineyard. While the term "estate" no longer qualifies as a designation of geographic origins, wineries can still label "estate wines" provided all the grapes

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regions located along the Orange River include the hottest wine producing areas in South Africa. Wine production here was slow to take root, delayed to the 1960s when better irrigation and temperature control fermentation technology became available. Today, the area is responsible for nearly 12% of

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As of 2003, South Africa was 17th in terms of area planted with vines, with the country owning 1.5% of the world's grape vineyards with 110,000 hectares (270,000 acres). Yearly production among South Africa's wine regions is usually around 10 million hL (264 million US gallons) which regularly puts

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South Africa is the eighth largest wine producer in the world and the world's sixth largest exporter of wine. South Africa exports R10.3 billion (roughly US$ 600 million) worth of wine annually. In 2022 a total of 90,512 hectares of land used for wine grape cultivation by 2,613 wine grape producers

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There is a wide range of lesser known groups that are used to feed the country's still robust distilled spirits and fortified wine industry. These grapes usually produce bland, neutral wine that lends itself well to blending and distillation but is rarely seen as varietal bottlings. These include:

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The Eastern Cape followed soon after through the pioneering efforts of Ronnie and Janet Vehorn. In 2009, Harrison Hope Wine Estate was registered as the first wine estate in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The estate made history again with its 2009 Merlot becoming the first certified

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dated wine must be composed of at least 85% grapes that were harvested that vintage year. Varietal wines must also be composed of at least 85% of the listed varietal. Blends, such as a Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinotage blend, can have both varietals listed on the label provided the two wines were

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The Stellenbosch district is the second oldest wine region in South Africa, after Constantia, and is responsible for around 14% of the country's annual wine production. First planted in 1679, Stellenbosch is located 45 kilometres (28 mi) east of Cape Town. The region is surrounded by the

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Today the focus of the South African wine industry is on increasing the quality of wine production – particularly with the more exportable and fashionable red grape varieties. Traditionally, South African red wines had a reputation for being coarse in texture with rustic flavours. The

1870:. The grape can be very dependent on the style of winemaking, with well made examples having the potential to produce deep coloured, fruity wines that can be accessible early as well as age. However, critics of the variety believe that the variety's flaws – green vegetal flavours and 1518:(or MCC). These wines have been traditionally made using Sauvignon blanc and Chenin blanc, but in recent years have seen more of the traditional "Champagne grapes" of Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Pinot Meunier being used. Red sparkling wine made from Pinotage can also be found. 1393:

Cape Late Bottled Vintage (LBV) port – A wine composed of grapes harvested in a single vintage that is aged at least two years in oak and three to six years total before being bottled. South Africa wine laws require that the term "Late Bottled Vintage" or "LBV" appear on the

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industry. The first phase launched in the late 20th century focused on virus-free and yield controlling rootstock as well as clonal research. The second phase, which is ongoing, focuses on matching up various combinations of grape varieties, clones and rootstock to specific

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The Wine & Spirits board also operates the South African Wine Industry Trust (SAWIT) and provides funding for the marketing and development of SAWIT. Established in 1999 by a joint agreement between the South African government and the KWV, which put forth 369 million

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were grown, and the wine was vinified and bottled on the same property. The South African Wine & Spirit Board operates a voluntary programme that allows South African wines to be "certified" for quality and accuracy in labelling. Under this certification process,

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The South African wine industry has been led by many powerful organisations in both the private sector and through governmental agencies. Unlike other New World wine regions, the South African wine industry is largely influenced by several large co-operatives. The

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The Breede River Valley, located east of the Drakenstein Mountains, is a warm climate region that can be very dry and arid in some places. The river itself provides easy access to irrigation which makes bulk wine production of high yield varieties commonplace. The

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used to describe these wines meant literally "thick foot". In the vineyards, growers focused on yield control for better ripeness, while winemakers used modern techniques to create softer, fleshier wines. Temperature control fermentation as well as controlled

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in the summer where average daily temperatures fall between 18–19 °C (64–66 °F). Winters are often moderate and mild but wet with annual precipitation usually over 1,000 millimetres (39.37 in). The soil of the region is composed primarily of

1726:(Hanepoot). However, wines that are often exported overseas will usually have the more internationally recognised name appear on the wine label. In 2015, SAWIS (South African Wine Information and Systems) reported that the country had 100,146 hectares of 243:. The reorganisation of the powerful KWV co-operative into a private business sparked further innovation and improvement in quality. Vineyard owners and wineries who had previously relied on the price-fixing structure that bought their excess grapes for 644:

The Constantia Valley is located south of Cape Town on the Cape Peninsula that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean. Because of its location, the region receives oceanic influences on each side that create a cooling effect contributing to a long, slow

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Cape Vintage Reserve port – A wine produced in a vintage year recognised by the South African wine industry or trade publications as being of exceptional quality. The wine must be aged for at least one year in oak and sold exclusively in glass

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During the harvest months of February and March, the average daily temperatures in many South African wine regions is 23 °C (73 °F) with spikes up to 40 °C (104 °F) not uncommon in the warm inland river valleys around the

1194:. After the phylloxera devastation, vineyards in South Africa were replanted with American rootstock (nowadays most commonly 99 Richter, 110 Richter and 101-14 Mgt). Some of these imported rootstocks were infected with various virus such as 200:, the KWV soon grew in power and prominence eventually setting policies and prices for the entire South African wine industry. To deal with the wine glut, the KWV restricted yields and set minimum prices that encouraged the production of 1119:

supported on a wire kept around 0.75 metres (2.5 ft) off the ground. The grapevine leaves are trained upright on separate wires that allow plenty of sunshine to reach the grapes, but provide enough coverage to keep them from being

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for 536 cellars, the industry employed 269,096 people. The country produces 1.13 billion liters of wine annually with 81% being consumed domestically. In 2019 the wine industry's contribution to the national economy was R55 billion.

782:. Simonsberg was the first wine ward to gain individual distinction. White wine production centres on Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc which are often blended together. The western reaches of Stellenbosch, such as Bottelary and near 1472:

is from grapes harvested late, but not infected with botrytis. These wines must have an alcohol content of at least 10% and residual sugar levels between 10 and 30 grams per litre. Wines above 30 grams RS may be called

544:. Wine regions under the WO system fall under one of four categories – the largest and most generic are geographical units (such as the Western Cape region) which include the smaller, but still largely defined regions (such as 814:

gained a more prominent role in the South African wine industry with its viticulture and winemaking programmes. The transfer of power from the KWV to a private business further shifted the focus away from Paarl. However, the

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in the Breede River Valley, Worcester includes a broad fertile plain that relies on irrigation due to its dry, arid climate. The area's large and numerous co-operatives produce sizeable amounts of fortified wine as well as

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In the 21st century, there has been a focus on the growing collective of black winemakers in South Africa. Several black entrepreneurs whose ancestry faced the system of Apartheid rose into winemaking prominence, such as

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in the world. The majority of wine production in South Africa takes place in the Cape, particularly the south-west corner near the coastal region. The historical heart of South African wine has been the area near the

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The origins of winegrowing in South Africa can be fixed with unusual accuracy. A crucial moment was recorded on 2 February 1659 in the logbook of Jan van Riebeeck, commander of the tiny settlement at the foot of

1107:. In the late 20th century, more producers began to focus on quality wine production and adopted modern viticultural practices. Vines were planted to an average density of 3,300 per hectare (1,300 per acre) and 992:

warm temperatures are moderated by sea breezes that start in the late afternoon, and cool night time temperatures. Wine production in the area is largely centred on fortified "port-style" wine and Muscadels.

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and Pinotage in unirrigated farmland of the Swartland. In the Olifants River region, Chenin blanc and Colombard are popular. The area is also home to South Africa's biggest single co-operative winery – the

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and Pinotage have risen to prominence with Cabernet Sauvignon being the most widely grown red grape variety covering 12% of all plantings in 2009. Other red grape varieties found in South Africa include:

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district is responsible for more wine than any other wine region in the country with one fifth to one quarter of the entire South African yearly wine production coming from this area. Located just beyond

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that is marked by intense sunlight and dry heat. Winters tend to be cold and wet with potential snowfall at higher elevations. The threat of springtime frost is rare with most wine regions seeing a warm

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aromas – are present in far more examples of Pinotage that reach the consumer market. Pinotage reached its zenith in 2001, covering 7.3% of the total vineyard area, but this has since decreased to 6%.

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most recent wine region. While geographical units, regions and districts are largely defined by political boundaries – wards are the level of origin designation that is most defined by unique

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from Antarctica brings cool air off the south Atlantic coast that allows the mean temperatures of the area to be lower than regions of comparable latitude. A strong wind current, known as the

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Cape White port – Can be made from any white grape varieties (such as Chenin blanc, Colombard or Fernão Pires) except for Muscats. Required to be aged in wood barrels for at least six months.

1008:. While this region was known historically for its large, bulk wine production, in recent years, producers have focused on premium wine production such as plantings of Sauvignon blanc in the 1754:

in focus to quality wine production has seen plantings of the grape steadily decline to where it represented just 2% of all South Africa vineyards in 2009. In its place, Cabernet Sauvignon,

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systems are used to provide anywhere from 200–700 millimetres (7.9–27.6 in) of extra water a year. Modern winemakers are developing new techniques and an understanding of the role that

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The cool climate Overberg region has been the site of the most recent interest and development in the South African wine industry, particularly with increased plantings of Chardonnay and

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located east of the southern reaches of the Olifants rivers includes some of the highest elevated vineyards in South Africa, planted at altitudes more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).

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each with two to three buds (potential grape clusters) per cordon. Heat is also a concern come harvest time with some wineries harvesting only at night in the cooler temperatures under

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devastation, the focus of viticulture in South Africa was more on quantity rather than quality. Vineyards were planted with high yield varieties, widely spaced to facilitate the use of

1910:($ 46 million US$ ), SAWIS works to promote the export market for South African wines abroad, and the development of new technologies and education. Additionally, SAWIS works with the 1383:

Cape Ruby port – Usually a blend of several fruity, full bodied wines that have been aged for at least six months in wood for each wine and at least a year total for the entire blend.

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South Africa is located at the tip of the African continent with most wine regions located near the coastal influences of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. These regions have a mostly

1902:. Like the vintage and varietal labelling guidelines, these tests are voluntary, but wines that are not submitted for testing are liable for random testing for health requirements. 3851: 1922:

Wine competitions are held to assess whether a wine is of good quality and whether it is true to its character. The most prominent South African wine competitions include:

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make for some of the harshest conditions for wine grapes. Grapes grown in this region include: Chardonnay, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Pinotage, Sauvingnon Blanc and Shiraz.

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Though more producers are turning to Chardonnay and Pinot noir, Chenin blanc (or Steen as it is also known) is still frequently found in South African sparkling wines.

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Cape Vintage port – A wine composed of grapes harvested in a single vintage, aged in wood and released with the words "Vintage Port" and the vintage year on the label.

4632: 4081: 948:. The entire area received very little attention until the late 20th century and was not even classified in 1973 within the original Wine of Origins programme. The 1235:

that can produce quality wine. Over the last 20+ years, the work of the VIP has brought the South African wine industry to the forefront of viticultural advances.

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was ended, and the world's export market opened up, that South African wines began to experience a renaissance. Many producers in South Africa quickly adopted new

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of Walker Bay and the cool, higher elevation vineyards of Elgin located east of Cape Town, have had success producing these varietals as well as Sauvignon blanc.

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For most of the 20th century, Paarl was for all practical purposes the heart of the South African wine industry. It was the home of the KWV as well as the annual

532:(AOC) system, the WO is concerned primarily with accuracy in labelling and does not place any additional regulations on wine regions such as permitted varieties, 3736: 1914:(BEE) programme to promote the black community's involvement in the South African wine industry – including ownership opportunities for vineyards and wineries. 4421: 4197: 723:. The bay tempers the climate and keeps average temperatures during the summer growing season to around 20 °C (68 °F), just slightly warmer than 3866: 1151:

plays in the development of quality wine grape production. Producers who do not irrigate will sometimes use the phrase "dryland" or "dry farmed" on their

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was made on 2 February 1659 (as noted in Van Riebeeck's log) seven years after the landing in 1652. The man succeeding Van Riebeeck as governor of the

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regions, covering 500 kilometres (310 mi) west to east and 680 kilometres (420 mi) north-south. Within this wide expanse is a vast range of

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The South African wine industry has a long history of fortified wine production producing wines known colloquially as "Cape port" (though the term "

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other South African grape. It is a required component (30–70%) in "Cape blends". Here it is made into the full range of styles, from easy-drinking

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being particularly noted. The area is now home to 11 wine farms (Andrews, 2017). It is the oldest winegrowing region in the country, with the farm

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that still have a strong tradition of use. These include: Chenin blanc (Steen), Riesling (until recently known locally as Weisser Riesling),

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For much of the 20th century, the South African wine industry received minimal international attention. Its isolation was exacerbated by the

354:, brings gale-force winds to the wine regions in the Cape which have the positive benefit of limiting the risk of various mildew and fungal 5460: 4088: 4061: 3965: 3450: 861:

Franschhoek will soon be South Africa's first wine region to form a classification system (Appellation Grand Prestige) for its wines, with

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were forced to become more competitive by shifting their focus to the production of quality wine. In 1990, less than 30% of all the grapes

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wine estate. After Van der Stel's death, the estate fell into disrepair, but was revived in 1778 when it was purchased by Hendrik Cloete.

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technologies. The presence of flying winemakers from abroad brought international influences and focus on well-known varieties such as

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where the reputation of a vintage or an estate could be established. Gradually, the focus shifted southwards to Stellenbosch where

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South African labelling law focuses largely on geographical origins, falling under the purview of the Wine of Origin legislation.

126:, was assigned the task of managing the station and planting vineyards to produce wines and grapes. This was intended to ward off 4975: 4406: 4216: 4134: 3887: 3882: 3846: 1991: 1111:

to keep yields down to 49–56 hl/ha (2.8–3.2 tons/acre). The most common form of trellising found in South Africa is the vertical

1056:, this area enjoys high temperatures in summer with little to no humidity. Unfortunately, late frost, hail, summer rainfall, and 590: 4411: 4308: 4268: 4154: 4056: 3970: 3950: 3945: 3001: 2687: 1735: 1527: 522:

Drafted in 1973, the "Wine of Origin" (WO) programme legislates how wine regions of South Africa are defined and can appear on

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planted 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) apart at a density of 7,000 vines per hectare (2,800 vines per acre). Following the

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for these wines must be 16.5–22%. The many styles of "Cape port" closely parallel their Portuguese counterparts and include:

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shale in Walker Bay. Near the river valleys, the soils are particularly lime rich with a high proportion of sand and shale.

51:. Access to international markets led to new investment in the South African wine market. Production is concentrated around 1155:

as a marketing angle. Besides irrigation, an important concern for vineyard owners is the threat of vineyard pests such as

865:, Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon being identified as the area's most tried-and-trusted grapes over a number of decades. 449:

types influenced by the unique geography of the area which includes several inland mountain chains and valleys. Within the

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vinified separately. A wine that has been "co-fermented", with both grapes crushed and vinified together such as a Shiraz-

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Although the majority of South Africa's wine regions lie in the Western Cape, recent pioneering efforts have included the

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Since the end of the 20th century, more South African winemakers have been focused on improving the quality of red wines.

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ordered as much as 1,126 liters (297 gallons) of Constantia wine "Vin de Constance" shipped in wooden casks each year to

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were used for wine production meant for the consumer market with the remaining 70% being distilled into brandy, sold as

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in the region. In 1685, he purchased a large 750 hectares (1,900 acres) estate just outside Cape Town, establishing the

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in the grape and low quality wine. Since the 1980s, efforts have been undertaken by the South African wine industry to

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Jan van Riebeeck writes in his journal that the harvest amounted to twelve "mengelen" (about fourteen litres) of must.

1981: 1966: 854:. The ward includes some higher elevation vineyard sites which can produce full flavoured white wines with noticeable 315: 1356:). These wines are made from a variety of grapes, such as Shiraz and Pinotage, as well as Portuguese varieties like 32: 4525: 4338: 4258: 4238: 4066: 4041: 4026: 3579: 3546: 3375: 1911: 1891: 1206:, which soon spread to other vineyards. These virus-infected vines have a shortened lifespan and difficulties with 1164: 633: 598:

and modern-day Cape Town. This area is still of prominence in the industry being home to the major wine regions of

457:. In general, the soils of South Africa tend to retain moisture and drain well, having a significant proportion of 1182:(known regionally as "white rust") can pose an occasional threat during the wet winter season. Near harvest time, 4278: 4243: 4192: 4076: 4031: 3980: 3930: 3901: 3669: 3559: 1497: 1211: 928:

and dry Sauvignon blanc wines. The Worcester district is home to nearly half of all the Semillon, and a third of

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occurs in the winter months and ranges from 250 millimetres (9.84 in) in the semi-desert-like region of

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with a smooth, slightly nutty flavour. Blending Ruby and White ports to create Tawny port is prohibited.

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Wine regions within the Orange river watershed include the hottest wine producing areas in South Africa.

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Both downy and powdery mildew can present an occasional viticultural threat to South African vineyards.

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all the wine produced in South Africa – mostly by large co-operatives for bulk wine production. The

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and California have brought new techniques and styles to South Africa. In the 1980s, the use of

925: 1738:, Riesling and Sémillon. Both red and white mutants of Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains as well as 917: 783: 743: 414:

in Western Australia) respectively. New plantings are the focus in cooler climate sites in the

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or "special late harvest" which may imply that some grapes infected with botrytis were used.

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ward is the most notable sub-region of Robertson, noted for its Chardonnay and Shiraz wines.

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The lack of precipitation in many wine regions make irrigation a necessity. Sprinkler and

727:. Vineyard soil types range from decomposed granite on the hillside near the mountains to 724: 659: 646: 466: 427: 423: 391: 173: 170: 2459: 1369: 1243: 877:

The Breede River provides vital irrigation for the Worcester and Robertson wine regions.

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research to identify which grape varieties grow best in which climate and wine region.

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climate and was known mostly for sheep and ostrich farming. The region stretches from

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The roots of the South African wine industry can be traced to the explorations of the

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is illegal in South Africa as the country's warm climate makes attaining sufficient

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and promote healthy virus-free vineyards. Additionally, work has been undertaken in

342:, will have more rain than areas further inland. In many South African wine regions 17: 5404: 5347: 5311: 5306: 5291: 5281: 5241: 5226: 5181: 5161: 5130: 5075: 5070: 4916: 4729: 4674: 4486: 4481: 4466: 4461: 3821: 3745: 3380: 2971: 2909: 2899: 2852: 2090: 1895: 1780: 1711: 1514:), wines made in this traditional bottled fermented method are labelled as Methode 1485: 1453: 1406: 1349: 1292: 1272: 1175: 1041: 973: 913: 787: 698: 553: 511: 450: 442: 434: 375: 252: 244: 224: 197: 79: 68: 56: 3129: 1409:. The words "Vintage Reserve Port" and vintage date must appear on the wine label. 1299:

for wine production non-problematic. Winemakers more often have problems with low

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can also appear, being a hazard or a welcome visitor depending on whether or not

5296: 5266: 5206: 5196: 5191: 5115: 5090: 5065: 5055: 4911: 4799: 4738: 4709: 4542: 4491: 4456: 4172: 3816: 3796: 3698: 3649: 3612: 3406: 3261: 3251: 3149: 3031: 2914: 2845: 2704: 2640: 1875: 1719: 1452:(RS) level of at least 160 grams per litre. South Africa's long history of 1341: 997: 977: 921: 851: 834:

can be designated with the unique WO of Boberg relating to its proximity to the

523: 387: 351: 331: 327: 319: 268: 256: 180:. By the early 1900s, more than 80 million vines had been replanted, creating a 147: 131: 5316: 5261: 5221: 5211: 5186: 5100: 4921: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4840: 4823: 4759: 4734: 4669: 4520: 4508: 3602: 3518: 3508: 3459: 3365: 3360: 3345: 3281: 3276: 3241: 3139: 3134: 3094: 3021: 2966: 2956: 2951: 2938: 2894: 2882: 2872: 2830: 2656: 2006: 1971: 1961: 1859: 1838: 1395: 1386:

Cape Tawny port – A blend that has been aged in wood long enough to acquire a

1215: 1195: 1152: 1100: 1093: 1073: 1030: 989: 945: 835: 712: 708: 486: 419: 240: 228: 166: 1259:

The winemaking traditions of South Africa often represent a hybridisation of

422:

regions which are characterised as Region II with temperatures closer to the

5125: 4789: 4749: 4719: 4684: 4659: 4532: 3856: 3480: 3370: 3350: 3286: 3266: 3256: 3216: 3154: 3036: 2976: 2877: 1898:

by a panel of experts for quality, and are put through an analytic test for

1863: 1792: 1715: 1461: 1312: 1191: 1156: 1121: 1112: 1096: 1081: 1018: 1005: 1001: 996:

The Atlantic influenced West Coast region includes the wine making areas of

933: 838:. This was repealed in 2019 and is no longer an approved label designation. 720: 687: 478: 454: 339: 220: 181: 157:

Many growers gave up on winemaking, and instead chose to plant orchards and

119: 52: 44: 1365: 548:), followed by districts (like Walker Bay) and then finally wards (such as 1040:

KwaZulu-Natal was designated as a Geographical Unit in 2005 and is one of

873: 43:

has a history dating back to 1659 with the first bottle being produced in

4855: 4814: 4744: 4503: 3811: 3226: 3221: 3211: 3104: 3084: 3051: 3016: 2946: 2862: 2825: 2737: 2732: 2717: 1832: 1776: 1760: 1727: 1703: 1690: 1537: 1387: 1203: 1077: 909: 905: 862: 775: 732: 619: 545: 462: 359: 4610: 3714: 1418:

In addition to port-style wine, South African wine makers also produce "

4891: 4794: 4784: 4769: 4714: 4694: 4679: 4664: 4654: 4498: 3679: 3485: 3236: 3089: 3064: 2991: 2840: 2727: 2646: 2022:

Race, Taste and the Grape: South African Wine from a Global Perspective

1878: 1871: 1855: 1842: 1699: 1532: 1501: 1160: 1108: 985: 831: 666:

being the oldest wine estate. Another well-known name in the region is

562: 474: 470: 177: 162: 158: 1190:

production is the goal. Another threat is diseased and virus-infected

1052:

estate wine ever produced in the Eastern Cape region. Situated in the

1044:'s most recent wine regions. The first wine estate in this region was 4901: 4804: 4754: 4699: 3644: 3607: 3231: 3119: 3114: 1820: 1743: 1739: 1423: 1419: 1057: 771: 201: 127: 2410:

https://www.wosa.co.za/wosadocs/52020/Production_areas_-_May2020.pdf

2067:

James, Tim (2013). "A BRIEF HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICAN WINE TO 1994".

4944: 4906: 4896: 3144: 3099: 3069: 2722: 1764: 1750:, are used for brandy distillation and fortified wine production. 1484: 1250: 1242: 1134: 959: 872: 797: 779: 697: 632: 603: 579: 505: 482: 411: 288: 232: 99: 64: 31: 1247:

An oaked white wine from Stellenbosch produced from Chenin Blanc.

4819: 4704: 2696: 2652: 1445: 766:– are well known for their red wine production that demonstrate 728: 655: 458: 4948: 4614: 3718: 3432: 2669: 2650: 1862:

wine intended for cellaring. It is also made into a fortified "

2582: 1174:

While ocean winds keep some fungus and mildew threats at bay,

3428: 1163:. To combat these hazards, some vineyard owners will utilise 465:

around 4. The pH levels of the soils are often adjusted with

2296: 2294: 2204:, Third Edition, pp. 162–163, Oxford University Press 2006 215:

of South African products in protest against the country's

2573:

from SAWIS, gives history and has maps of the appellations

2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 473:

treatment. Other soil types found in South Africa include

2594: 2485: 2483: 2481: 1303:

which require supplementation with additional acids like

1092:

Historically vineyards in South Africa were planted with

827:, have revitalised interest in the area in recent years. 526:. While some aspects of the WO are taken from the French 433:

The wine regions of South Africa are spread out over the

362:, but can also damage grapevines that are not protected. 2576: 1892:

Koöperatieve Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika Bpkt

658:

and granite. The area grows a wide range of grapes with

194:

Koöperatieve Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika Bpkt

2665: 2069:

Wines of the New South Africa: Tradition and Revolution

2588: 614:

and Eastern Cape regions. The river regions along the

2600: 2342: 2340: 2338: 1124:. The vines are usually pruned to allow four to five 932:, planted in South Africa with sizeable plantings of 850:

who brought with them from their native France their

2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2252:"South Africa's black winemakers; building a future" 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 1938:

Michelangelo International Wine & Spirits Awards

1448:

prior to fermentation, which leaves the wine with a

1324:

were more widely used as well as less dependency on

1033:

region, located 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of

165:

feather industry. The growers that did replant with

118:, which established a supply station in what is now 5382: 5361: 5335: 5144: 5033: 4982: 4884: 4833: 4777: 4648: 4437: 4347: 4215: 4101: 4003: 3900: 3875: 3756: 3637: 3621: 3593: 3545: 3527: 3494: 3466: 3333: 3295: 3190: 3167: 3050: 2937: 2925: 2818: 2746: 2703: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 584:

General location of some South African wine regions

314:between November and April. The majority of annual 1072:ward, located southwest of the Klein Karoo around 719:and receives some climatic influences from nearby 625:Below are some notable Wine of Origins districts. 297:greatly influence the different macroclimates and 461:(often at least 25% of the composition) with low 2304:, pp. 320–322, Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 1674: 1658: 1642: 1626: 1610: 1594: 1578: 1562: 830:The fortified wine produced in Paarl and nearby 59:, with major vineyard and production centres at 790:plantings in areas rich in light, sandy soils. 770:distinction – particularly Cabernet Sauvignon, 130:amongst sailors during their voyages along the 2399:. London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press. 1874:, and susceptibility to developing banana and 1037:, is South Africa's northernmost wine region. 322:to 1,500 millimetres (59.06 in) near the 4960: 4626: 3730: 3444: 2681: 1688:Grape varieties in South Africa are known as 8: 1167:(IPM) programmes such as the importation of 453:region alone, there are more than 50 unique 2224:"Exploring South Africa's Black Wine Scene" 1947:Standard Bank Chenin Blanc Top 10 Challenge 105:The Arrival of Jan van Riebeeck at the Cape 4967: 4953: 4945: 4633: 4619: 4611: 4221: 4107: 4009: 3906: 3762: 3737: 3723: 3715: 3451: 3437: 3429: 2934: 2688: 2674: 2666: 2647: 188:that caused depressed prices prompted the 55:and almost exclusively located within the 36:L'Avenir Wine Estate Single Block Pinotage 2591:South African Pinot Noir Wine Competition 2503:Understanding, Choosing and Enjoying Wine 1714:Sherry known locally as "White French"), 1398:along with the vintage and bottling year. 802:Vineyard in the Paarl ward of Franschhoek 402:. Warmer regions such as Klein Karoo and 326:. Regions closer to the coast, or in the 2454: 2452: 2446:Wine Enthusiast Magazine, 1 October 2002 2369:"Statistics of Wine Grape Vines | SAWIS" 640:, the oldest wine estate in South Africa 3629:Clarification and stabilization of wine 2607: 2585:South African Pinotage Wine Competition 2350:, pp. 442–448, Dorling Kindersley 2005 2109:"The first wine is pressed at the Cape" 2034: 670:, which was established in 1685 by the 2597:General South African Wine Competition 1348:and refers only to the wines from the 1080:, Sauvignon blanc and Pinot noir. The 924:district have been successful growing 846:The Franschhoek Valley was founded by 606:. Today, wine is grown throughout the 293:Inland mountains that are part of the 2545:John Platter South African Wines 2007 1456:dessert wines include the modern-day 1210:, which can lead to poor ripening of 735:loam in the valleys near the rivers. 7: 4447:South African Bantu-speaking peoples 1171:, a natural predator of mealy bugs. 2589:Mosaic Top 5 Pinot Noir Wine Awards 1791:, Ruby Cabernet, Tinta Barroca and 852:traditions and winemaking expertise 786:also include a sizeable portion of 690:from 1815 until his death in 1821. 678:. Their fame reached its peak when 610:and in parts of the Northern Cape, 330:of inland mountain chains like the 146:, sought to improve the quality of 4778:Snacks, condiments and commodities 2490:Platter's South African Wines 2011 2250:MW, Tim Atkin (11 November 2022). 219:. It was not until the 1990s when 25: 2713:Annual growth cycle of grapevines 2348:"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia" 2222:Eligon, John (15 February 2023). 2002:The South African Wine Initiative 1932:Diners Club Winemaker of the Year 1414:Other fortified and dessert wines 346:is essential to viticulture. The 301:among South African wine regions. 134:to India and the East. The first 3692: 3400: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2460:"Statistics of Wine-Grape Vines" 1992:List of wineries in South Africa 738:The seven wards of Stellenbosch- 406:fall into Region IV (similar to 2492:Andrew McDowall 2010, pp. 47–48 2396:Historic houses of South Africa 1918:South African wine competitions 1528:Single vineyard designated wine 819:driven wines of its wards, the 529:Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée 2300:H. Johnson & J. Robinson. 2202:"The Oxford Companion to Wine" 2073:University of California Press 1929:Amorim Cap Classique Challenge 1746:, two Chenin blanc-Ugni blanc 984:in the west to the village of 589:the country among the top ten 1: 3655:Glossary of viticulture terms 2393:Fairbridge, Dorothea (1922). 2025:. Cambridge University Press. 1444:, the brandy is added to the 192:to fund the formation of the 96:History of South African wine 3660:Glossary of winemaking terms 2577:Wines of South Africa (WOSA) 2520:The Oxford Companion to Wine 2113:South African History Online 1767:(often made in the style of 1736:Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains 1422:-style" wines produced in a 654:with high concentrations of 576:Wine regions of South Africa 196:(KWV) in 1918. Started as a 47:by its founder and governor 5461:Agriculture in South Africa 2547:Andrew McDowall 2010, p. 59 1982:Economy of the Western Cape 1967:Agriculture in South Africa 1941:Old Mutual Trophy Wine Show 1547: 1287:became popular. The use of 410:) and Region V (similar to 161:fields to feed the growing 27:Wine making in South Africa 5477: 3580:Yeast assimilable nitrogen 1935:FNB Sauvignon Blanc Top 10 1912:Black Economic Empowerment 1830: 1706:(known as Cape Riesling), 1432:made from Muscat known as 1226:Vine Improvement Programme 1165:Integrated Pest Management 702:A vineyard in Stellenbosch 573: 278: 93: 4572: 4224: 4110: 4012: 3909: 3765: 3688: 3670:History of the wine press 3560:Sparkling wine production 3394: 2663: 2523:, Third Edition, p. 528, 2505:Hermes House 2006, p. 226 1115:system that uses a split 285:Geography of South Africa 3665:Wine tasting descriptors 3386:Wine tasting descriptors 3315:Phenolic content in wine 3207:Alternative wine closure 2791:Great French Wine Blight 2557:WOSA - Wine Competitions 2043:"Wine of Origin booklet" 1866:-style", and even a red 1837:Pinotage, a crossing of 652:Table Mountain sandstone 591:wine producing countries 190:South African government 116:Dutch East India Company 4168:State-owned enterprises 3867:Democratic South Africa 3555:Malolactic fermentation 2525:Oxford University Press 2440:29 October 2013 at the 2302:The World Atlas of Wine 1885:Important organisations 1696:international varieties 1322:malolactic fermentation 1046:The Stables Wine Estate 916:. In recent years, the 812:Stellenbosch University 764:Simonsberg-Stellenbosch 686:, his home in exile on 281:Climate of South Africa 5167:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1490: 1344:" is protected by the 1256: 1248: 1140: 965: 878: 808:Nederburg Wine Auction 803: 717:Stellenbosch Mountains 703: 641: 585: 519: 302: 111: 37: 5446:South African cuisine 4834:Pastries and desserts 4725:Waterblommetjiebredie 4642:South African cuisine 3787:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 3356:Wine and food pairing 2019:Nugent, Paul (2024). 1997:South African cuisine 1504:and the traditional " 1488: 1254: 1246: 1138: 1105:mechanical harvesting 963: 956:Other notable regions 876: 801: 701: 674:Governor of the Cape 636: 583: 509: 358:as well as tempering 307:Mediterranean climate 292: 275:Climate and geography 103: 57:Western Cape province 35: 5451:South African drinks 4422:World Heritage Sites 4198:Water and sanitation 3807:Mthethwa Paramountcy 3007:Muscat of Alexandria 2583:ABSA Top 10 Pinotage 1926:ABSA Top 10 Pinotage 1724:Muscat of Alexandria 1496:in South Africa are 1460:wines infected with 1426:system and a unique 1336:Cape port-style wine 1239:Winemaking and wines 18:South African (wine) 3585:Yeast in winemaking 3537:Carbonic maceration 2091:10.1525/j.ctt7zw0st 1944:Shiraz SA Challenge 1773:carbonic maceration 1694:, with many common 1575:Cabernet Sauvignon 1064:Other notable wards 869:Breede River Valley 602:, Stellenbosch and 324:Worcester Mountains 217:system of Apartheid 122:. A Dutch surgeon, 78:There are about 60 5441:South African wine 4810:Monkey gland sauce 3832:Transvaal Republic 3575:Traditional method 3376:Wine personalities 3080:Cabernet Sauvignon 2435:THE CAPE CRUSADERS 2229:The New York Times 2200:J. Robinson (ed). 2075:. pp. 23–47. 1987:KwaZulu-Natal wine 1710:(the grape of the 1491: 1464:(known locally as 1257: 1249: 1212:phenolic compounds 1141: 1026:Northern Cape wine 1000:, Olifants River, 966: 936:and Chenin blanc. 887:(72 °F). The 879: 842:Franschhoek Valley 821:Franschhoek Valley 804: 752:Jonkershoek Valley 704: 680:Napoleon Bonaparte 676:Simon van der Stel 642: 586: 534:trellising methods 520: 336:Hottentots Holland 303: 237:Cabernet Sauvignon 144:Simon van der Stel 112: 41:South African wine 38: 5428: 5427: 4942: 4941: 4608: 4607: 4568: 4567: 4211: 4210: 4203:Wealth inequality 4150:Income inequality 4097: 4096: 4072:Political parties 4037:Foreign relations 3999: 3998: 3896: 3895: 3827:Orange Free State 3802:Dutch Cape Colony 3792:Kingdom of Mutapa 3712: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3476:Late harvest wine 3426: 3425: 3163: 3162: 3060:Alicante Bouschet 2808:Judgment of Paris 1722:(Groendruif) and 1698:developing local 1686: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1666: 1665: 1650: 1649: 1634: 1633: 1618: 1617: 1602: 1601: 1586: 1585: 1570: 1569: 1475:Spesiale Laat-oes 1269:Flying winemakers 1054:Amatola Mountains 848:Huguenot settlers 622:and wine styles. 566:characteristics. 518:as wine regions. 186:supply and demand 140:Cape of Good Hope 16:(Redirected from 5468: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4946: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4612: 4588: 4581: 4407:National symbols 4329:Social movements 4222: 4163: 4135:Economic history 4108: 4010: 3976:Populated places 3907: 3847:Great Depression 3763: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3716: 3697: 3696: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3430: 3405: 3404: 3320:Proteins in wine 2987:Grüner Veltliner 2935: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2667: 2648: 2639: 2638: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2606: 2559: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2512: 2506: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2456: 2447: 2429: 2423: 2418: 2412: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2365: 2359: 2344: 2313: 2298: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2219: 2213: 2198: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2047: 2039: 1675: 1659: 1643: 1627: 1623:Sauvignon Blanc 1611: 1595: 1579: 1563: 1548: 1506:Champagne Method 1362:Touriga Nacional 988:in the east. In 972:region (meaning 950:maritime climate 760:Polkadraai Hills 668:Klein Constantia 664:Groot Constantia 638:Groot Constantia 348:Benguela current 124:Jan van Riebeeck 49:Jan van Riebeeck 21: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5456:Wine by country 5431: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5378: 5357: 5331: 5257:North Macedonia 5140: 5029: 4978: 4976:Wine by country 4973: 4943: 4938: 4880: 4829: 4773: 4644: 4639: 4609: 4604: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4564: 4433: 4412:Public holidays 4343: 4309:Sexual violence 4289:Life expectancy 4207: 4161: 4155:Mining industry 4093: 4057:Law enforcement 3995: 3961:Mountain ranges 3892: 3871: 3842:Second Boer War 3752: 3743: 3713: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3699:Wine portal 3691: 3684: 3675:History of wine 3633: 3617: 3589: 3541: 3523: 3504:Deacidification 3490: 3462: 3457: 3427: 3422: 3407:Wine portal 3399: 3390: 3329: 3291: 3196: 3186: 3159: 3046: 3027:Sauvignon blanc 2962:Cayetana blanca 2930: 2928:grape varieties 2921: 2814: 2742: 2699: 2694: 2659: 2645: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2601: 2567: 2562: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2515:Jancis Robinson 2513: 2509: 2501:Stuart Walton, 2500: 2496: 2488: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2450: 2442:Wayback Machine 2430: 2426: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2404: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2373:www.sawis.co.za 2367: 2366: 2362: 2345: 2316: 2299: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2199: 2130: 2117: 2115: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2083: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2016: 2014:Further reading 2011: 1957: 1920: 1887: 1847:Apartheid ended 1835: 1829: 1769:Beaujolais wine 1546: 1544:Grape varieties 1524: 1494:Sparkling wines 1483: 1481:Sparkling wines 1416: 1338: 1263:making and the 1241: 1228: 1188:botrytised wine 1145:drip irrigation 1090: 1066: 958: 942: 871: 844: 796: 696: 660:Sauvignon blanc 647:ripening period 631: 578: 572: 504: 495: 481:in Constantia, 392:California wine 390:similar to the 287: 277: 206:fortified wines 174:grape varieties 98: 92: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5474: 5472: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5433: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5327:United Kingdom 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5187:Czech Republic 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4650: 4649:Savoury dishes 4646: 4645: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4630: 4623: 4615: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4590: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4538:Cape Coloureds 4530: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4443: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4427:heritage sites 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4314:Slum clearance 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4173:Stock exchange 4170: 4165: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4130:Communications 4127: 4122: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4089:State security 4086: 4085: 4084: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3971:National parks 3968: 3966:Municipalities 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3924:Climate change 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3837:First Boer War 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3719: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3565:Sugars in wine 3562: 3557: 3551: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3533: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3514:Chaptalization 3511: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3472: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3341:Classification 3337: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3327: 3325:Sugars in wine 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3297:Wine chemistry 3293: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3272:Wine dispenser 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3203: 3201: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3173: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3075:Cabernet Franc 3072: 3067: 3062: 3056: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3042:Welschriesling 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2997:Müller-Thurgau 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2943: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2800: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2764:Ancient Greece 2761: 2752: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2709: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2692: 2685: 2678: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2651: 2644: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2599: 2598: 2595:Veritas Awards 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2566: 2565:External links 2563: 2561: 2560: 2549: 2537: 2507: 2494: 2477: 2448: 2424: 2413: 2402: 2385: 2360: 2346:T. Stevenson. 2314: 2270: 2242: 2214: 2128: 2100: 2081: 2071:(1 ed.). 2059: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1950:Veritas Awards 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1919: 1916: 1886: 1883: 1868:sparkling wine 1831:Main article: 1828: 1825: 1785:Cabernet Franc 1732:Gewürztraminer 1718:(Ugni Blanc), 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1545: 1542: 1523: 1522:Labelling laws 1520: 1500:with both the 1482: 1479: 1450:residual sugar 1429:vin de liqueur 1415: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1402: 1399: 1391: 1384: 1381: 1372:. The minimum 1346:European Union 1337: 1334: 1328:as a means of 1301:acidity levels 1297:alcohol levels 1289:chaptalisation 1261:Old World wine 1240: 1237: 1227: 1224: 1208:photosynthesis 1180:powdery mildew 1089: 1086: 1065: 1062: 1021:Co-operative. 957: 954: 941: 938: 901:Du Toit's Peak 870: 867: 843: 840: 795: 792: 695: 692: 684:Longwood House 630: 627: 596:Cape Peninsula 571: 568: 558:South Africa's 503: 502:Wine of Origin 500: 494: 491: 384:heat summation 312:growing season 295:Cape Fold Belt 276: 273: 94:Main article: 91: 88: 84:Wine of Origin 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5473: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383:South America 5381: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5353:United States 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336:North America 5334: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5232:Liechtenstein 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4963: 4958: 4956: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4876:Smuts cookies 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4861:Mosbolletjies 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4851:Malva pudding 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4765:Tomato bredie 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4629: 4624: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4613: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4324:Social issues 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4274:Land invasion 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4145:Foreign trade 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3782:Early history 3780: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3728: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3310:Acids in wine 3308: 3306: 3305:Aroma of wine 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3194: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3169:Major regions 3166: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3125:Montepulciano 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2579:Industry body 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2533:0-19-860990-6 2530: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2389: 2386: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2356:0-7566-1324-8 2353: 2349: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310:1-84000-332-4 2307: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2246: 2243: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2210:0-19-860990-6 2207: 2203: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2082:9780520260238 2078: 2074: 2070: 2063: 2060: 2048:. SAWIS. 2016 2044: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1977:Cape Classics 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1559:Chenin Blanc 1558: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1516:Cap Classique 1513: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1458:Edel Laat-oes 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1374:alcohol level 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358:Tinta Barroca 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1330:stabilisation 1327: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1306: 1305:tartaric acid 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1271:from France, 1270: 1266: 1262: 1253: 1245: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 962: 955: 953: 951: 947: 939: 937: 935: 931: 930:Ruby Cabernet 927: 923: 920:ward and the 919: 915: 914:dessert wines 911: 907: 902: 897: 892: 890: 885: 875: 868: 866: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 841: 839: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 813: 809: 800: 793: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 700: 693: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 648: 639: 635: 628: 626: 623: 621: 617: 616:Breede Valley 613: 612:KwaZulu-Natal 609: 605: 601: 597: 592: 582: 577: 569: 567: 565: 564: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 530: 525: 517: 516:KwaZulu-Natal 513: 508: 501: 499: 492: 490: 488: 485:in Elgin and 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 447:vineyard soil 444: 440: 439:Northern Cape 436: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 380:Winkler scale 377: 376:Orange Rivers 373: 369: 363: 361: 357: 356:grape disease 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 316:precipitation 313: 308: 300: 296: 291: 286: 282: 274: 272: 270: 266: 265:Ntsiki Biyela 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172: 168: 164: 160: 155: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 110: 106: 102: 97: 89: 87: 85: 81: 76: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 34: 30: 19: 5015:South Africa 5014: 4926: 4917:Springbokkie 4730:Mealie bread 4675:Chicken feet 4439:Demographics 4387:Homelessness 4375: 4357:Architecture 4188:Trade unions 4047:Human rights 4017:Constitution 3914:Biodiversity 3852:World War II 3822:Zulu Kingdom 3746:South Africa 3690: 3547:Fermentation 3398: 3381:Wine tasting 3002:Muscat blanc 2972:Chenin blanc 2769:Ancient Rome 2617:South Africa 2552: 2544: 2540: 2518: 2510: 2502: 2497: 2489: 2468:. 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On the 340:Langeberg 249:harvested 221:Apartheid 182:wine lake 120:Cape Town 73:Worcester 53:Cape Town 45:Cape Town 5410:Paraguay 5302:Slovenia 5297:Slovakia 5272:Portugal 5172:Bulgaria 5126:Thailand 5041:Abkhazia 5020:Tanzania 5000:Ethiopia 4856:Melktert 4815:Peppadew 4800:Droëwors 4745:Potbrood 4595:Category 4504:Khoekhoe 4382:HIV/AIDS 4304:Religion 4269:Intersex 4249:Feminism 4229:Cannabis 4178:Taxation 4082:timeline 4062:Military 4005:Politics 3991:Wildlife 3888:Military 3876:By topic 3812:Ndwandwe 3770:Timeline 3750:articles 3496:Pressing 3418:Glossary 3334:Industry 3227:Jug wine 3222:Decanter 3212:Box wine 3110:Isabella 3105:Grenache 3085:Carignan 3032:Sémillon 3017:Riesling 3012:Palomino 2755:Ancient 2738:Vineyard 2733:Veraison 2718:Oenology 2438:Archived 2421:HighBeam 2257:Decanter 1955:See also 1852:quaffing 1833:Pinotage 1827:Pinotage 1777:Grenache 1761:Carignan 1720:Sémillon 1708:Palomino 1704:Crouchen 1700:synonyms 1691:cultivar 1538:Viognier 1498:produced 1470:Laat-oes 1466:Edelkeur 1442:Jerepigo 1440:). 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SAWIS 2096:Africa. 2052:20 June 1879:acetate 1872:tannins 1843:Cinsaut 1817:Sultana 1671:Merlot 1607:Shiraz 1533:vintage 1502:Charmat 1317:dikvoet 1233:terroir 1200:fanleaf 1161:baboons 1014:Darling 986:De Rust 982:Montagu 856:acidity 832:Tulbagh 817:terroir 768:terroir 563:terroir 552:). 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