361:
The vowels have mostly remained the same with the 5 /a, e, i, o, u/ + length; Malayalam and Tulu have an extra /ÉĚ/ and /ÉŻ/. The
Nilagiri languages developed a set of centralized vowel around retroflexes and alveolars with Irula having /ɨ, Ę, É, Éľ/ + length. Kurumba languages have nasalized vowels,
389:
The
Dravidian languages form a close-knit family. Four subgroups are generally accepted: South Dravidian, South-Central Dravidian, Central Dravidian and North Dravidian. Most scholars agree that the South Dravidian and South-Central Dravidian branches (called "Tamil-Tulu" and "Telugu-Kui" in
233:
have merged the central approximant with the lateral. Evidence shows that both retroflex approximant and the retroflex laterals were once (before the 10th century) also present in
Kannada. However, all the retroflex
464:, Director of International School of Dravidian Linguistics in Trivandrum, the separation of Tamil and Kannada into independent languages from the TamilâKannada inner branch started with the separation of
304:
for details). Kannada and other languages, however, are totally inert to this change and hence the velar plosives are retained as such or with minimum changes in the corresponding words, eg.
381:
Malayalam lost the prononial endings of verbs. Kannada lost clusivity. Old Tamil retained the PD like tense system of past vs non past but none currently do, all have past, present, future.
916:
409:
South
Dravidian is classified internally into two subbranches: TamilâKannada and Tulu. The languages that constitute the TamilâKannada branch are
671:
866:
828:
335:. The alveolar ᚯ, ᚯᚯ, nᚯ became post alveolar or dental, the singular ones usually becomes a trill in other Dravidian languages, e.g. Tamil
909:
847:
1711:
636:
82:
216:
1716:
902:
485:
1721:
177:
394::56) are more closely related to each other than to the other branches of the Dravidian languages. For this reason,
1625:
1504:
1600:
1075:
976:
293:
1630:
1305:
395:
285:
1519:
1268:
996:
991:
348:
344:
297:
289:
247:
243:
226:
219:
1675:
1372:
1344:
1251:
1136:
1126:
1029:
554:
430:
223:
158:
1509:
1349:
1288:
986:
1421:
1416:
1246:
1231:
1171:
925:
519:
251:
185:
130:
65:
1482:
1263:
1241:
1236:
1204:
1116:
718:
301:
857:
Steever, Sanford (2019). "Introduction to the
Dravidian languages". In Steever, Sanford (ed.).
1581:
1382:
1300:
1257:
1226:
1216:
1161:
1146:
862:
843:
824:
562:
1488:
1461:
1411:
1403:
1377:
1334:
1294:
1278:
1156:
1151:
1131:
1121:
1109:
981:
958:
819:
Kolichala, Suresh (2016). "Dravidian
Languages". In Hans Henrich Hock; Elena Bashir (eds.).
710:
454:
162:
1668:
1645:
1615:
1586:
1576:
1555:
1471:
1448:
1431:
1426:
1356:
1339:
1283:
1273:
1199:
1189:
1141:
1096:
1070:
1044:
1009:
971:
593:
581:
570:
538:
510:
474:
450:
446:
438:
434:
281:
193:
170:
150:
60:
1691:
1659:
1620:
1560:
1524:
1476:
1456:
1221:
1211:
1104:
1065:
1049:
530:
514:
461:
422:
410:
208:
154:
134:
116:
1705:
1514:
1466:
1329:
1194:
1024:
587:
546:
465:
442:
426:
197:
166:
146:
246:) at the beginning of many words has disappeared to produce a glottal fricative (
235:
181:
48:
17:
1179:
523:
418:
212:
142:
109:
52:
129:(also called "South Dravidian I") is one of the four major branches of the
239:
189:
966:
699:"JÄnu Kuášumba: Brief Report on a "Tribal" Language of the Nilgiri Area"
566:
414:
230:
138:
894:
722:
698:
250:) or has disappeared completely. This change was later taken to other
1184:
714:
821:
The
Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide
238:
changed into retroflex laterals in
Kannada later. In Kannada, the
327:
Tulu is characterized by its r/l and s/c/t alternation, for e.g.
341:
oĂąji, Äji, nÄduni, nÄta, {mudipuni, muyipuni}, {kÄŤruni, gÄŤcuni}.
898:
889:. PILC (Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture).
654:
652:
650:
785:
783:
746:
744:
254:
and
Tuluoid languages like Bellari and Koraga, eg. Tamil
1694:(no surviving native speakers and no spoken descendant)
441:
and the languages that constitute the Tulu branch are
176:
Kannada, Tamil and
Malayalam are recognized among the
823:. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 73â107.
149:, as well as several non-literary languages such as
1658:
1608:
1599:
1569:
1548:
1541:
1497:
1447:
1440:
1402:
1395:
1365:
1322:
1170:
1095:
1086:
1058:
1037:
1018:
957:
948:
941:
932:
108:
103:
88:
78:
59:
42:
32:
468:in about 1500 BCE and completed in about 300 BCE.
637:"Odia gets classical language status â The Hindu"
910:
8:
801:
774:
762:
684:
658:
229:sounds, whereas most of the remaining like
133:family. It includes the literary languages
1605:
1545:
1444:
1399:
1092:
954:
945:
938:
917:
903:
895:
861:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 1â44.
343:The retroflex approximant mostly became a
331:across Tulu dialects compare with Kannada
300:) at the beginning of the words (refer to
750:
184:. All three are officially recognized as
789:
703:Journal of the American Oriental Society
391:
735:
623:
616:
188:by the Government of India, along with
887:Dravidian Linguistics: An Introduction
29:
672:"A Dravidian etymological dictionary"
87:
7:
337:oášášu, Äášu, nÄášu, nÄášášam, muáši, kÄŤášu;
1190:Arabi Malayalam (Mappila Malayalam)
27:Southern Dravidian language branch
25:
398:suggested the alternative terms
878:Dravidian Comparative Phonology
842:. Cambridge University Press.
385:Classification and terminology
1:
876:Subrahmanyam, P.S. (1983).
697:Zvelebil, Kamil V. (1988).
178:official languages of India
1738:
402:for the former branch and
1685:
1641:
838:Krishnamurti, B. (2003).
294:Voiceless palatal plosive
180:and are spoken mainly in
61:Linguistic classification
37:
885:Zvelebil, Kamil (1990).
1712:Agglutinative languages
880:. Annamalai University.
859:The Dravidian Languages
840:The Dravidian Languages
590:1,850,000 (2011 census)
286:Voiceless velar plosive
284:show the conversion of
357:{ÄḡĹ, ÄlĹ, Äá¸Ĺ}, puru.
1676:Proto-South Dravidian
541:113,857 (2011 census)
224:retroflex approximant
204:Phonological features
83:Proto-South Dravidian
533:11,870 (2011 census)
280:Tamil-Malayalam and
1717:Dravidian languages
926:Dravidian languages
802:Krishnamurti (2003)
775:Krishnamurti (2003)
763:Krishnamurti (2003)
738:, pp. 5â9, 12.
687:, p. 127, 146.
685:Krishnamurti (2003)
659:Krishnamurti (2003)
643:. 20 February 2014.
549:1,600 (2001 census)
520:Malayalam languages
478:(= "South Dravidian
368:Äme, Äve, Äve, Äme,
276:puttu, huttu, uttu.
252:Kannadoid languages
242:voiceless plosive (
186:classical languages
131:Dravidian languages
1722:Languages of India
1205:Suriyani Malayalam
482:I", "TamilâTulu")
404:South Dravidian II
302:comparative method
1699:
1698:
1692:extinct languages
1654:
1653:
1626:Kumarbhag Paharia
1595:
1594:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1391:
1390:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1005:
1004:
868:978-1-138-85376-8
830:978-3-11-042715-8
765:, pp. 19â20.
563:Kannada languages
557:930 (2001 census)
400:South Dravidian I
262:, Bellari/Koraga
217:retroflex lateral
124:
123:
38:South Dravidian I
16:(Redirected from
1729:
1606:
1546:
1445:
1400:
1093:
1076:Attapady Kurumba
977:Maundadan Chetti
955:
946:
939:
919:
912:
905:
896:
890:
881:
872:
853:
834:
805:
799:
793:
787:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
751:Kolichala (2016)
748:
739:
733:
727:
726:
694:
688:
682:
676:
675:
668:
662:
656:
645:
644:
633:
627:
621:
481:
406:for the latter.
362:eg. Jenu Kuruba
350:
346:
299:
291:
249:
245:
228:
221:
120:
119:
30:
21:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1681:
1669:Proto-Dravidian
1660:Proto-languages
1650:
1637:
1591:
1565:
1529:
1493:
1436:
1387:
1361:
1310:
1200:Judeo-Malayalam
1166:
1088:
1082:
1054:
1033:
1014:
1001:
950:
928:
923:
893:
884:
875:
869:
856:
850:
837:
831:
818:
814:
809:
808:
800:
796:
790:Zvelebil (1990)
788:
781:
773:
769:
761:
757:
749:
742:
734:
730:
696:
695:
691:
683:
679:
670:
669:
665:
657:
648:
635:
634:
630:
626:, pp. 5â7.
622:
618:
613:
608:
603:
511:Tamil languages
479:
475:South Dravidian
387:
379:
206:
127:South Dravidian
115:
114:
71:South Dravidian
44:
33:South Dravidian
28:
23:
22:
18:South Dravidian
15:
12:
11:
5:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1631:Sauria Paharia
1628:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1306:Wayanad Chetti
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
963:
961:
952:
943:
936:
930:
929:
924:
922:
921:
914:
907:
899:
892:
891:
882:
873:
867:
854:
848:
835:
829:
815:
813:
810:
807:
806:
794:
779:
767:
755:
740:
736:Steever (2019)
728:
715:10.2307/603656
709:(2): 297â301.
689:
677:
663:
646:
628:
624:Steever (2019)
615:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
601:
600:
599:
598:
597:
591:
585:
577:
575:
574:
573:
560:
559:
558:
552:
551:
550:
544:
543:
542:
536:
535:
534:
528:
527:
526:
517:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
470:
462:R. C. Hiremath
386:
383:
378:
375:
270:, Jenu Kuruba
205:
202:
122:
121:
112:
106:
105:
104:Language codes
101:
100:
99:
98:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
79:Proto-language
76:
75:
74:
73:
63:
57:
56:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1734:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1396:South-Central
1394:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1269:Mullu Kurumba
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1007:
998:
997:Jennu Kurumba
995:
993:
992:Betta Kurumba
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
962:
960:
956:
953:
947:
944:
942:TamilâKannada
940:
937:
935:
931:
927:
920:
915:
913:
908:
906:
901:
900:
897:
888:
883:
879:
874:
870:
864:
860:
855:
851:
849:0-521-77111-0
845:
841:
836:
832:
826:
822:
817:
816:
811:
804:, p. 21.
803:
798:
795:
792:, p. 56.
791:
786:
784:
780:
777:, p. 58.
776:
771:
768:
764:
759:
756:
753:, p. 76.
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
732:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
693:
690:
686:
681:
678:
673:
667:
664:
660:
655:
653:
651:
647:
642:
638:
632:
629:
625:
620:
617:
610:
605:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
579:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
561:
556:
553:
548:
545:
540:
537:
532:
529:
525:
521:
518:
516:
512:
509:
508:
507:
505:
504:
503:
501:
500:
499:
497:
496:
495:
493:
492:
491:
489:
488:
487:
486:TamilâKannada
484:
483:
477:
476:
472:
471:
469:
467:
463:
460:According to
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:Zvelebil 1990
384:
382:
376:
374:
373:
369:
365:
359:
358:
354:
351:, e.g. Tamil
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
295:
287:
283:
278:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
241:
237:
232:
225:
218:
214:
210:
203:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
118:
113:
111:
107:
102:
96:
94:TamilâKannada
93:
92:
91:
84:
81:
77:
72:
69:
68:
67:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1687:
1674:
1667:
1609:Kurukh-Malto
1570:ParjiâGadaba
1549:Kolami-Naiki
1481:
1373:Cholanaikkan
1345:Korra Koraga
1293:
1256:
1252:Malankuravan
1172:Malayalamoid
1137:Malapandaram
1127:Mala Malasar
933:
886:
877:
858:
839:
820:
797:
770:
758:
731:
706:
702:
692:
680:
666:
640:
631:
619:
596:2,800 (2007)
584:45-50 (2018)
565:, including
522:, including
513:, including
473:
459:
408:
403:
399:
396:Krishnamurti
388:
380:
372:yÄmai, Ämai.
371:
367:
363:
360:
356:
352:
340:
336:
332:
328:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
236:approximants
207:
175:
126:
125:
89:Subdivisions
70:
45:distribution
1350:Mudu Koraga
1323:Tulu-Koraga
1289:Thachanadan
987:Alu Kurumba
182:South India
49:South India
1706:Categories
1422:Mukha-Dora
1417:Manna-Dora
1247:Malamuthan
1232:Kanikkaran
606:References
366:, Kannada
353:Äáşu, puáşu,
329:sarÉ, tarÉ
316:, Kannada
306:Tamil ceáši
258:, Kannada
215:have both
55:, diaspora
43:Geographic
1690:indicate
1498:Konda-Kui
1483:Nagarchal
1441:Gondi-Kui
1264:Malavedan
1242:Kurichiya
1237:Kunduvadi
1180:Malayalam
1117:Eravallan
1089:Malayalam
1019:Toda-Kota
959:Kannadoid
641:The Hindu
611:Citations
524:Malayalam
419:Malayalam
347:and also
320:, Telugu
213:Malayalam
143:Malayalam
110:Glottolog
66:Dravidian
53:Sri Lanka
1582:Kondekor
1404:Teluguic
1383:Kumbaran
1301:Vishavan
1258:Malaryan
1227:Kalanadi
1217:Eranadan
1162:Yerukala
1147:Muthuvan
1110:Sankethi
1097:Tamiloid
1087:Tamil -
951:- Badaga
949:Kannada
308:, Irula
266:; Tamil
240:bilabial
190:Sanskrit
117:sout3138
1688:Italics
1542:Central
1489:Pardhan
1462:Khirwar
1412:Chenchu
1378:Kakkala
1335:Bellari
1295:Ullatan
1279:Pathiya
1157:Pattapu
1152:Paliyan
1132:Malasar
1122:Kaikadi
982:Sholaga
967:Kannada
812:Sources
674:. 1984.
567:Kannada
455:Bellari
415:Kannada
377:Grammar
312:, Toda
292:) into
231:Kannada
163:Kurumba
139:Kannada
1646:Brahui
1616:Kurukh
1587:Ollari
1577:Duruwa
1556:Kolami
1472:Madiya
1432:Waddar
1427:Telugu
1366:Others
1357:Kudiya
1340:Koraga
1284:Ravula
1274:Paniya
1185:Jeseri
1142:Mannan
1071:Muduga
1045:Kodava
1038:Kodagu
1010:Badaga
972:Holiya
865:
846:
827:
723:603656
721:
594:Kudiya
582:Koraga
571:Badaga
539:Kodava
480:
451:Kudiya
447:Koraga
439:Badaga
437:, and
435:Kodava
370:Tamil
282:Telugu
274:, Ka.
264:hudari
260:hesaru
196:, and
194:Telugu
171:Kodava
151:Badaga
97:Tuluic
1621:Malto
1601:North
1561:Naiki
1525:Pengo
1520:Manda
1505:Konda
1477:Muria
1457:Gondi
1449:Gondi
1222:Kadar
1212:Allar
1195:Byari
1105:Tamil
1066:Irula
1059:Irula
1050:Urali
934:South
719:JSTOR
531:Irula
515:Tamil
423:Irula
411:Tamil
355:Tulu
349:/É,É/
339:Tulu
322:ceášášu
268:puášášu
256:peyar
209:Tamil
155:Irula
135:Tamil
1515:Kuvi
1467:Koya
1330:Tulu
1030:Kota
1025:Toda
863:ISBN
844:ISBN
825:ISBN
588:Tulu
569:and
555:Kota
547:Toda
466:Tulu
443:Tulu
431:Kota
427:Toda
364:ã¡we
333:tale
318:giá¸a
314:kĂŻá¸f
310:gĂŻá¸a
272:uᚯᚯu
222:and
211:and
198:Odia
169:and
167:Toda
159:Kota
147:Tulu
145:and
1510:Kui
711:doi
707:108
345:/Éž/
298:/c/
290:/k/
248:/h/
244:/p/
227:/Éť/
220:/É/
1708::
782:^
743:^
717:.
705:.
701:.
649:^
639:.
457:.
453:,
449:,
445:,
433:,
429:,
425:,
421:,
417:,
413:,
324:.
200:.
192:,
173:.
165:,
161:,
157:,
153:,
141:,
137:,
51:,
918:e
911:t
904:v
871:.
852:.
833:.
725:.
713::
661:.
296:(
288:(
20:)
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