2728:
1215:. The Constitutional Assembly consisted of both houses sitting together, and was responsible for drawing up a final constitution within two years. The adoption of a new constitutional text required a two-thirds supermajority in the Constitutional Assembly, as well as the support of two-thirds of senators on matters relating to provincial government. If a two-thirds majority could not be obtained, a constitutional text could be adopted by a simple majority and then put to a national referendum in which sixty per cent support would be required for it to pass.
42:
271:
3807:
4024:
881:
4287:
4098:
198:
2543:. Previously, the President of the Constitutional Court was responsible for various constitutional responsibilities, such as calling the first session of Parliament after an election and presiding over the election of the President of the Republic at that session, while the Chief Justice was responsible for judicial administration, including for example chairing the
2144:, from which money may only be appropriated by an act of the provincial legislature. It provides for an equitable distribution of national revenue to the provinces and municipalities, and grants provincial and local governments the powers to raise certain rates and taxes. It requires effective and transparent budgeting at all levels of government and gives the
1292:
collective bargaining; to provide for the constitutional review of ordinary statutes; to entrench fundamental rights, freedoms and civil liberties and to sufficiently safeguard the independence of the Public
Protector and Auditor-General as well as other areas of non-compliance in relation to local government responsibilities and powers.
2303:
governments where appropriate. It also provides for certain sections of the old constitution to continue in force despite its repeal, and subject to amendments listed in the schedule. It also includes temporary amendments to the
Constitution's own text which allowed the Government of National Unity to continue until the 1999 election.
2104:. It makes the President the Commander-in-Chief of the defence force but places conditions on when and how it may be employed and requires regular reports to Parliament. The police service is placed under the control of the national government but gives provincial governments some power to administer and oversee policing.
2536:(SCA), who had previously had the title of Chief Justice, became instead "President of the Supreme Court of Appeal". The deputy heads of each court were also renamed similarly. Consequentially many provisions of the Constitution had to be amended where they made reference to the President of the Constitutional Court.
2049:
1291:
judgment, delivered on 6 September 1996, the
Constitutional Court refused to certify this text. The Constitutional Court identified a number of provisions that did not comply with the constitutional principles. Areas of non-compliance included failures to protect the right of employees to engage in
1178:
In April 1993, the parties returned to negotiations, in what was known as the Multi-Party
Negotiating Process (MPNP). A committee of the MPNP proposed the development of a collection of "constitutional principles" with which the final constitution would have to comply, so that basic freedoms would be
2687:
found the Loss or
Retention of Membership Act to be unconstitutional, so floor crossing remained prohibited in the National Assembly and provincial legislatures. The Tenth Amendment was introduced to constitutionally allow floor crossing in the National Assembly and provincial legislatures; it came
2123:
The
Traditional leaders must have responsibilities in affairs and decision making of the municipality in order to build proper sustainable development to the people that resides on that municipality. Because we have Traditional leaders that do not have daily duties day in and day out; in short they
1295:
The
Constitutional Assembly reconvened and, on 11 October, adopted an amended constitutional text containing many changes relative to the previous text. Some dealt with the court's reasons for non-certification, while others tightened up the text. The amended text was returned to the Constitutional
1286:
The
Constitutional Assembly engaged in a massive public participation programme to solicit views and suggestions from the public. As the deadline for the adoption of a constitutional text approached, however, many issues were hashed out in private meetings between the parties' representatives. On 8
2327:
must also vote for it. To amend section 1 of the
Constitution, which establishes the existence of South Africa as a sovereign, democratic state, and lays out the country's founding values, would require the support of three-quarters of the members of the National Assembly. There have been eighteen
2237:
and refers to
Schedule 6 to govern the process of transition to the new Constitution. Finally, it gives the Constitution its formal title, "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996," and defines the schedule for its commencement, under which the President set the date of commencement for
1968:
The provincial government is given exclusive powers over certain matters, listed in Schedule 5, and powers concurrent with the national government over other matters, listed in Schedule 4. The chapter regulates the conflict between national and provincial legislation on the same topic, setting out
2471:
The Constitution Fourth Amendment Act and Constitution Fifth Amendment Act (formerly the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Amendment Act, 1999 and Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, 1999) came into force on 19 March 1999. They were passed as two separate
2302:
Schedule 6 details the transitional arrangements by which institutions existing under the previous constitution were converted into the institutions established by the new constitution. It provides for the continuation of existing laws and the assignment of their administration to the provincial
1985:
to be established for the whole territory of South Africa, and provides for three categories of municipalities, whereby some areas are governed by a single "Category A" municipal authority and others are governed by a two-level system with a larger "Category C" municipality containing multiple
2770:
had not allowed for the necessary public participation before approving the amendment. The court's order was suspended for eighteen months, and during that time Parliament re-enacted the Matatiele boundary change as the Thirteenth Amendment, which came into force on 14 December 2007.
2610:
reducing the size of the Financial and Fiscal Commission from 22 members to nine members, by reducing the number of members chosen by the president from nine to two, and by replacing the nine members chosen by the nine provinces individually with three members chosen by the provinces
1986:"Category B" municipalities. The municipalities are granted the power to administer certain matters listed in Schedules 4 and 5, and the executive and legislative authority is vested in the municipal council. The chapter requires municipal elections to be held every five years.
2342:
The Constitution First Amendment Act (formerly the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Amendment Act, 1997) was signed by the President on 28 August 1997 but had effect retroactively to 4 February 1997 when the constitution came into force. It had three provisions:
2709:, altered the procedure for intervention by the national government in a failing provincial government and intervention by a provincial government in a failing municipality, and expanded the powers of the provincial executive when it intervenes in a municipality.
2292:
Schedule 3 describes the procedure for the election of the President by the National Assembly and the election of presiding officers by legislative bodies, as well as the formula whereby seats in the National Council of Provinces are to be allocated to political
2171:
Economist Jacques Jonker has criticised the provisions of Chapter 13 as being insufficient to guard against fiscal imprudence, and has suggested that it be amended in line with other constitutions such as that of Spain in order to enforce fiscal discipline.
1919:. It provides for the election and removal of the President by the National Assembly, and limits a President to two five-year terms. It vests in him or her the powers of the head of state and head of government; it provides for the appointment of a
1824:
Section 36 allows the rights listed to be limited only by laws of general application, and only to the extent that the restriction is reasonable and justifiable in "an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom."
1170:
would provide for an elected constitutional assembly to draw up a permanent constitution. The CODESA negotiations broke down, however, after the second plenary session in May 1992. One of the major points of dispute was the size of the
1375:
of the people of South Africa. Most of these rights apply to anyone in the country, with the exception of the right to vote, the right to work and the right to enter the country, which apply only to citizens. They also apply to
1315:
The constitution consists of a preamble, fourteen chapters containing 244 sections, and eight schedules. Each chapter deals with a particular topic; the schedules contain ancillary information referred to in the main text.
2184:, providing that existing agreements binding South Africa will continue to bind it, and that new agreements (except those of a technical nature) will only be binding once approved by Parliament. It also provides that
1306:
on 18 December. It did not come into force immediately; it was brought into operation on 4 February 1997, by a presidential proclamation, except for some financial provisions which were delayed until 1 January 1998.
2647:, that is, to resign from their political party and join a different party (or form a new party) without losing their elected position. This was not originally allowed because South African elections are based on
2554:
allowed the term of office of a Constitutional Court judge – usually twelve years or until the judge reaches the age of seventy, whichever is shorter – to be extended by an Act of
1941:
and defines the powers and structure of the provincial governments. The boundaries of the provinces are defined by reference to Schedule 1A to the Constitution, which refers in turn to the boundaries of the
2323:(that is, at least 267 of the 400 members) vote in favour of it. If the amendment affects provincial powers or boundaries, or if it amends the Bill of Rights, at least six of the nine provinces in the
2651:
in which voters choose a political party rather than an individual candidate. Floor crossing therefore means that the composition of the elected bodies no longer represents the preferences of voters.
2705:
The Constitution Eleventh Amendment Act (formerly the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, 2003) came into force on 11 July 2003. It renamed the Northern Province to
2580:
The Constitution Seventh Amendment Act (formerly the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, 2001) came into force on 26 April 2002, except for provisions affecting the
2524:
The Constitution Sixth Amendment Act (formerly the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Amendment Act, 2001) came into force on 21 November 2001. Its main effect was to give the title of "
3533:
3503:
1155:(NP) feared that the rights of minorities would not be protected in such a process, and proposed instead that the constitution be negotiated by consensus between the parties and then put to a
3303:
3903:
3243:
2866:
1949:
In some respects, the chapter is a template which a province may modify to a limited extent by adopting its own provincial constitution. (The only province so far to have done this is the
3443:
3413:
3908:
3888:
3883:
2936:
2799:
2722:
3898:
3893:
2836:
2803:
789:
3563:
3873:
3703:
2700:
1179:
ensured and minority rights protected, without overly limiting the role of the elected constitutional assembly. The parties to the MPNP adopted this idea and proceeded to draft the
3616:
1899:
requirements, procedures for the election of presiding officers, and the powers and privileges and immunities of Parliament and its members. It lays down the process for enacting
5639:
3878:
3853:
2718:
2575:
715:
2398:
The Constitution Second Amendment Act (formerly the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Amendment Act, 1998) came into force on 7 October 1998. It had five provisions:
5525:
5295:
4438:
3858:
3838:
3828:
3473:
2624:
2462:
2393:
2065:
2445:
The Constitution Third Amendment Act (formerly the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, 1998) came into force on 30 October 1998. It allowed for
1108:
were merged into an executive State President, chosen by parliament. This contradiction remains to date and is nearly unique to South Africa (one exception being neighbouring
3868:
3863:
3848:
3843:
3833:
3823:
2632:
2628:
2519:
2466:
2440:
2337:
1510:
799:
720:
636:
1903:
into law; different procedures are provided for constitutional amendments, ordinary bills not affecting provincial matters, ordinary bills affecting provincial matters, and
4875:
2366:
1429:
1116:
918:
3593:
3383:
2188:
applies in South African unless it conflicts with national law, and that the courts must, where possible, interpret national law to be consistent with international law.
5219:
343:
2584:
which came into force on 1 December 2003. It made various amendments to provisions affecting the financial management of national and provincial government, including:
2679:
2655:
1384:
387:
3213:
201:
3273:
4668:
4047:
3751:
3731:
3726:
2061:
1263:
1081:
1054:
862:
289:
2747:. The Twelfth Amendment also removed the provisions introduced by the Third Amendment that allowed municipalities to be established across provincial boundaries.
1761:
5440:
3350:
1387:: everyone is equal before the law and has right to equal protection and the benefit of the law. Prohibited grounds of discrimination include race, gender, sex,
4323:
3965:
2603:
requiring that Division of Revenue Bills (bills dividing revenue between national, provincial and local government) can only be introduced to Parliament by the
1355:
1325:
1140:
338:
2558:
allowed the President to appoint two Deputy Ministers from outside the National Assembly, where previously Deputy Ministers had to be members of the Assembly.
5280:
5008:
4052:
3981:
756:
4784:
1278:. If the text complied with the principles, it would become the new constitution; if it did not, it would be referred back to the Constitutional Assembly.
738:
734:
4453:
1175:
that would be required for the assembly to adopt the constitution: The NP wanted a 75 per cent requirement, which would effectively have given it a veto.
3696:
2544:
2453:
boundaries by the agreement of the national and the relevant provincial governments. The changes it made were reversed in 2005 by the Twelfth Amendment.
2417:
2015:
3525:
3183:
1346:
and universal adult suffrage. The chapter contains a supremacy clause which establishes that all other law and actions are subject to the constitution.
3495:
5300:
4658:
3970:
1002:
804:
648:
2120:, subject to the Constitution. It allows for the creation of provincial houses of traditional leaders and a national council of traditional leaders.
4915:
4562:
3990:
1163:
678:
661:
3295:
2374:
4754:
4547:
4274:
3235:
2898:
2547:. These responsibilities were merged into a single post, reflecting the pre-eminence of the Constitutional Court at the apex of the court system.
2533:
2007:
1706:
639:
462:
399:
3652:
3496:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Schedule 4: Functional areas of concurrent national and provincial legislative competence"
3435:
3405:
5013:
2648:
2347:
to provide that a person who serves as Acting President of the Republic more than once during a single presidential term only has to swear the
1999:
1932:
1200:
1066:
911:
633:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
1758:
Section 31: the right of cultural, religious or linguistic communities to enjoy their culture, practise their religion and use their language.
5629:
5212:
3689:
3101:
2816:
2667:
2597:
2484:
2427:
2045:
1954:
1889:
1514:
1212:
3555:
1143:
was the creation of a new constitution. One of the major disputed issues was the process by which such a constitution would be adopted. The
4675:
4648:
4552:
4087:
3955:
3144:
3124:
2997:
2923:
2891:
2763:
2691:
The changes made by these three amendments were reversed when floor crossing was ended in 2009 by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
2684:
2529:
2381:
2355:
2234:
2101:
2093:
2011:
1369:
1275:
968:
694:
683:
457:
440:
149:
3791:
3786:
2740:
2358:
to designate another judge to administer the oath of office to the President or Acting President, rather than administering it personally.
1832:
but places strict procedural limits on the declaration of states of emergency and provides for the rights of people detained as a result.
480:
4522:
4243:
4233:
4152:
3939:
3781:
3776:
2902:
2846:
2783:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
184:
3761:
3756:
3736:
1218:
The Interim Constitution contained 34 constitutional principles with which the new constitution was required to comply. These included
5634:
4716:
4077:
3934:
3929:
3746:
3741:
3465:
2894:
so that, as well as constitutional matters, it has jurisdiction over any matters of general public importance that it chooses to hear.
2604:
2296:
Schedule 4 lists the "functional areas" over which Parliament and the provincial legislatures have concurrent competence to legislate.
1895:
The Chapter defines the principles governing the election and dissolution of the houses, qualifications for membership of Parliament,
1302:
1180:
987:
979:
3771:
5315:
4789:
4736:
4711:
4623:
4527:
4316:
4258:
4202:
2946:
2824:
2663:
2503:
2320:
2157:
1873:
1196:
904:
708:
382:
3796:
2306:
Schedule 7 lists the laws repealed by the new constitution, these being the interim constitution and the ten amendments made to it.
1300:
judgment, delivered on 4 December. The Constitution was signed by President Mandela on 10 December and officially published in the
3526:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Schedule 5: Functional areas of exclusive provincial legislative competence"
3325:
5205:
4993:
4803:
4721:
4474:
4469:
4433:
4062:
4057:
4012:
2842:
2787:
2145:
1962:
1338:, and specifies the official languages and principles of government language policy. It defines South Africa as "one, sovereign,
1023:
321:
3585:
3375:
1069:, the first national election with a solely white electorate, the Act was narrowly approved, with a substantial minority in the
4998:
4895:
4855:
4741:
4643:
4557:
4537:
4532:
4142:
4137:
4067:
1062:
485:
2906:
5607:
4900:
4572:
4510:
4187:
3035:
2446:
2057:
2053:
2036:
Chapter 9 creates a number of other commissions and offices to protect and support democracy and human rights. These are the
2019:
1982:
1845:
1634:
1455:
1105:
690:
163:
3205:
3265:
2614:
modifying the mechanisms whereby the national government can control the financial practices of the provincial governments.
5355:
5033:
4910:
4860:
4731:
4542:
4368:
4361:
4177:
4127:
4082:
2880:
2820:
2809:
2671:
2644:
2638:
2525:
2491:
2473:
2324:
2117:
1881:
1741:
1152:
857:
784:
746:
428:
368:
363:
2993:
5551:
5455:
5260:
5025:
4973:
4943:
4774:
4633:
4500:
4309:
4291:
4253:
4238:
4157:
2727:
2097:
1752:
891:
867:
827:
779:
2472:
amendments because the Fourth contained provisions affecting provincial government, which required the approval of the
5598:
5594:
5470:
5360:
5290:
4870:
4850:
4701:
4248:
4182:
4162:
4132:
4112:
2942:
2271:
2185:
1840:
Chapter 3 deals with the relationships between organs of government in the three "spheres" – national,
1722:
761:
2581:
993:
Since 1996, the Constitution has been amended by eighteen amendment acts. The Constitution is formally entitled the "
2299:
Schedule 5 lists the functional areas over which the provincial legislatures have exclusive competence to legislate.
5530:
5450:
5415:
5400:
5385:
5340:
5275:
5112:
4925:
4845:
4825:
4653:
4628:
4613:
4192:
4172:
4122:
4072:
2913:
2593:
2161:
2003:
1865:
1365:
1184:
964:
956:
832:
475:
356:
302:
120:
5590:
2827:, while the Fifteenth Amendment contained the remaining provisions which only had to be approved by the Assembly.
2735:
The Constitution Twelfth Amendment Act came into force on 1 March 2006; it altered the boundaries of seven of the
5405:
4865:
4830:
4779:
4663:
4618:
4567:
4517:
4488:
4228:
4197:
4117:
3960:
2872:
2767:
2744:
2736:
2654:
The Eighth and Ninth Amendments came into force on 20 June 2002, as did an ordinary act of Parliament called the
2540:
2450:
2275:
2222:
2031:
1995:
1943:
1938:
1916:
1841:
1493:
1208:
1167:
1144:
972:
842:
673:
668:
500:
421:
309:
153:
133:
1652:
under a law of general application (not arbitrarily), for a public purpose and with the payment of compensation.
1380:
to the extent that they are applicable, taking into account the nature of the right. The rights enumerated are:
5505:
5480:
5330:
5325:
5305:
5270:
5255:
4978:
4968:
4890:
4835:
4815:
4764:
4591:
4577:
4448:
4356:
4223:
4218:
4167:
4147:
3766:
2968:
2081:
1806:
1730:
1571:
1254:, provincial and local levels of government with democratic representation, and protection of the diversity of
1223:
1124:
809:
794:
256:
3175:
2509:
allowed the chairperson and deputy chairperson of the Financial and Fiscal Commission to be part-time members.
2180:
The final chapter deals with transitional and incidental provisions. In particular, the first part deals with
270:
41:
5581:
5577:
5568:
5559:
3671:
2808:
The Constitution Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendment Acts came into force on 17 April 2009; they repealed the
2141:
1123:
to govern the period of transition. It introduced, for the first time, the framework of a liberal democracy,
5490:
5460:
5445:
5430:
5420:
5410:
5375:
5370:
5320:
5265:
5240:
5172:
5165:
4935:
4905:
4880:
4769:
4706:
4689:
4505:
4344:
4336:
1920:
1447:
1287:
May 1996, a new text was adopted with the support of 86 per cent of the members of the assembly, but in the
373:
333:
137:
5555:
3156:
The last section is numbered 243, but a section 230A was inserted after section 230 by the Sixth Amendment.
2137:
2050:
Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities
5500:
5495:
5435:
5390:
5350:
5245:
4953:
4885:
4840:
4726:
4608:
2884:
2413:
to extend certain deadlines in the process of transition to the post-apartheid system of local government.
2238:
most sections, although certain sections dealing with financial matters commenced only on 1 January 1998.
2149:
1958:
1779:
1765:
1560:
1231:
1204:
852:
751:
452:
2423:
to give Parliament the ability to assign additional powers or functions to the Public Service Commission.
5475:
5425:
5380:
5365:
5345:
5335:
5310:
5250:
5181:
5146:
5141:
5003:
4988:
4983:
4958:
4920:
4820:
4373:
3924:
1802:
1474:
1219:
1085:
1058:
1043:
1019:
983:
3649:
3644:
3296:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 8: Courts and Administration of Justice"
3236:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 5: The President and National Executive"
5485:
5395:
5285:
5038:
4393:
4005:
2532:, who had previously been titled "President of the Constitutional Court". The presiding judge of the
2252:
2153:
1923:
by the President; and it provides for the accountability to Parliament of the President and Cabinet.
1694:
1518:
1247:
1148:
1097:
128:
5186:
5102:
4638:
4028:
3406:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Schedule 1A: Geographical areas of provinces"
2958:
2316:
1900:
1601:
1549:
1504:
1463:
1443:
1089:
1035:
885:
847:
837:
111:
4962:
4746:
4418:
2963:
2662:
to cross the floor. The Loss or Retention of Membership Act was intended to allow members of the
2286:
2199:
2113:
1869:
1853:
1829:
1790:
1737:
1718:
1583:
1500:
1489:
1439:
1400:
1274:. The new constitutional text was to be tested against these principles by the newly established
3436:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Schedule 2: Oaths and solemn affirmations"
2786:, resorted to marches, protests (in some cases violent) and boycotts and stayaways. In 2009 the
2487:
may be called either before or after the term of office of the previous legislature has expired.
4948:
4413:
4388:
4378:
3672:
The text of the 1996 Constitution, consolidated until including the 17th Amendment Act of 2013
3097:
3068:
2973:
2674:
when the party composition of a provincial legislature changed as a result of floor crossing.
2659:
2562:
2407:
2206:
2181:
1814:
1687:
1641:
998:
101:
3666:
2871:
The Constitution Seventeenth Amendment Act came into force on 23 August 2013; along with the
2841:
The Constitution Sixteenth Amendment Act came into force on 3 April 2009. It transferred the
2506:
may be called either before or after the term of office of the previous Assembly has expired.
3556:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Schedule 6: Transitional arrangements"
2670:
to cross the floor. The Ninth Amendment made provision for the reallocation of seats in the
2226:
2037:
1978:
1794:
1786:
1656:
1553:
1522:
1485:
1459:
1031:
4428:
3998:
3656:
2319:
to amend the Constitution can only be passed if at least two-thirds of the members of the
1810:
1745:
1627:
1587:
1377:
1335:
1243:
1074:
468:
314:
17:
3176:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 3: Co-operative Government"
2912:
altered references to the High Courts so that they are regarded as divisions of a single
2883:
to be the head of the judiciary, with responsibility for administrative oversight of the
2750:
Some of the boundary changes encountered substantial public opposition. The community of
5124:
4423:
2790:, which contains Khutsong, was transferred back to Gauteng by the Sixteenth Amendment.
2403:
2373:
This last change allowed the TRC to deal with various violent events, particularly the
2348:
2215:
providing that some executive powers may be delegated by one organ of state to another;
2133:
1679:
1392:
1361:
1330:
Chapter 1 enshrines in the constitution key national principles, defines the country's
1195:
The Interim Constitution provided for a Parliament made up of two houses: a 400-member
1128:
975:
326:
174:
74:
3466:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Schedule 3: Election procedures"
5623:
5134:
5063:
5058:
3137:
Certification of the Amended Text of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
2823:(NCOP), and therefore had to be approved by supermajority in the NCOP as well as the
2755:
2077:
1675:
1649:
1619:
1575:
1567:
1478:
1433:
1423:
1331:
1172:
1101:
1070:
1001: – Act No. 108 of 1996 – but, since the passage of the
724:
3806:
2212:
requiring that obligations imposed by the constitution be carried out without delay;
1852:
and to act in the best interests of the people. It also requires them to attempt to
5073:
5068:
5053:
5048:
4408:
4332:
4023:
3140:
3120:
2920:
2759:
2263:
2195:
allowing Parliament to enact Charters of Rights which expand on the Bill of Rights;
1950:
1714:
1372:
1039:
960:
948:
944:
940:
445:
392:
64:
57:
4097:
2014:. It provides for the appointment of judges by the President on the advice of the
3091:
2680:
United Democratic Movement v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others
2656:
Loss or Retention of Membership of National and Provincial Legislatures Act, 2002
5129:
5078:
5043:
4759:
4403:
4383:
3586:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996: Schedule 7 – Laws repealed"
3376:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Schedule 1: National flag"
2191:
The remainder of the chapter contains a miscellaneous collection of provisions,
1915:
Chapter 5 defines the structure of the national executive and the powers of the
1885:
1877:
1769:
1690:, which the state must progressively realise within the limits of its resources.
1683:
1660:
1623:
1594:
1542:
1343:
1271:
1267:
1027:
404:
3681:
1785:
Section 35: the rights of arrested, detained and accused people, including the
1242:, the protection of "all universally accepted fundamental rights, freedoms and
5107:
5095:
2589:
2490:
modified the formula for the allocation of delegates' seats to parties in the
1904:
1849:
1668:
1612:
1534:
1526:
1408:
1227:
1156:
205:
84:
5119:
4443:
3206:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996: Chapter 4 – Parliament"
2751:
2041:
1798:
1775:
Section 33: the right to justice in administrative action by the government.
1388:
1339:
1251:
1120:
433:
144:
116:
3266:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 6: Provinces"
3117:
Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 5th, 1996
2565:
to bind the authority of future successor councils, as security for a loan.
978:
on 18 December 1996 and came into effect on 4 February 1997, replacing the
5197:
3617:"SA Sign Language signed into law as the country's 12th official language"
3351:"Why SA should amend the Constitution to enforce discipline in the fiscus"
1342:
state" based on principles of human rights, constitutional supremacy, the
5090:
4398:
3661:
2854:
2775:
2739:. In the interim constitution the provinces had been defined in terms of
2165:
2148:
the power to oversee budgetary processes. It places some restrictions on
2140:, from which money may be appropriated only by an act of Parliament, and
1664:
1645:
1605:
1579:
1538:
1412:
1255:
1109:
1093:
1047:
89:
4301:
2941:
The Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Act, signed on 19 July 2023, made
2857:
following from the boundary change introduced by the Twelfth Amendment.
1604:, including the right to leave South Africa, the right of citizens to a
5085:
2850:
2779:
2706:
2362:
1961:
elected by the legislature as head of the provincial executive, and an
1470:
1451:
1259:
1065:, but otherwise leaving the system of government largely unchanged. In
3650:
Department of Justice and Constitutional Development: The Constitution
1147:(ANC) insisted that it should be drawn up by a democratically elected
990:, the constitutions have promulgated a republican form of government.
2815:
The Fourteenth Amendment contained the provisions which affected the
2416:
to allow for the designation of alternates to replace members of the
2076:
Chapter 10 lists values and principles for the administration of the
1896:
1726:
1702:
1698:
1404:
1396:
1239:
1235:
1872:
of the national government. Parliament consists of two houses, the
1848:. It lays down a set of principles requiring them to co-operate in
2812:
provisions introduced by the Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Amendments.
2726:
1710:
1416:
2218:
defining certain terms used in the text of the constitution; and,
2026:
Chapter 9: State Institutions Supporting Constitutional Democracy
1751:
Section 30: the right to use the language of one's choice and to
1005:, neither it nor the acts amending it are allocated act numbers.
2949:, in addition to the existing eleven official spoken languages.
2282:
952:
5201:
4305:
3994:
3685:
3123:, 1996 (4) SA 744, 1996 (10) BCLR 1253 (6 September 1996),
3036:"South Africa's multi-party constitutional negotiation process"
1729:
in court cases involving the child, and the prohibition of the
1543:
advocacy of hatred based on race, ethnicity, gender or religion
1166:(CODESA). The parties agreed on a process whereby a negotiated
2267:
2092:
Chapter 11 establishes structures for civilian control of the
1697:, including the right to a name and nationality, the right to
1530:
936:
1969:
the circumstances under which one or the other will prevail.
3805:
2853:
province. This followed community opposition and protest in
2539:
These changes were intended to clarify the structure of the
1226:, supremacy of the constitution over all other law, a quasi-
943:. It provides the legal foundation for the existence of the
269:
2919:
allowed the appointment of a Constitutional Court judge as
1450:, the right to be protected against violence, freedom from
2380:
and its aftermath, that had occurred in the run-up to the
1084:, again approved by a whites-only referendum, created the
3767:
9: State Institutions supporting Constitutional Democracy
3143:, 1997 (2) SA 97, 1997 (1) BCLR 1 (4 December 1996),
2867:
Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2937:
Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2800:
Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2723:
Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
1828:
Section 37 allows certain rights to be limited during a
3093:
The Constitution of South Africa: A Contextual Analysis
3040:
Owning the process: Public participation in peacemaking
2837:
Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2804:
Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
1296:
Court to be certified, which the court duly did in its
2731:
Areas and boundaries affected by the Twelfth Amendment
2701:
Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2926:(DCJ) if the position is vacant or the DCJ is absent.
2719:
Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2576:
Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2160:, to advise government on financial matters, and the
1119:
or Interim Constitution was introduced at the end of
1057:
transformed the union into a republic, replacing the
716:
Department of International Relations and Cooperation
2875:
it restructured the judicial system. The amendment:
2625:
Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2463:
Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2394:
Second Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2209:
represented in national and provincial legislatures;
1880:), which is directly elected by the people, and the
997:." It was previously also numbered as if it were an
5539:
5514:
5233:
5024:
4934:
4802:
4688:
4590:
4487:
4462:
4343:
4267:
4211:
4105:
4035:
3948:
3917:
3816:
3719:
2633:
Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2629:
Ninth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2520:
Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2467:
Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2441:
Third Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2338:
First Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
2289:
to be sworn by political office-holders and judges.
2248:
982:of 1993. The first constitution was enacted by the
234:
226:
218:
190:
180:
169:
159:
143:
127:
110:
100:
95:
83:
73:
63:
53:
48:
34:
3645:South African Government Information: Constitution
2369:, changing it from 6 December 1993 to 11 May 1994.
2112:Chapter 12 recognizes the status and authority of
1965:appointed by the Premier as a provincial cabinet.
1709:, the right to be protected from maltreatment and
1162:Formal negotiations began in December 1991 at the
1117:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993
995:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
955:of its citizens, and defines the structure of the
202:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
35:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
2361:to extend the cut-off date for actions for which
2351:the first time that they become Acting President.
2229:text is authoritative in the event of a conflict.
1026:, unified four British colonies –
1721:except as a last resort, the paramountcy of the
1211:was represented by ten Senators, elected by the
2743:; the amendment redefined them in terms of the
2315:Section 74 of the Constitution provides that a
2221:as the Constitution is published in all eleven
1990:Chapter 8: Courts and Administration of Justice
1911:Chapter 5: The President and National Executive
1264:Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa
1104:. The figurehead State President and executive
1082:Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983
1055:Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1961
5213:
4317:
4006:
3697:
2994:"The Constitution: The certification process"
2426:to rename the Human Rights Commission to the
1356:Chapter 2 of the Constitution of South Africa
1326:Chapter 1 of the Constitution of South Africa
1141:negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa
912:
8:
5640:South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations
3326:"It's time to get the constitution involved"
3071:(1997). "The South African Bill of Rights".
3034:Barnes, Catherine; de Klerk, Eldred (2002).
1415:, conscience, belief, culture, language and
213:
106:Three (executive, legislature and judiciary)
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
2677:However, on 4 October 2002, in the case of
2022:responsible for all criminal prosecutions.
1994:Chapter 8 establishes the structure of the
963:, the country's fifth, was drawn up by the
27:Supreme and fundamental law of South Africa
5220:
5206:
5198:
4808:
4694:
4596:
4493:
4349:
4324:
4310:
4302:
4013:
3999:
3991:
3704:
3690:
3682:
2658:. The Eighth Amendment allowed members of
1593:Section 20: no citizen may be deprived of
919:
905:
243:
40:
2766:, which ruled on 18 August 2006 that the
2259:
1998:. It defines the hierarchy consisting of
1953:.) The chapter provides for a unicameral
1856:amicably before resorting to the courts.
1615:, although these may be regulated by law.
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
2745:district and metropolitan municipalities
2643:These amendments allowed legislators to
2276:metropolitan and district municipalities
2266:areas of the provinces, by reference to
1944:metropolitan and district municipalities
1164:Convention for a Democratic South Africa
4275:Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998
3762:8: Courts and Administration of Justice
2985:
1778:Section 34: the right of access to the
255:
249:This article is part of a series on the
230:Umtsetfo Sisekelo wase Ningizimu Afrika
2762:, challenged the amendment before the
2649:party-list proportional representation
2588:an extension of what is considered a "
1933:Provincial governments of South Africa
1578:; the right to free, fair and regular
1201:party-list proportional representation
1187:and came into force on 27 April 1994.
1014:Previous Constitutions of South Africa
212:
31:
2428:South African Human Rights Commission
2281:Schedule 2 contains the texts of the
2198:allowing recognition of the right of
2046:South African Human Rights Commission
1438:Section 12: the right to freedom and
986:, the longest-lasting to date. Since
7:
5034:South African Bantu-speaking peoples
3662:Constitutional Court of South Africa
3596:from the original on 28 October 2014
3566:from the original on 28 October 2014
3536:from the original on 28 October 2014
3506:from the original on 28 October 2014
3476:from the original on 28 October 2014
3446:from the original on 28 October 2014
3416:from the original on 28 October 2014
3386:from the original on 28 October 2014
3306:from the original on 28 October 2014
3276:from the original on 28 October 2014
3246:from the original on 28 October 2014
3216:from the original on 28 October 2014
3186:from the original on 28 October 2014
2998:Constitutional Court of South Africa
2530:Constitutional Court of South Africa
2066:Independent Communications Authority
1713:, the protection from inappropriate
1608:and the right to enter South Africa.
1088:, with separate houses representing
969:South African general election, 1994
3971:Citation of Constitutional Laws Act
3747:5: President and National Executive
2794:Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments
2550:Other provisions of the amendment:
2367:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2202:of communities within South Africa;
1977:Chapter 7 sets out a framework for
1864:Chapter 4 defines the structure of
1707:right to a basic standard of living
1003:Citation of Constitutional Laws Act
2778:, which had been transferred from
2754:, which had been transferred from
2619:Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Amendments
1836:Chapter 3: Co-operative Government
1611:Section 22: the right to choose a
1582:; and the right to form, join and
25:
3615:Thebus, Shakirah (20 July 2023).
2947:official language of South Africa
2890:expanded the jurisdiction of the
2713:Twelfth and Thirteenth Amendments
2124:must be part of mayoral council.
2072:Chapter 10: Public Administration
5526:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
5296:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4286:
4285:
4096:
4022:
2897:removed the jurisdiction of the
2528:" to the presiding judge of the
2502:clarified that elections to the
2483:clarified that elections to the
2062:Independent Electoral Commission
1753:participate in the cultural life
1725:and the right to an independent
1515:freedom of speech and expression
1246:," equality before the law, the
1183:, which was formally enacted by
1024:Parliament of the United Kingdom
879:
196:
3667:The history of the Constitution
3073:Texas International Law Journal
2582:Financial and Fiscal Commission
2158:Financial and Fiscal Commission
2108:Chapter 12: Traditional Leaders
1937:Chapter 6 establishes the nine
1613:trade, occupation or profession
1488:, including protection against
1442:, including protection against
1100:but without representation for
2410:from four years to five years.
2354:to allow the President of the
2176:Chapter 14: General Provisions
2156:. The chapter establishes the
2054:Commission for Gender Equality
2020:National Prosecuting Authority
1635:right to a healthy environment
1456:inhuman or degrading treatment
1320:Chapter 1: Founding Provisions
1:
3966:Negotiations to end apartheid
2821:National Council of Provinces
2688:into force on 20 March 2003.
2672:National Council of Provinces
2639:Floor crossing (South Africa)
2526:Chief Justice of South Africa
2492:National Council of Provinces
2474:National Council of Provinces
2325:National Council of Provinces
2205:requiring public funding for
2088:Chapter 11: Security Services
1882:National Council of Provinces
1663:with regard to court-ordered
1370:economic, social and cultural
1262:. The Bill of Rights, now in
858:Politics of the Northern Cape
364:National Council of Provinces
5630:Constitution of South Africa
3713:Constitution of South Africa
2916:rather than separate courts.
2258:Schedule 1A, referred to in
2233:Chapter 14 also repeals the
1207:, in which each of the nine
1181:Interim Constitution of 1993
933:Constitution of South Africa
868:Politics of the Western Cape
828:Politics of the Eastern Cape
214:Constitution of South Africa
2943:South African Sign Language
2545:Judicial Service Commission
2476:, while the Fifth did not.
2457:Fourth and Fifth Amendments
2418:Judicial Service Commission
2272:Municipal Demarcation Board
2247:Schedule 1, referred to in
2186:customary international law
2016:Judicial Service Commission
1973:Chapter 7: Local Government
1888:), which is elected by the
1723:best interests of the child
1222:with regular elections and
1042: – into the
5656:
3940:Interim Constitution, 1993
3737:3: Co-operative Government
2934:
2914:High Court of South Africa
2864:
2843:Merafong City Municipality
2834:
2797:
2788:Merafong City Municipality
2716:
2698:
2636:
2622:
2573:
2517:
2460:
2438:
2391:
2335:
2029:
1930:
1674:Section 27: the rights to
1525:. Explicitly excluded are
1399:or social origin, colour,
1353:
1323:
833:Politics of the Free State
18:South African Constitution
5635:1996 in South African law
5159:
4811:
4697:
4599:
4496:
4352:
4283:
4229:Chapter nine institutions
4094:
3979:
3961:Chapter nine institutions
3803:
3772:10: Public Administration
3096:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2768:KwaZulu-Natal Legislature
2449:to be established across
2082:Public Service Commission
2032:Chapter nine institutions
2018:and establishes a single
1939:provinces of South Africa
1659:, including the right to
1622:, including the right to
1574:; the right to stand for
1494:privacy of correspondence
1469:Section 13: freedom from
1422:Section 10: the right to
1350:Chapter 2: Bill of Rights
1266:, was largely written by
1168:transitional constitution
1145:African National Congress
1073:and a strong majority in
843:Politics of KwaZulu-Natal
679:Metropolitan municipality
238:Molaotheo wa Afrika Borwa
195:
39:
5281:Central African Republic
3982:Text of the Constitution
3590:South African Government
3560:South African Government
3530:South African Government
3500:South African Government
3470:South African Government
3440:South African Government
3410:South African Government
3380:South African Government
3300:South African Government
3270:South African Government
3240:South African Government
3210:South African Government
3180:South African Government
3042:. Conciliation Resources
2969:Constitutional economics
2907:Competition Appeal Court
2365:could be granted by the
2142:Provincial Revenue Funds
1807:presumption of innocence
1731:military use of children
1572:universal adult suffrage
1224:universal adult suffrage
1139:An integral part of the
1125:universal adult suffrage
971:. It was promulgated by
790:Political assassinations
662:Administrative divisions
400:Leader of the Opposition
222:Grondwet van Suid-Afrika
5228:Constitutions of Africa
4755:State-owned enterprises
4454:Democratic South Africa
3782:12: Traditional Leaders
2899:Supreme Court of Appeal
2817:provincial legislatures
2668:provincial legislatures
2598:provincial legislatures
2541:South African judiciary
2534:Supreme Court of Appeal
2485:provincial legislatures
2328:amendments since 1996.
2008:Supreme Court of Appeal
1890:provincial legislatures
1809:and the prohibition of
1772:held by the government.
1448:detention without trial
967:elected in 1994 in the
886:South Africa portal
463:Supreme Court of Appeal
374:Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane
164:Constitutional Assembly
3935:Constitution Act, 1983
3930:Constitution Act, 1961
3810:
3792:14: General Provisions
3727:1: Founding Provisions
3141:[1996] ZACC 24
3121:[1996] ZACC 26
2901:over appeals from the
2732:
2479:The Fourth Amendment:
2382:1994 general elections
2150:government procurement
2132:Chapter 13 deals with
1717:, the right not to be
1561:freedom of association
1454:, freedom from cruel,
1440:security of the person
1232:centralised government
1213:provincial legislature
1203:, and a ninety-member
1199:, directly elected by
1151:, while the governing
863:Politics of North West
853:Politics of Mpumalanga
735:Diplomatic missions of
274:
5441:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
5301:Republic of the Congo
4374:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
3925:South Africa Act 1909
3809:
3777:11: Security Services
2861:Seventeenth Amendment
2741:magisterial districts
2730:
2637:Further information:
2498:The Fifth Amendment:
2225:, providing that the
2138:National Revenue Fund
2102:intelligence services
1860:Chapter 4: Parliament
1803:right to a fair trial
1789:, protection against
1766:access to information
1364:which enumerates the
1220:multi-party democracy
1086:Tricameral Parliament
1044:Union of South Africa
1020:South Africa Act 1909
984:South Africa Act 1909
684:District municipality
273:
5009:World Heritage Sites
4785:Water and sanitation
4394:Mthethwa Paramountcy
4088:Legal interpretation
3956:Constitutional Court
3145:Constitutional Court
3125:Constitutional Court
2931:Eighteenth Amendment
2924:Deputy Chief Justice
2892:Constitutional Court
2764:Constitutional Court
2685:Constitutional Court
2356:Constitutional Court
2235:Interim Constitution
2154:government borrowing
2080:and establishes the
2012:Constitutional Court
1927:Chapter 6: Provinces
1519:freedom of the press
1298:Second Certification
1276:Constitutional Court
1248:separation of powers
1191:Interim Constitution
1149:constituent assembly
980:Interim Constitution
458:Constitutional Court
441:Deputy Chief Justice
185:Interim Constitution
150:Constitutional Court
96:Government structure
5516:States with limited
4244:Internet censorship
4234:Freedom of religion
4029:Law of South Africa
3757:7: Local Government
3655:6 June 2013 at the
3090:Heinz Klug (2010).
2959:Law of South Africa
2903:Labour Appeal Court
2873:Superior Courts Act
2831:Sixteenth Amendment
2605:Minister of Finance
2287:solemn affirmations
2136:. It establishes a
2128:Chapter 13: Finance
2114:traditional leaders
2000:Magistrates' Courts
1602:freedom of movement
1550:freedom of assembly
1505:freedom of religion
1464:reproductive rights
1444:arbitrary detention
1289:First Certification
1230:system in place of
1046:, a self-governing
1036:Orange River Colony
939:of the Republic of
848:Politics of Limpopo
838:Politics of Gauteng
822:Provincial politics
481:Magistrate's courts
215:
75:Date effective
4419:Transvaal Republic
4078:Criminal procedure
4063:Administrative law
4058:Constitutional law
3811:
3069:Goldstone, Richard
2964:Constitutional law
2733:
2695:Eleventh Amendment
2660:municipal councils
2592:" in the national
2563:municipal councils
2408:municipal councils
2223:official languages
2200:self-determination
1870:legislative branch
1830:state of emergency
1791:self-incrimination
1738:right to education
1644:, limited in that
1501:freedom of thought
1490:search and seizure
1401:sexual orientation
1303:Government Gazette
1250:with an impartial
947:, it sets out the
275:
5617:
5616:
5543:other territories
5316:Equatorial Guinea
5195:
5194:
5155:
5154:
4798:
4797:
4790:Wealth inequality
4737:Income inequality
4684:
4683:
4659:Political parties
4624:Foreign relations
4586:
4585:
4483:
4482:
4414:Orange Free State
4389:Dutch Cape Colony
4379:Kingdom of Mutapa
4299:
4298:
4259:Same-sex marriage
3988:
3987:
3732:2: Bill of Rights
3103:978-1-84731-741-4
2974:Constitutionalism
2825:National Assembly
2664:National Assembly
2570:Seventh Amendment
2504:National Assembly
2321:National Assembly
2270:published by the
2207:political parties
2182:international law
2164:, to oversee the
2146:National Treasury
1963:Executive Council
1874:National Assembly
1695:children's rights
1688:social assistance
1642:right to property
1197:National Assembly
999:Act of Parliament
929:
928:
757:Visa requirements
709:Foreign relations
649:Political parties
383:National Assembly
260:
242:
241:
211:
210:
16:(Redirected from
5647:
5604:
5603:(United Kingdom)
5599:Tristan da Cunha
5595:Ascension Island
5587:
5574:
5565:
5541:Dependencies and
5234:Sovereign states
5222:
5215:
5208:
5199:
5175:
5168:
4994:National symbols
4916:Social movements
4809:
4750:
4722:Economic history
4695:
4597:
4563:Populated places
4494:
4434:Great Depression
4350:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4303:
4289:
4288:
4100:
4027:
4026:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3992:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3683:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3492:
3486:
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2038:Public Protector
1979:local government
1795:right to counsel
1787:right to silence
1768:, including all
1755:of one's choice.
1736:Section 29: the
1657:right to housing
1655:Section 26: the
1640:Section 25: the
1633:Section 24: the
1566:Section 19: the
1554:right to protest
1523:academic freedom
1486:right to privacy
1484:Section 14: the
1460:bodily integrity
1378:juristic persons
1366:civil, political
1032:Transvaal Colony
1022:, an act of the
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1996:judicial system
1992:
1975:
1935:
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1854:settle disputes
1838:
1811:double jeopardy
1764:: the right of
1746:basic education
1742:universal right
1628:right to strike
1588:political party
1458:, the right to
1360:Chapter 2 is a
1358:
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1336:national anthem
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1106:Prime Minister
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976:Nelson Mandela
959:. The current
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4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:Land invasion
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:Foreign trade
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Early history
4367:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4294:
4293:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:Specific laws
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:Environmental
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Customary law
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4016:
4011:
4009:
4004:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:4: Parliament
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2881:Chief Justice
2879:declared the
2878:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:KwaZulu-Natal
2753:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2613:
2611:collectively.
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2274:defining the
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:national flag
2250:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2118:customary law
2115:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:Defence Force
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:civil service
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1816:ex post facto
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:labour rights
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:public office
1573:
1569:
1568:right to vote
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:forced labour
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1434:right to life
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:human dignity
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1173:supermajority
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1077:opposing it.
1076:
1072:
1071:Cape province
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
922:
917:
915:
910:
908:
903:
902:
900:
899:
893:
890:
889:
887:
877:
876:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
819:
818:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
785:National debt
783:
781:
778:
777:
771:
770:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
740:
736:
733:
732:
726:
725:Naledi Pandor
722:
719:
718:
717:
714:
713:
710:
705:
704:
696:
692:
689:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
663:
658:
657:
650:
647:
641:
638:
635:
630:
629:
627:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
604:
603:
601:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
509:
508:
506:
505:
502:
497:
496:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
470:
466:
465:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
451:
447:
444:
443:
442:
439:
435:
432:
431:
430:
429:Chief Justice
427:
426:
423:
418:
417:
406:
403:
402:
401:
398:
394:
391:
390:
389:
386:
385:
384:
381:
375:
372:
371:
370:
367:
366:
365:
362:
361:
358:
353:
352:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
328:
325:
324:
323:
320:
316:
313:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
299:
298:
291:
288:
287:
284:
279:
278:
272:
268:
267:
264:
254:
251:
246:
245:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
207:
203:
194:
189:
186:
183:
179:
176:
172:
168:
165:
162:
158:
155:
151:
148:
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
78:
76:
72:
68:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5591:Saint Helena
5562:
5466:South Africa
5465:
5456:Sierra Leone
5261:Burkina Faso
5026:Demographics
4974:Homelessness
4944:Architecture
4775:Trade unions
4634:Human rights
4604:Constitution
4603:
4501:Biodiversity
4439:World War II
4409:Zulu Kingdom
4333:South Africa
4290:
4254:Prostitution
4239:Human rights
4106:Areas of law
4073:Criminal law
4043:Constitution
4042:
3752:6: Provinces
3712:
3678:
3624:. Retrieved
3620:
3610:
3598:. Retrieved
3589:
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3559:
3550:
3538:. Retrieved
3529:
3520:
3508:. Retrieved
3499:
3490:
3478:. Retrieved
3469:
3460:
3448:. Retrieved
3439:
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3409:
3400:
3388:. Retrieved
3379:
3370:
3358:. Retrieved
3355:BusinessLIVE
3354:
3345:
3333:. Retrieved
3330:BusinessLIVE
3329:
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3299:
3290:
3278:. Retrieved
3269:
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3239:
3230:
3218:. Retrieved
3209:
3200:
3188:. Retrieved
3179:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3136:
3132:
3116:
3112:
3092:
3085:
3076:
3072:
3044:. Retrieved
3039:
3013:
3001:. Retrieved
2988:
2940:
2870:
2849:province to
2840:
2814:
2807:
2773:
2760:Eastern Cape
2749:
2734:
2704:
2690:
2678:
2676:
2653:
2642:
2579:
2549:
2538:
2523:
2497:
2478:
2470:
2444:
2397:
2376:
2372:
2341:
2314:
2264:geographical
2232:
2190:
2179:
2170:
2162:Reserve Bank
2131:
2122:
2111:
2091:
2075:
2035:
1993:
1976:
1967:
1951:Western Cape
1948:
1936:
1914:
1894:
1863:
1839:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1715:child labour
1693:Section 28:
1650:expropriated
1648:may only be
1618:Section 23:
1600:Section 21:
1559:Section 18:
1548:Section 17:
1517:, including
1499:Section 15:
1373:human rights
1359:
1329:
1314:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1217:
1194:
1177:
1161:
1138:
1135:Negotiations
1114:
1079:
1067:a referendum
1052:
1040:Natal Colony
1017:
994:
992:
961:constitution
941:South Africa
932:
930:
780:Human rights
628:Referendums
446:Mandisa Maya
393:Thoko Didiza
283:Constitution
282:
262:South Africa
247:
58:South Africa
54:Jurisdiction
29:
5518:recognition
5471:South Sudan
5361:Ivory Coast
5130:Cape Malays
4851:Immigration
4702:Agriculture
4523:Earthquakes
4404:Cape Colony
4384:Kaditshwene
4249:LGBT rights
4178:Nationality
3904:Seventeenth
3787:13: Finance
2555:Parliament.
2377:coup d'Ă©tat
1955:legislature
1905:money bills
1886:upper house
1878:lower house
1770:information
1684:health care
1661:due process
1595:citizenship
1344:rule of law
1272:Albie Sachs
1268:Kader Asmal
1028:Cape Colony
762:Visa policy
467:President:
405:John Hlophe
369:Chairperson
357:Legislature
339:Departments
259:Politics of
170:Signatories
5624:Categories
5573:(Portugal)
5531:Somaliland
5451:Seychelles
5416:Mozambique
5401:Mauritania
5386:Madagascar
5341:The Gambia
5276:Cape Verde
5108:Afrikaners
5096:San people
4979:Literature
4926:Xenophobia
4846:Healthcare
4826:Disability
4749:(currency)
4654:Parliament
4629:Government
4614:Corruption
4449:Border War
4203:Succession
4158:Insolvency
3909:Eighteenth
3889:Fourteenth
3884:Thirteenth
3817:Amendments
3621:Cape Argus
3600:7 December
3570:7 December
3540:7 December
3510:7 December
3480:7 December
3450:7 December
3420:7 December
3390:7 December
3310:7 December
3280:7 December
3250:7 December
3220:7 December
3190:7 December
3079:: 451–470.
3046:19 October
3003:13 October
2980:References
2847:North West
2784:North West
2594:Parliament
2590:money bill
2451:provincial
2311:Amendments
2030:See also:
2010:, and the
2004:High Court
1931:See also:
1866:Parliament
1850:good faith
1842:provincial
1762:Section 32
1705:care, the
1669:demolition
1637:protected.
1535:incitement
1527:propaganda
1511:Section 16
1492:, and the
1430:Section 11
1409:disability
1340:democratic
1282:Final text
1185:Parliament
1157:referendum
965:Parliament
957:Government
800:Repression
602:Municipal
476:High Court
206:Wikisource
181:Supersedes
173:President
121:Parliament
5406:Mauritius
5120:Coloureds
4866:Languages
4831:Education
4780:Transport
4712:Companies
4664:President
4619:Elections
4568:Provinces
4528:Estuaries
4518:Districts
4489:Geography
4444:Apartheid
4163:Insurance
4128:Copyright
3899:Sixteenth
3894:Fifteenth
3797:Schedules
2845:from the
2752:Matatiele
2737:provinces
2260:Chapter 6
2249:Chapter 1
2242:Schedules
2042:ombudsman
1917:President
1799:legal aid
1580:elections
1475:servitude
1389:pregnancy
1385:Section 9
1256:languages
1252:judiciary
1209:provinces
1121:apartheid
1094:Coloureds
973:President
674:Districts
669:Provinces
501:Elections
434:Ray Zondo
422:Judiciary
310:President
303:Executive
219:Afrikaans
191:Full text
160:Author(s)
145:Judiciary
134:President
129:Executive
117:Bicameral
5597: /
5593: /
5586:(France)
5580: /
5558: /
5554: /
5506:Zimbabwe
5481:Tanzania
5331:Ethiopia
5326:Eswatini
5306:Djibouti
5271:Cameroon
5256:Botswana
5182:Category
5091:Khoekhoe
4969:HIV/AIDS
4891:Religion
4856:Intersex
4836:Feminism
4816:Cannabis
4765:Taxation
4669:timeline
4649:Military
4592:Politics
4578:Wildlife
4475:Military
4463:By topic
4399:Ndwandwe
4357:Timeline
4337:articles
4292:Category
4224:Cannabis
4219:Abortion
4193:Property
4153:Firearms
4143:Evidence
4123:Contract
4053:Statutes
3918:Previous
3874:Eleventh
3720:Chapters
3653:Archived
3594:Archived
3564:Archived
3534:Archived
3504:Archived
3474:Archived
3444:Archived
3414:Archived
3384:Archived
3304:Archived
3274:Archived
3244:Archived
3214:Archived
3184:Archived
3165:s 36(1).
2953:See also
2905:and the
2855:Khutsong
2819:and the
2776:Khutsong
2596:and the
2561:allowed
2293:parties.
2166:currency
2100:and the
2064:and the
1719:detained
1703:parental
1665:eviction
1646:property
1626:and the
1624:unionise
1606:passport
1584:campaign
1552:and the
1539:violence
1413:religion
1311:Contents
1260:cultures
1238:and non-
1110:Botswana
1048:dominion
945:republic
810:Taxation
795:Protests
752:Passport
721:Minister
507:General
112:Chambers
102:Branches
90:Republic
65:Ratified
49:Overview
5582:RĂ©union
5578:Mayotte
5569:Madeira
5564:(Spain)
5560:Melilla
5491:Tunisia
5461:Somalia
5446:Senegal
5431:Nigeria
5421:Namibia
5411:Morocco
5376:Liberia
5371:Lesotho
5321:Eritrea
5291:Comoros
5266:Burundi
5241:Algeria
5166:Outline
5147:Chinese
5142:Indians
5135:Griquas
5113:British
5086:Khoisan
5039:Ndebele
4959:Cuisine
4936:Culture
4906:Smoking
4881:Poverty
4804:Society
4770:Tourism
4707:Banking
4690:Economy
4538:Islands
4533:Forests
4506:Climate
4470:Economy
4345:History
4188:Persons
4183:Patents
4118:Company
3949:Related
3879:Twelfth
3854:Seventh
3626:20 July
3360:25 June
3335:25 June
2851:Gauteng
2782:to the
2780:Gauteng
2758:to the
2707:Limpopo
2363:amnesty
2227:English
2044:), the
1959:Premier
1921:Cabinet
1471:slavery
1452:torture
1228:federal
1098:Indians
1061:with a
1009:History
388:Speaker
334:Cabinet
235:Sesotho
138:Cabinet
5601:
5584:
5571:
5501:Zambia
5496:Uganda
5436:Rwanda
5391:Malawi
5351:Guinea
5246:Angola
5187:Portal
5103:Whites
5064:Tswana
5059:Tsonga
5004:Sports
4954:Cinema
4886:Racism
4841:Health
4727:Energy
4609:Courts
4573:Rivers
4335:
4212:Issues
4168:Labour
4148:Family
4133:Delict
4113:Agency
3859:Eighth
3839:Fourth
3829:Second
3100:
2921:acting
2885:courts
2683:, the
2631:, and
2096:, the
2060:, the
2056:, the
2052:, the
2048:, the
2006:, the
2002:, the
1897:quorum
1868:, the
1818:crimes
1805:, the
1801:, the
1793:, the
1780:courts
1727:lawyer
1699:family
1586:for a
1462:, and
1432:: the
1397:ethnic
1240:sexism
1236:racism
1234:, non-
1205:Senate
1127:and a
1102:Blacks
1090:Whites
953:duties
949:rights
453:Courts
154:others
85:System
5556:Ceuta
5476:Sudan
5426:Niger
5381:Libya
5366:Kenya
5346:Ghana
5336:Gabon
5311:Egypt
5251:Benin
5173:Index
5074:Xhosa
5069:Venda
5054:Swazi
5049:Sotho
4989:Music
4984:Media
4921:Women
4821:Crime
4747:Rand
4543:Lakes
4362:Years
4173:Lease
3869:Tenth
3864:Ninth
3849:Sixth
3844:Fifth
3834:Third
3824:First
3139:
3119:
2283:oaths
1901:bills
1884:(the
1876:(the
1846:local
1711:abuse
1680:water
1417:birth
1075:Natal
1059:Queen
227:Swazi
5486:Togo
5396:Mali
5286:Chad
5079:Zulu
5044:Pedi
4963:wine
4871:LGBT
4198:Sale
4036:Main
3628:2023
3602:2021
3572:2021
3542:2021
3512:2021
3482:2021
3452:2021
3422:2021
3392:2021
3362:2021
3337:2021
3312:2021
3282:2021
3252:2021
3222:2021
3192:2021
3098:ISBN
3048:2011
3005:2009
2802:and
2721:and
2666:and
2465:and
2317:bill
2268:maps
2152:and
2116:and
2040:(an
1957:, a
1844:and
1813:and
1797:and
1686:and
1676:food
1667:and
1570:and
1541:and
1529:for
1521:and
1503:and
1446:and
1334:and
1332:flag
1270:and
1258:and
1115:The
1096:and
1080:The
1053:The
1038:and
1018:The
988:1961
951:and
931:The
695:list
640:1992
637:1983
634:1960
620:2021
617:2016
614:2011
611:2006
608:2000
594:2024
591:2019
588:2014
585:2009
582:2004
579:1999
576:1994
573:1989
570:1987
567:1984
564:1981
561:1977
558:1974
555:1970
552:1966
549:1961
546:1958
543:1953
540:1948
537:1943
534:1938
531:1933
528:1929
525:1924
522:1921
519:1920
516:1915
513:1910
152:and
136:and
4949:Art
4639:Law
2945:an
2406:of
2285:or
1744:to
1701:or
1537:to
1531:war
1477:or
1405:age
1112:).
937:law
204:at
5626::
3619:.
3592:.
3588:.
3562:.
3558:.
3532:.
3528:.
3502:.
3498:.
3472:.
3468:.
3442:.
3438:.
3412:.
3408:.
3382:.
3378:.
3353:.
3328:.
3302:.
3298:.
3272:.
3268:.
3242:.
3238:.
3212:.
3208:.
3182:.
3178:.
3077:32
3075:.
3056:^
3038:.
3022:^
2996:.
2627:,
2384:.
2168:.
2068:.
1946:.
1907:.
1892:.
1682:,
1678:,
1533:,
1513::
1473:,
1411:,
1407:,
1403:,
1395:,
1391:,
1368:,
1159:.
1131:.
1092:,
1050:.
1034:,
1030:,
737:/
723::
5221:e
5214:t
5207:v
4965:)
4961:(
4325:e
4318:t
4311:v
4014:e
4007:t
4000:v
3705:e
3698:t
3691:v
3630:.
3604:.
3574:.
3544:.
3514:.
3484:.
3454:.
3424:.
3394:.
3364:.
3339:.
3314:.
3284:.
3254:.
3224:.
3194:.
3106:.
3050:.
3007:.
2909:.
2887:.
2607:.
2600:.
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2430:.
2420:.
2278:.
2255:.
1820:.
1782:.
1748:.
1733:.
1671:.
1630:.
1597:.
1590:.
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1556:.
1545:.
1507:.
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1466:.
1426:.
1419:.
920:e
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906:v
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693:(
123:)
119:(
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