1403:: Formed from SPLA independent Brigades of 105 battalion and Khoriom battalion which all were formed in 1983. The former led the first SPLA rebellion against the Sudanese army Malual-Chaat garrison in Bor that later inspired several other mutinies across the Southern region and some parts of the Northern Sudan. Division 8 is headquartered in Malual-Chaat barrack which is also designated as a liberation museum to commemorate the first SPLA fallen Heroes and the entire history of South Sudan’s Succession from the North. Most outstanding statues are Kerbino Kuanyin Bol’s and Maker Jool Deng (first fallen hero).
958:. Officially, this move did take place, in 2008, with the 10th Division relocating its headquarters to Guffa, five kilometers south of the Blue Nile-Upper Nile border, and most of its troops to al-Fuj, Yafta and Marinja on the southern side. But more than 1,600 fighters remained north of the line. In early June 2011, following the lack of progress on popular consultations in Southern Kordofan & Blue Nile, the SAF attempted to forcefully disarm Nuba SPLA soldiers, and fighting began in Southern Kordofan. After the fighting began, former SPLA 9th and 10th Division fighters proclaimed themselves the
909:
without any reduction in rank, and about 50,000 SSDF were added to the SPLA payroll. The number of generals in the SPLA also rose as Kiir promoted hundreds of existing SPLA officers to match the arriving ex-SSDF generals. By 2011 and independence, the SPLA had 745 generals. At about the same time, the legislature voted to double infantrymen's base pay from the equivalent of $ 75 a month (the rate under
Khartoum's control) to $ 150. The unification of the two largest armed groups in the region seriously weakened Khartoum’s control of southern Sudan.
1076:
reorganise and professionalise the army. According to
Professor Joel Isabirye, the change of name would shift the discourse from the era of liberation, which had now concluded, to one of national defence, which is ongoing – with the focus on defending the country against external aggression. The insertion of "People’s" into the name "could be to avoid being dragged back into history when during the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005) a militia called South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF) emerged and aligned with the Government of Sudan".
52:
1197:
489:
828:
535:, a fellow southern Sudanese rebel group. The Anyanya II forces blocked the expansion of the SPLA between 1984 and 1987, as Anyanya II attacked SPLA recruits heading for Ethiopia. The Anyanya II also attacked civilians believed to be SPLA supporters. The conflict between Anyanya II and SPLA had a political dimension, as Anyanya II sought to build an independent southern Sudanese state. The SPLA tried to win over the leaders of Anyanya II. The Anyanya II commander
851:
1455:
1137:
696:
1310:
1385:, now a major general in the SPLA. Gadet stayed with SAF Military Intelligence during the Juba Declaration process and many were suspicious of his allegiances. As of the time of writing when Rands wrote, Gadet's authority over his former men in the 7th Division was unclear. Still under command of Peter Gadet in 2013. Significant forces from Division VII defected to the
1682:
1486:
995:. President Kiir announced that the attempt had been put down the next day, but fighting resumed 16 December. Military spokesman Colonel Philip Aguer said that some military installations had been attacked by armed soldiers but that "the army is in full control of Juba." He added that an investigation was under way.
593:(DUP). The two groups agreed on the lifting of the state of emergency and abolition of Sharia law. The press release was made public through an announcement on Radio SPLA. After the DUP rejoined the government, a ceasefire with the SPLA was achieved. After the elections, negotiations between the SPLA and
1406:
Commondo: Formed after independence of South Sudan under the commands of the late Gen
Abraham Jongroor, one of the outstanding Khoriom Battalion commander who successfully fought out Boma militias with commondo. It was the most well trained SPLA brigade on the front lines, according to the National
1087:
The army was officially renamed South Sudan People's
Defence Forces in September 2018 by a Republican order read on the state-owned TV channel SSBC known as South Sudan Broadcasting Services ,the national television in South Sudan. The renaming occurred ten days before implementation of new security
707:
government in
Ethiopia in May 1991 proved to be a major setback. The Ethiopian government had provided the SPLA with military supplies, training facilities and a safe haven for bases for 18 years. Soon after the change of government in Ethiopia, the SPLA accompanied hundreds of thousands of refugees
1075:
A cessation of hostilities agreement was reached in
December 2017, but never really took effect. In August 2017, Kiir announced that the new name for the army would be the South Sudan People's Defence Forces (SSPDF) "by the need to represent the will of the people". He said that there was a need to
1063:
Over the course of the war, the SPLA has become dominated by Dinka, in particular Dinka from greater Bahr el-Ghazal. The Panel of
Experts wrote in 2016, "While other tribes are represented in SPLA, they are increasingly marginalized, rendering the multi-tribal structure of the army largely a façade
908:
on 8 January 2006. Matiep commanded the South Sudan
Defence Forces (SSDF), the largest and best-equipped militia (about 50,000 men) that remained beyond the SPLA's control. Paulino was appointed Deputy Commander-in-chief, the second highest position, his subordinate generals became part of the SPLA
1104:
as of June 2020, "under the
September 2018 peace agreement, all armed groups in South Sudan were to assemble at designated sites where fighters could be either disarmed and demobilized, or integrated into unified military and police forces; the unified forces were then to be retrained and deployed
1079:
The negotiations stalled over disagreement among the parties about power sharing, future security arrangements and whether Riak Machar could return from exile to political life in South Sudan. In early May 2018, a two-day meeting of the
Parties to the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the
969:
The Government of Southern Sudan named the SPLA General Headquarters outside Juba 'Bilpam'. The headquarters staff was expanded after 2008 to match the ten-division structure. This expansion coincided with the completion of the General Headquarters at Bilpam, built by DynCorp with funds from the
1032:
The coordination of the April–July 2015 attack by the SPLA-IG in Unity State—involving multiple divisions across multiple sectors—indicates a high level of operational planning from Juba. The ferocity with which people were chased into the swamps to be killed was aimed at annihilating the
1442:, military forces currently stationed in Juba, Bor and Malakal are to be moved to bases at least 25 kilometers outside of each respective city. The Presidential Guard at Giada Barracks and SPLA's General Headquarters in Bilpam are authorized exceptions to the agreement.
1334:
after surviving an assassination attempt. Koang said that the 4th Division's tank unit allegedly tried to kill him at around 7pm on Friday upon being ordered by Monytuel at the behest of senior SPLA members in Juba. Significant forces from Division IV defected to the
496:
The first fully-fledged SPLA battalion graduated in 1984 in the village of Bilpam. The name 'Bilpam' carried great symbolic importance for SPLA for years to come, as the epicentre of the uprising. After Bilpam, other SPLA training camps were established at
735:. The dissidents called for democratization of SPLA, a stop to human rights abuses, and an independent southern Sudan (Garang's goal of creating a united and secular Sudan). Kong Coul joined the rebellion. The 'SPLA-Nasir' was joined by the SPLA forces in
1318:, under the command of Tahib Gatluak, in Mayom County in Unity State. Some were then redeployed to Juba to join Matiep’s bodyguard. The remaining men were deployed as part of the 4th Division in Duar, Unity State." News reports on December 21, 2013 from
3010:
3736:
Sikainga, Ahmad Alawad, and Daly, M. W., Civil war in the Sudan, London; New York : British Academic Press : Distributed by St. MartinĘľs Press in the United States of America and Canada, 1993. (See Douglas and Prunier article on origins of
1417:
Circa July 15, 2017, the Mechanized Division, with the 8th Infantry Division, was to deploy forces to the Juba-Bor road to ensure the safety of travelers, the SPLA spokesperson announced. The move came after a series of deadly road attack by armed
942:
In 2010 U.S. diplomats reported that Samora "made a point to discuss how the SPLA needed to be reorganized. He stated that the SPLA was top heavy, carrying nearly 550 general officers and providing more than 200 security guards for each minister."
1124:, Gogrial. UNMISS has been in the country since 2011, aiming to consolidate peace and achieve security to allow economic growth and political stability. They were deploying more than 19,000 personnel in the country as of September 2019.
523:
in 1985 and 1986. During this campaign, the SPLA were confronted by a number of pro-government militias. The conduct of SPLA forces was chaotic, with many atrocities against the civilian population. The SPLA drove out around 35,000
799:
of suspected SPLA collaborators were carried out. On 27 September, 1992 the deputy commander-in-chief of the SPLA, William Nyuon, defected and took a section of fighters with him. The SPLA recaptured Bor on 29 November, 1991.
3200:
3041:
758:
Garang issued a statement through the SPLA radio communications system, denouncing the coup. Nine out of eleven (excluding himself) SPLA PMHC members sided with Garang. The mainstream SPLA led by Garang was based in
3002:
794:
The SPLA made two attacks on Juba in June–July 1992, during which they nearly captured the town. After the attacks, the Sudanese government forces committed harsh reprisals against the civilian population.
1903:
539:
aligned with The SPLA in late 1987. Other sectors of the Anyanya II followed his example over the ensuing years, marginalizing the remainder of the Anyanya II who were allied with the Sudanese government.
3482:
1113:
As of 2019, the SSPDF comprised the Ground Forces, Air Force, Air Defense Forces, and Presidential Guard with Special attachment of Captain Buoi Rual Makuei, batch 51 Sudan military College Graduate.
862:
The initial organisation of the SPLA, based on divisions, was assembled in mid-2005 but not actually put into practice in the field until 2006. It was based on six divisions (in Upper Nile State;
401:), with another change in September 2018 to South Sudan People's Defence Forces. As of 2018, the army was estimated to have 185,000 soldiers as well as an unknown number of personnel in the small
3524:
2831:
2777:
4728:
1808:
1189:
On 11 May 2020 President Kiir removed Riak and appointed General Johnson Juma Okot as Chief of Defence Forces, who had been serving as deputy chief. On 11 April 2021, Okot was replaced by
570:). Moorcroft writes that by this time, 'training, weapons, and discipline improved as the guerillas won more and more victories. In November 1987 the guerillas captured the small town of
2703:
3170:
916:, and 9th divisions, respectively. The 9th and 10th Divisions thus fell north of the 1-1-56 Independence dividing line between North and South Sudan. The last independent brigade, in
2808:
142:
3193:
3370:
3581:
1381:
Rands wrote in 2010 that '..uch of the SPLA's 7th Division operating west of the Nile in the Shilluk areas of Upper Nile State is composed of former forces of the SSDF commander
460:
The SPLA struggled for a united and secular Sudanese state. Garang said the struggle of the South Sudanese was the same as that of marginalised groups in the north, such as the
3890:
605:
3033:
1167:
The SPLA was commanded by the Chief of General Staff] (COGS). Deputy Chief of Staff (Logistics) James Hoth Mai replaced Oyay Deng Ajak as Chief of General Staff in May 2009.
1658:
1439:
1386:
1336:
1057:
1015:
453:
or were on their way there. The Ethiopian government's decision to support the emerging SPLA was a means of exacting revenge upon the Sudanese government for its support of
4698:
4703:
1105:
prior to the formation of a national unity government; all fighters were ordered to these sites in July 2019, but as of April 2020 this process had not been completed".
4292:
4287:
1007:
932:, an SPLA veteran, was chosen as the first Minister for SPLA Affairs and the first political officer of the SPLA. Dim died in a plane crash in 2008 alongside his wife,
2622:
1244:
was appointed a major general and confirmed in overall commander of Division I (2005–07) before being moved to SPLA HQ in Bilpam as director for administration. The
1010:
from its formation in 2005 after Garang's death until the country's independence in 2011. The SPLM-IO faction formally withdrew from the SPLM ruling faction in 2013.
3764:
2745:
1911:
4035:
3707:
1577:
3474:
3443:
1773:
4238:
3812:
4304:
3955:
2193:
1664:
959:
3071:
290:
393:
in 2011, Kiir became President and the SPLA became the new republic's regular army. In May 2017 there was a restructure and the SPLA took on the name of
3516:
3304:
3101:
808:
As of the mid-1990s, the majority of the population of southern Sudan lived in areas under the control of either the mainstream SPLA or the SPLA-Nasir.
2929:
4693:
3895:
950:
stipulated that the SPLA in northern Sudan were to move south of the 1956 North-South boundary during the interim period, excepting those part of the
2839:
1343:
offensive by the SPLA, alongside Bul Nuer youth, other SPLA forces, and other armed groups. In 2015-16, the division was placed under the command of
991:
On 15 December, 2013, fighting broke out in Juba between different factions of the armed forces in what the South Sudanese government described as a
4688:
3278:
2767:
1006:
was led by President Kiir; it was the ruling faction that signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005. Kiir served as president of the
4110:
1798:
2699:
843:, and four Deputy Chiefs of General Staff: Maj. Gen. Salva Mathok Gengdit (Administration), Maj. Gen. Bior Ajang Aswad (Operations), Maj. Gen.
548:
4733:
4551:
4444:
4309:
4050:
1852:
1652:
1117:
1053:
130:
3154:
2442:
4718:
4060:
583:
375:
33:
4045:
2979:
2800:
1942:
998:
Eventually the Sudan People's Liberation Movement split into two main factions, divided on the issue over leadership of the ruling party:
3123:
2116:
4118:
3980:
3363:
2281:
2244:
2222:
2089:
2067:
2045:
3573:
3550:
755:
and Akobo. A period of chaos reigned inside the SPLA, as it was not clear which units sided with Garang and which with the SPLA-Nasir.
4434:
4075:
3835:
3785:
897:
893:(Khoriom, 104, and 105 Battalions mainly), Southern Blue Nile, the Nuba Mountains (South Kordofan) and Raja (Western Bahr el Ghazal).
383:
242:
4495:
4351:
3910:
3727:
3686:
3164:
1743:
590:
3405:"SPLA launches military operations against SPLA-IO forces in Bahr-el-Ghazal region - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan"
1248:
wrote in early 2016 that '.. Division, stationed in Renk and widely regarded as the best fighting force in the country, is largely
1116:
In October 2019, more than 40 members of South Sudan People’s Defense Forces (SSPDF) undertook a two-day training organised by the
3662:
2605:
International Crisis Group, Sudan’s Spreading Conflict (II): War in Blue Nile Crisis Group Africa Report N°204, 18 June 2013, p.14
1182:(May 2017–April 2018), with the position now referred to as "chief of defence force(s)". On 28 April 2018, Chief of General Staff
4723:
4708:
4485:
4407:
4231:
4090:
3925:
3860:
3805:
1368:
835:
Following the signing of the CPA, an SPLA reorganisation process began. This process was actively supported by funding from the
4524:
4010:
3945:
3412:
3338:
2899:
2869:
2566:
1640:
601:
4713:
4634:
4314:
4150:
3920:
1646:
3256:
2615:
1088:
arrangements, which include the reunification of the national army. President Kiir was also Commander-in-Chief of the army.
3676:
719:
began to question Garang's leadership. Akol began secretly contacting SPLA officers to join his side, especially among the
574:
near the Ethiopian border. It was 450 miles from the capital, but the nearby dam provided most of Khartoum's electricity.'
4536:
4449:
4361:
4356:
4346:
4299:
1421:
947:
817:
663:. By the middle of 1991, the SPLA controlled most parts of southern Sudan with the exception of the major garrison towns (
390:
371:
315:
226:
3003:"South Sudan People's Defense Force (SSPDF) lauds UNMISS for training in international human rights and humanitarian law"
771:
As of 1992 the Sudanese government launched a major offensive against the SPLA, which was weakened by the split with the
4274:
3875:
3747:, May 12, 2020. Says that the post-independence South Sudanese army could never be an unified national force—too tribal.
1072:
On May 16, 2017, Kiir announced a restructure of the army and change of name to the South Sudan Defence Forces (SSDF).
821:
468:. Until 1985, the SPLA directed its public denouncements of the Sudanese government specifically at Sudanese President,
454:
123:
2737:
1410:
1084:. The parties were to take stock of the progress so far of the R-ARCSS, the pending tasks, and debate the way forward.
727:. The situation deteriorated after the fall of the Derg. As the Derg regime crumbled, Akol published a document titled
4609:
4576:
4566:
4541:
4500:
4412:
4397:
4224:
4005:
3798:
2973:
933:
274:
2505:
1064:
that obscures the central role that Dinka now play in virtually all major theatres of the conflict". (S/2016/963, 8)
3435:
3331:"Unity state's 4th division commander defects, assumes governorship - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan"
4429:
4417:
3995:
1765:
1285:
1233:
1091:
As of 2018, the army was estimated to have 185,000 soldiers as well as an unknown number of personnel in the small
867:
4624:
4619:
4402:
4279:
3950:
3870:
3855:
1512:
352:
256:
2190:
1392:
1374:
1360:
1350:
1326:, had declared that he has deposed the caretaker governor and that his forces were no longer loyal to President
1299:
1267:
1257:
939:
Deputy Chief of Staff (Logistics) James Hoth Mai replaced Oyay Deng Ajak as Chief of General Staff in May 2009.
913:
878:
871:
863:
4561:
4546:
4505:
4424:
4392:
4334:
4319:
4269:
3063:
2892:"SPLA officially renamed 'South Sudan People's Defence Forces' - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan"
1037:
986:
298:
248:
2832:"From SPLA to SSPDF: The Detailed Account of why South Sudan is changing the name of its Heroic National Army"
827:
512:
In the mid-1980s the SPLA armed struggle blocked development projects of the Sudanese government, such as the
422:
against the Sudanese army which later inspired a number of mutinies in the southern region including those at
3308:
3093:
4571:
4375:
4324:
4174:
4123:
4100:
4040:
3970:
3915:
3885:
3646:
The Military Balance: Annual Estimates of the Nature and Size of the Military Forces of the Principal Powers
3629:
The Military Balance: Annual Estimates of the Nature and Size of the Military Forces of the Principal Powers
2921:
1289:
111:
4658:
4586:
4510:
4475:
4463:
4256:
4015:
4000:
3985:
3850:
2439:"SPLA to demobilize all child soldiers by end of the year - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan"
1414:
1354:
1303:
1196:
951:
886:
855:
405:. As of 2019, the SSPDF comprised the Ground Force, Air Force, Air Defence Forces and Presidential Guard.
206:
116:
3282:
1880:
1720:
763:. The two SPLA factions fought each other, including attacks on civilians in their opponents' territory.
4604:
4556:
4387:
4128:
4095:
4085:
4080:
4070:
4025:
3965:
3930:
3905:
3900:
3865:
1661:, a mainly South Sudanese political party that split from the Sudan People's Liberation Movement in 2013
1545:
1428:
1092:
1045:
1025:
971:
955:
476:
government as a family affair that played on sectarian tensions. The SPLA denounced the introduction of
402:
85:
1323:
839:. In 2005, Garang restructured the top leadership of the SPLA, with a Chief of General Staff, Lt. Gen.
586:. In half of the constituencies of southern Sudan elections could not be held due to the SPLA boycott.
555:
began in 1987. By 1988 SPLA controlled most of the northern Bahr el-Ghazal. Unlike the Anyanya II, the
268:
51:
936:, and other SPLA officers. He is buried alongside his wife at the SPLA headquarters in Bilpham, Juba.
4667:
4639:
4629:
4490:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4166:
4162:
4030:
3960:
3840:
1725:
1331:
912:
In 2007 and 2008 the independent brigades in Blue Nile, Bor, and the Nuba Mountains became the 10th,
687:. In comparison with its 1985–1986 offensive in Equatoria, the conduct of SPLA was now more orderly.
608:(RCC) invited different sectors to a 'National Dialogue Conference', but the SPLA refused to attend.
567:
442:
216:
198:
147:
3782:
SOUTHERN SUDAN: APPROXIMATE TROOP STRENGTH AND EQUIPMENT INVENTORY of Sudan People's Liberation Army
4614:
4480:
4186:
4182:
4138:
4055:
3990:
3975:
3935:
1229:
The SPLA had nine divisions and a small air force, all of which reported to the DCOGS, Operations:
364:
135:
1344:
1253:
4599:
4020:
3940:
3880:
3845:
2438:
1367:. On 13 August 2016, some 800 to 900 troops from SPLA Division VI launched an incursion into the
1183:
1179:
656:
446:
2968:
488:
1934:
1314:
Established 2006. Rands wrote in 2010 that "Upon integrating into the SPLA, the core forces of
1186:
died in Cairo from a short illness. He was replaced by General Gabriel Jok Riak on 4 May 2018.
4594:
3723:
3682:
3649:
3632:
3597:
3160:
3131:
2772:
2400:
2318:
2263:
2113:
2003:
1983:
1848:
1432:
1364:
1271:
1245:
992:
796:
732:
636:
536:
282:
101:
2278:
2241:
2219:
2086:
2064:
2042:
1842:
1710:
506:
3546:
1396:
1378:
1275:
1237:
1190:
1172:
929:
890:
776:
752:
748:
676:
668:
616:
571:
419:
158:
106:
3781:
3774:
3253:"AllAfrica.com: Sudan: SRSG Pledges Unmiss Support During Visit to Eastern Equatoria State"
850:
597:
started, but were aborted after the SPLA shot down a civilian airplane, killing 60 people.
3827:
3644:
International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2013). "The Military Balance 2013".
3627:
International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2018). "The Military Balance 2018".
3609:
2285:
2248:
2226:
2197:
2120:
2093:
2071:
2049:
1553:
1282:
to meet the County Commissioner and the Commander of Brigade 9 of the SPLA's 2nd Division.
1049:
684:
192:
78:
17:
2279:
Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report
2220:
Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report
2114:
Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report
2087:
Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report
2065:
Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report
2043:
Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report
1209:
The COGS oversaw five directorates, each led by a Deputy Chief of General Staff (DCOGS):
1033:
SPLM/A-in-Opposition's support, and led to systematic destruction of villages and towns.
1040:(also called Tiger Faction or 'The Tigers') split from the SPLA in late October 2015. A
695:
1315:
1293:
1168:
1100:
1041:
905:
844:
840:
724:
680:
594:
498:
469:
379:
1454:
1136:
1052:
to its 1956 borders. Led by Yoanis Okiech, the TFNF started an insurgency against the
889:) and four independent brigades. The four independent brigades grouped SPLA forces in
679:) Between January 21 and 29, 1990, SPLA shelled Juba. SPLA forces also moved into the
4682:
3744:
2891:
836:
310:
3404:
2861:
2558:
2189:
Norsk Bistandshistorie (Norwegian aid history), Randi Rønning Balsvik, 2016. p. 115
1643:, formerly Sudan People's Liberation Movement - Democratic Change, a political party
3769:
2242:
Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster: an Africa Watch Report
1524:
1518:
1241:
461:
363:
was named the SPLA's new Commander-in-Chief. As of 2010, the SPLA was divided into
95:
3770:
Photographer's Account of the SPLA - "The Cost of Silence: A Traveling Exhibition"
3252:
3225:
1655:(SPLM), a political party in South Sudan founded as the political wing of the SPLA
824:, estimated that there were between 2,500 and 5,000 children serving in the SPLA.
3692:
2724:
Interim Report of the Panel of Experts, S/2015/656, 21 August 2015, Annex V, p.37
1649:, a Sudanese rebel group active in Darfur, founded as the Darfur Liberation Front
4247:
4142:
3330:
1400:
1382:
1340:
1261:
1249:
1081:
1021:
882:
874:
720:
716:
528:
refugees (who had settled in Equatoria since the early 1980s) back into Uganda.
438:
356:
340:
2497:
1060:
rebels, leading to Okiech's death and the group's destruction in January 2017.
611:
The SPLA launched a major offensive between 1989 and the fall of the Ethiopian
1530:
1327:
1278:
east of Juba. On 19 August 2011, it was reported that the UN SRSG would visit
963:
901:
847:(Logistics) and Maj. Gen. Obuto Mamur Mete (Political and Moral Orientation).
772:
563:
532:
465:
360:
3653:
3636:
2191:
https://www.idunn.no/ht/2017/02/randi_roenning_balsvik_norsk_bistandshistorie
1339:, with their arms and ammunition. Division IV was involved in the April–July
699:
High-ranking SPLA officers at the South Sudan independence celebrations, 2011
3719:
3394:
Interim Report of the Panel of Experts, S/2016/656, 21 August 2015, Annex V.
2738:"Tiger faction of ethnic Shilluk kingdom dismisses integration into SPLM-IO"
1873:"Brief Biography and Facts About Major(Cdr). Late William Nyuon Bany Machar"
1697:
1565:
1559:
1535:
731:. The split was made public on August 28, 1991, in what became known as the
640:
520:
344:
2862:"South Sudan president says changed SPLA name to represent will of people"
1497:
As of 2013 the SPLA's land forces operated the following heavy equipment:
2533:
in Alex de Waal, The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa, Polity 2015 96.
2529:
The Fate of Sudan: The Origins and Consequences of a Flawed Peace Process
2373:
1371:, crossing the border and engaging in a battle with SPLM/A in Opposition.
788:
712:
473:
450:
427:
3678:
Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan
418:
On 16 May 1983 105 Battalion launched a mutiny in Malual-Chaat barrack,
4264:
4216:
4158:
3790:
1803:
1279:
672:
648:
1667:, a political party and militant organisation in the Republic of Sudan
1485:
3715:
1319:
1121:
775:. The SPLA lost control of Torit (where the SPLA was headquartered),
644:
632:
628:
624:
525:
513:
477:
3754:
London: African Rights. Militarism and brutality of the early SPLA.
2801:"South Sudan president restructures army, changes its name to SSDF"
1020:
was formed in 2013 and is led by former South Sudan Vice President
4154:
2401:
Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance
2319:
Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance
2264:
Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance
2004:
Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance
1984:
Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance
1691:
1484:
1195:
1056:
government. In 2016, however, it also came into conflict with the
849:
826:
784:
780:
760:
694:
660:
652:
502:
487:
434:. These mutinies led to the creation of the SPLA later that year.
431:
348:
3305:"Missing money at SPLA Div 4; widows unpaid | Radio Tamazuj"
3226:"Unrest Among South Sudan Military Forces Spreads Beyond Capital"
1766:"SPLA renamed South Sudan Defense Force in a major army shake up"
1584:, South Sudan's defence budgets since 2011 have been as follows:
589:
On November 15, 1988, the SPLA entered into an alliance with the
374:
in 2005, the last remaining large and well-equipped militia, the
3775:
Kenya Strikes Difficult Balance Between North and South of Sudan
1703:
1508:
1502:
1490:
1256:, a Bul Nuer who was subsequently redeployed to lead the SPLA's
1024:. The group is the major opponent to the SPLM-IG faction in the
917:
744:
740:
736:
704:
664:
620:
612:
562:
In March 1986, the SPLA kidnapped a Norwegian aid worker of the
472:. During the years that followed, SPLA propaganda denounced the
423:
4220:
3794:
2208:
Moorcroft, 'Omar al-Bashir and Africa's Longest War,' 2015, 72.
1872:
1675:
1449:
1389:, with their arms and ammunition. Gadet died on 15 April 2019.
1131:
492:
Official flag of the Sudan People's Liberation Army until 2011
3777:- retired Kenyan military officers providing training to SPLA
1844:
Denying "the Honor of Living": Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster
3664:
In Need of Review: SPLA Transformation in 2006–10 and Beyond
3279:"South Sudan army defection in Wunyiik | Radio Tamazuj"
1004:
Sudan People's Liberation Movement (In Government) (SPLM-IG)
928:
In 2007, the SPLM/A established a Ministry of Defence. Gen.
449:
third. By June 1983, the majority of mutineers had moved to
3742:
The Dissent Channel: American Diplomacy in a Dishonest Age,
2370:
Civil wars of the world: major conflicts since World War II
2124:. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. pp. 153-155
2922:"SPLA Becomes South Sudan People's Defence Forces (SSPDF)"
2559:"Kiir appoints new army Chief of Staff, relieves deputies"
386:, which amalgamated the two forces under the SPLA banner.
2053:. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. pp. 18-19
1178:
After the restructure as SSPDF, Malong was superseded by
977:
Work on a national security strategy began in late 2012.
39:"Defence" is spelt "Defense" in the name in some sources.
896:
Probably more important than the reorganisation was the
3752:
Food and Power in Sudan: A Critique of Humanitarianism,
3436:"Buay Rolnyang to appear in military court 'very soon'"
1716:
1466:
1274:
Established 2006. By 2013 division headquarters was at
1148:
615:
government in 1991. It captured various towns, such as
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
3784:, 06KHARTOUM1650_a, July 12, 2006 15:59 (Wednesday).
2297:
2295:
2289:. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 25
2252:. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 53
2230:. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 22
2161:
2159:
2157:
2144:
2142:
2097:. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 65
2075:. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 23
2015:
2013:
1962:
1960:
1252:. Until 2 December 2015, it was under the command of
711:
A split in the SPLA had simmered since late 1990, as
2464:
2462:
2460:
606:
Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation
4585:
4523:
4462:
4374:
4333:
4255:
4137:
4109:
3826:
2553:
2551:
309:
237:
232:
222:
215:
205:
191:
186:
178:
170:
165:
153:
141:
129:
122:
94:
77:
69:
61:
44:
1016:Sudan People's Liberation Movement (In Opposition)
954:, composed of equal numbers from the SPLA and the
4729:Military units and formations established in 1983
4111:States and regions with limited or no recognition
2007:. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011. pp. 252-253
1799:"South Sudan's president appoints new army chief"
1046:division of South Sudan into 28 (later 32) states
531:The SPLA had a complicated relationship with the
1659:Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition
1440:Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition
1438:According to a 2015 security agreement with the
1387:Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition
1337:Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition
3464:Report of the Panel of Experts, S/2016/963, p.3
831:Salva Kiir Mayardit, Commander-in-Chief of SPLA
56:Flag of the South Sudan People's Defence Forces
4232:
3806:
3708:International Institute for Strategic Studies
1578:International Institute for Strategic Studies
1080:Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS) started in
1008:Transitional Autonomous Region of South Sudan
870:: Northern Bahr el Ghazal and Warrap states;
382:, signed an agreement with Kiir known as the
8:
3574:"SPLA Starts redeploying forces out of Juba"
2963:
2961:
2959:
2404:. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011. p. 220
2322:. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011. p. 208
2267:. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011. p. 128
1987:. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011. p. 210
1200:SSPDF Divisions in cantonment in August 2020
543:Another force that confronted SPLA were the
445:was appointed second ranking Commander, and
3547:"SPLA deploys soldiers along Juba-Bor road"
4529:
4468:
4380:
4339:
4239:
4225:
4217:
3813:
3799:
3791:
3358:
3356:
2732:
2730:
2491:
2489:
974:’s Africa Peacekeeping Program (AFRICAP).
885:, the 6th Division, SPLA personnel in the
50:
4699:Factions of the Second Sudanese Civil War
3130:(in Latin). 21 March 2017. Archived from
2700:"Heavy gunfire rocks South Sudan capital"
1866:
1864:
1744:Learn how and when to remove this message
1048:in order to restore the territory of the
519:The SPLA launched its first advance into
351:in 1983 and was a key participant of the
4704:Factions of the South Sudanese Civil War
1904:"Who Is CDR. William Nyuon Bany Machar?"
1665:Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North
1586:
1330:. Chuol said he had overthrown Governor
960:Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North
143:Minister of Defence and Veterans Affairs
3750:Further reading: African Rights, 1997.
3034:"Wartorn South Sudan's army chief dies"
2312:
2310:
2107:
2105:
2103:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1793:
1791:
1757:
27:Combined military forces of South Sudan
3605:
3595:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1977:
1975:
41:
3503:
3376:from the original on 19 February 2020
3124:"South Sudan leader sacks army chief"
3064:"New South Sudan army chief sworn in"
2811:from the original on 30 December 2019
2780:from the original on 24 February 2018
2748:from the original on 20 December 2016
2706:from the original on 17 December 2013
2655:
2596:CPA Annexure I, Part 1, Article 7.1.2
2542:
2480:
2468:
2445:from the original on 15 February 2011
1576:According to the 2013 edition of the
1118:United Nations Mission in South Sudan
7:
2982:from the original on 12 January 2021
2950:
2902:from the original on 29 October 2019
2872:from the original on 10 October 2017
2686:
2425:
2413:
2386:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2301:
2177:
2165:
2148:
2133:
2019:
1966:
1715:, as they are easily broken. Please
966:as Chairman and Commander-in-Chief.
600:All peace talks ended following the
584:1986 Sudanese parliamentary election
34:South Sudan Defence Forces (militia)
3527:from the original on 29 August 2017
3094:"Kiir sacks army chief Gabriel Jok"
2569:from the original on 7 January 2014
1240:. Established 2006. After the CPA,
920:, became part of the 5th Division.
441:was the SPLA's Commander-in-Chief.
347:movement against the government of
325:South Sudan People's Defence Forces
45:South Sudan People's Defence Forces
3341:from the original on 20 March 2014
3259:from the original on 19 April 2012
3194:"The Conflict in Upper Nile State"
3001:Mayom, Manyang (18 October 2019).
2768:"The Conflict in Upper Nile State"
2628:from the original on 17 April 2020
1811:from the original on 12 April 2021
1653:Sudan People's Liberation Movement
812:2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement
25:
4284:Southern Sudan Autonomous Region
3584:from the original on 1 April 2018
3485:from the original on 1 April 2018
3446:from the original on 15 June 2021
3415:from the original on 1 April 2018
3232:. Juba. Dabanga. 17 December 2013
3206:from the original on 3 March 2019
3173:from the original on 2 March 2023
3074:from the original on 18 June 2018
3044:from the original on 17 June 2018
3013:from the original on 19 June 2020
2932:from the original on 20 June 2020
2508:from the original on 21 July 2013
2496:Paterno, Steve (24 August 2012).
1945:from the original on 20 June 2020
1935:"SPLA Day in South Sudan in 2021"
1883:from the original on 19 June 2020
1776:from the original on 17 June 2018
1548:operated the following aircraft:
1322:said the 4th Division commander,
1044:militia, it aimed to reverse the
4694:Factions of the Second Congo War
4119:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3891:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3681:. New York: Human Rights Watch.
3517:"The Conflict in Bahr el Ghazal"
3104:from the original on 20 May 2020
2830:Isabirye, Joel (8 August 2017).
2702:. Al Jazeera. 16 December 2013.
2498:"Plural news and views on Sudan"
1902:Buay, Gordon (24 January 2011).
1680:
1453:
1369:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1308:
1193:as the chief of Defense Forces.
1135:
822:Coalition to Stop Child Soldiers
604:. In September 1989, the ruling
359:. After Garang's death in 2005,
339:), is the military force of the
4689:Factions of the First Congo War
3553:from the original on 2 May 2019
3156:South Sudan: The Notable Firsts
1641:Democratic Change (South Sudan)
1222:Political and Moral Orientation
243:Military history of South Sudan
2398:Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach.
2316:Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach.
2261:Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach.
2001:Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach.
1981:Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach.
1647:Sudan Liberation Movement/Army
683:and the southern parts of the
333:Sudan People's Liberation Army
1:
4300:Comprehensive Peace Agreement
1933:Shaw, Toby (1 January 2020).
1829:
1729:), or an abbreviated title.
1711:Knowledge (XXG)'s style guide
948:Comprehensive Peace Agreement
818:Comprehensive Peace Agreement
372:Comprehensive Peace Agreement
316:Military ranks of South Sudan
227:Military Industry Corporation
4734:1983 establishments in Sudan
4305:2011 independence referendum
4275:Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)
3521:www.smallarmssurveysudan.org
3479:www.smallarmssurveysudan.org
3434:Machier, Tor (1 June 2018).
2969:"Africa :: South Sudan"
2928:(in Latin). 3 October 2018.
2799:Machol, Deng (16 May 2017).
2531:. Zed Books. pp. 121–2.
2368:Karl R. DeRouen and Uk Heo.
1847:. Human Rights Watch. 1990.
1415:Western Bahr el Ghazal State
1355:Western Bahr el Ghazal State
559:had no political ambitions.
343:. The SPLA was founded as a
4719:Rebel groups in South Sudan
4577:Water supply and sanitation
3956:Ivory Coast (CĂ´te d'Ivoire)
2974:Central Intelligence Agency
1026:Southern Sudanese civil war
934:Josephine Apieu Jenaro Aken
816:In 2004, a year before the
551:. Warfare between SPLA and
367:of 10,000–14,000 soldiers.
275:Disarmament of the Lou Nuer
4750:
3153:Kuyok, Kuyok Abol (2015).
1511:tanks captured during the
984:
395:South Sudan Defence Forces
391:South Sudan's independence
376:South Sudan Defence Forces
38:
31:
18:South Sudan Defense Forces
4652:
4532:
4471:
4383:
4342:
4280:Second Sudanese Civil War
3712:The Military Balance 2019
3670:. Small Arms Survey HSBA.
1540:More than 30 82mm mortars
1513:Second Sudanese Civil War
1353:: Girinti Barracks, Wau,
602:1989 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
591:Democratic Unionist Party
353:Second Sudanese Civil War
257:Second Sudanese Civil War
49:
4388:Administrative divisions
4320:South Sudanese Civil War
4270:First Sudanese Civil War
3876:Central African Republic
2276:Africa Watch Committee.
2239:Africa Watch Committee.
2217:Africa Watch Committee.
2111:Africa Watch Committee.
2084:Africa Watch Committee.
2062:Africa Watch Committee.
2040:Africa Watch Committee.
1429:Sudan People's Air Force
1270:: Giada Barracks, Juba,
1038:Tiger Faction New Forces
987:South Sudanese Civil War
854:SPLA officer as part of
299:South Sudanese Civil War
249:First Sudanese Civil War
32:Not to be confused with
4724:Military of South Sudan
4709:Guerrilla organizations
3780:U.S. Embassy Khartoum,
3740:Elizabeth Shackelford,
3661:Rands, Richard (2010).
3242:(subscription required)
2868:. Juba. 4 August 2017.
2180:, pp. 21, 23, 101.
1871:Teresa (21 June 2019).
1719:by replacing them with
1433:Central Equatoria State
1290:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
1272:Central Equatoria State
1128:Structure and equipment
691:1991: Setback and split
582:The SPLA boycotted the
480:law in September 1983.
341:Republic of South Sudan
154:Chief of Defense Forces
112:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
4310:United Nations Mission
3765:Who's who in SPLM-Juba
1494:
1422:Special Forces brigade
1407:Military Intelligence.
1304:Western Bahr el Ghazal
1288:: Akuem, Wodyik Lion,
1201:
952:Joint Integrated Units
887:Joint Integrated Units
859:
856:Joint Integrated Units
832:
729:Why Garang Must Go Now
700:
566:NGO Kirkens Nødhjelp (
493:
378:(SSDF), under General
117:Western Bahr el Ghazal
4714:Rebel groups in Sudan
4036:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3896:Republic of the Congo
3675:Rone, Jemera (1994).
3411:. 23 September 2016.
1596:US dollar equivalent
1593:South Sudanese pounds
1546:South Sudan Air Force
1488:
1306:(formerly at Rubkona)
1225:Training and Research
1199:
1098:According to the CIA
1093:South Sudan Air Force
972:U.S. State Department
956:Sudanese Armed Forces
853:
830:
698:
547:militias in northern
491:
403:South Sudan Air Force
197:ÂŁ10,240,750,031
161:(since 11 April 2021)
3821:Militaries of Africa
3710:(15 February 2019).
3409:www.sudantribune.com
2976:. The World Factbook
2896:www.sudantribune.com
2527:Young, John (2012).
1717:improve this article
1582:The Military Balance
1424:with four battalions
1357:(formerly at Rumbek)
703:The downfall of the
568:Norwegian Church Aid
443:Kerubino Kuanyin Bol
4167:Plazas de soberanĂa
3695:on 11 January 2014.
3578:thenationmirror.com
3475:"SSDM/A-Upper Nile"
3192:Small Arms Survey.
1689:Constructs such as
1572:Defence expenditure
1411:Mechanized Division
924:Ministry of Defence
136:Salva Kiir Mayardit
4496:Telecommunications
3608:has generic name (
2898:. 3 October 2019.
2284:2017-08-12 at the
2247:2017-07-02 at the
2225:2017-08-11 at the
2196:2018-04-19 at the
2119:2017-08-12 at the
2092:2017-07-02 at the
2070:2017-08-12 at the
2048:2017-07-02 at the
1507:A small number of
1495:
1465:. You can help by
1202:
1184:James Ajongo Mawut
1180:James Ajongo Mawut
1171:was superseded by
1147:. You can help by
981:Southern Civil War
860:
858:during the CPA era
833:
797:Summary executions
701:
578:Political openings
494:
447:William Nyuon Bany
223:Domestic suppliers
131:Commander-in-chief
4676:
4675:
4648:
4647:
4519:
4518:
4458:
4457:
4408:Foreign relations
4370:
4369:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4191:
4179:
4171:
3911:Equatorial Guinea
2773:Small Arms Survey
2744:. 11 March 2016.
2441:. Sudan Tribune.
2389:, pp. 56–58.
1854:978-0-929692-53-1
1807:. 11 April 2021.
1770:Eye Radio Network
1754:
1753:
1746:
1632:
1631:
1483:
1482:
1365:Western Equatoria
1324:James Koang Chuol
1246:Small Arms Survey
1205:SPLA organization
1175:as COGS in 2014.
1165:
1164:
733:Nasir Declaration
708:back into Sudan.
537:Gordon Kong Chuol
437:At its inception
321:
320:
283:Battle of Malakal
269:Khoriom Battalion
211:0.86% (2015 est.)
171:Military age
102:Central Equatoria
16:(Redirected from
4741:
4661:
4530:
4469:
4381:
4340:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4218:
4206:(United Kingdom)
4205:
4203:Tristan da Cunha
4199:Ascension Island
4189:
4177:
4169:
3828:Sovereign states
3815:
3808:
3801:
3792:
3733:
3696:
3691:. Archived from
3671:
3669:
3657:
3648:. London: IISS.
3640:
3631:. London: IISS.
3614:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3549:. 15 July 2017.
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3335:sudantribune.com
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3307:. Archived from
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3281:. Archived from
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3198:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2978:. 17 June 2020.
2965:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2838:. Archived from
2836:The Investigator
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2776:. 8 March 2016.
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2734:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2555:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2493:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2290:
2274:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2237:
2231:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2152:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2109:
2098:
2082:
2076:
2060:
2054:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1910:. Archived from
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1762:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1721:named references
1684:
1683:
1676:
1587:
1478:
1475:
1457:
1450:
1379:Upper Nile State
1313:
1312:
1311:
1238:Upper Nile State
1191:Santino Deng Wol
1173:Paul Malong Awan
1160:
1157:
1139:
1132:
1068:2017–2018: SSPDF
962:(SPLA-N), under
930:Dominic Dim Deng
898:Juba Declaration
484:War in the 1980s
384:Juba Declaration
331:), formerly the
233:Related articles
201:($ 78,615,712)
179:Active personnel
159:Santino Deng Wol
148:Chol Thon Balok
79:Service branches
54:
42:
21:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4664:
4657:
4644:
4635:Public holidays
4581:
4515:
4454:
4430:Law enforcement
4366:
4329:
4315:Ethnic violence
4251:
4245:
4215:
4210:
4133:
4105:
3822:
3819:
3761:
3730:
3706:
3703:
3701:Further reading
3689:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3643:
3626:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3604:
3594:
3587:
3585:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3311:on 24 June 2016
3303:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3285:on 24 June 2016
3277:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3235:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3167:
3159:. AuthorHouse.
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3134:on 20 June 2020
3122:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2967:
2966:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2842:on 18 June 2018
2829:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:10ADDISABABA176
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2565:. 1 June 2009.
2557:
2556:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2372:. Vol. 1.
2367:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2293:
2286:Wayback Machine
2275:
2271:
2260:
2256:
2249:Wayback Machine
2238:
2234:
2227:Wayback Machine
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2198:Wayback Machine
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2155:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2121:Wayback Machine
2110:
2101:
2094:Wayback Machine
2083:
2079:
2072:Wayback Machine
2061:
2057:
2050:Wayback Machine
2039:
2026:
2018:
2011:
2000:
1991:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1939:Office Holidays
1932:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1914:on 20 June 2020
1901:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1772:. 16 May 2017.
1764:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1709:discouraged by
1685:
1681:
1674:
1637:
1574:
1554:Beechcraft 1900
1544:As of 2013 the
1493:in SPLA service
1479:
1473:
1470:
1463:needs expansion
1448:
1332:Joseph Monytuel
1309:
1307:
1207:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1145:needs expansion
1130:
1111:
1070:
1050:Shilluk Kingdom
989:
983:
926:
814:
806:
769:
767:Battles of 1992
725:Shilluk peoples
693:
685:Blue Nile State
580:
486:
455:Eritrean rebels
416:
414:1983: Inception
411:
271:Fierce Fighters
114:
109:
104:
89:
88:and Air Defence
84:
57:
40:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4747:
4745:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4681:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
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4662:
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4650:
4649:
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4637:
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4622:
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4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4537:Child marriage
4533:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4450:Vice President
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4362:Climate change
4359:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250: articles
4246:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4192:
4180:
4172:
4163:Alboran Island
4151:Canary Islands
4147:
4145:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3772:
3767:
3760:
3759:External links
3757:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3672:
3658:
3641:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3564:
3538:
3508:
3496:
3466:
3457:
3426:
3396:
3387:
3369:. p. 22.
3352:
3322:
3296:
3270:
3244:
3217:
3184:
3165:
3145:
3115:
3085:
3055:
3024:
2993:
2955:
2953:, p. 487.
2943:
2926:Taarifa Rwanda
2913:
2883:
2853:
2822:
2791:
2759:
2726:
2717:
2691:
2689:, p. 532.
2660:
2648:
2639:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2547:
2535:
2519:
2485:
2473:
2456:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2391:
2379:
2376:. p. 748.
2360:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2306:
2291:
2269:
2254:
2232:
2210:
2201:
2182:
2170:
2153:
2138:
2126:
2099:
2077:
2055:
2024:
2009:
1989:
1971:
1969:, p. xiv.
1956:
1925:
1894:
1860:
1853:
1834:
1822:
1787:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1688:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
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1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
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1605:
1602:
1598:
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1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
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1556:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1505:
1481:
1480:
1460:
1458:
1447:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1408:
1404:
1390:
1372:
1358:
1348:
1316:Paulino Matiep
1297:
1283:
1265:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:Administration
1206:
1203:
1169:James Hoth Mai
1163:
1162:
1142:
1140:
1129:
1126:
1110:
1107:
1101:World Factbook
1069:
1066:
1030:
1029:
1011:
985:Main article:
982:
979:
925:
922:
906:Paulino Matiep
866:: Equatorias;
845:James Hoth Mai
841:Oyay Deng Ajak
813:
810:
805:
802:
768:
765:
692:
689:
681:Nuba Mountains
595:Sadiq al-Mahdi
579:
576:
549:Bahr el-Ghazal
485:
482:
470:Gaafar Nimeiry
415:
412:
410:
407:
380:Paulino Matiep
370:Following the
319:
318:
313:
307:
306:
305:
304:
296:
288:
280:
272:
260:
259:
254:
239:
235:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
213:
212:
209:
207:Percent of GDP
203:
202:
195:
189:
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
145:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
120:
119:
105:Malual-Chaat,
98:
92:
91:
81:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4746:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4552:Ethnic groups
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4325:Famine (2017)
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3951:Guinea-Bissau
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:PublicAffairs
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3729:9781857439885
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3690:
3688:9781564321299
3684:
3680:
3679:
3673:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3611:
3599:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3565:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3506:, p. 15.
3505:
3500:
3497:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3427:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3372:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3172:
3168:
3166:9781504943468
3162:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3146:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3103:
3099:
3098:Radio Tamazuj
3095:
3089:
3086:
3073:
3069:
3068:Radio Tamazuj
3065:
3059:
3056:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3032:Dumo, Denis.
3028:
3025:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2871:
2867:
2866:Sudan Tribune
2863:
2857:
2854:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2747:
2743:
2742:Sudan Tribune
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2658:, p. 11.
2657:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2568:
2564:
2563:Sudan Tribune
2560:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2545:, p. 10.
2544:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2507:
2503:
2502:Sudan Tribune
2499:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2428:, p. 12.
2427:
2422:
2419:
2416:, p. 99.
2415:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2358:, p. 35.
2357:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2334:, p. 91.
2333:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2304:, p. 25.
2303:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2255:
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2250:
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2214:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2168:, p. 21.
2167:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2151:, p. 27.
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2081:
2078:
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2073:
2069:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2022:, p. 90.
2021:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1913:
1909:
1908:Gurtong Trust
1905:
1898:
1895:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1846:
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1771:
1767:
1761:
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1748:
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1737:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:for footnotes
1712:
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1474:February 2023
1468:
1464:
1461:This section
1459:
1456:
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1445:
1443:
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1292:(also covers
1291:
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1156:February 2023
1150:
1146:
1143:This section
1141:
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842:
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837:United States
829:
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791:and Kapoeta.
790:
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87:
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76:
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68:
64:
60:
53:
48:
43:
35:
30:
19:
4610:Coat of arms
4567:Prostitution
4542:Demographics
4501:Trade unions
4481:Central bank
4439:
4413:Human rights
4398:Constitution
4195:Saint Helena
4139:Dependencies
4065:
4061:South Africa
4051:Sierra Leone
3856:Burkina Faso
3751:
3741:
3711:
3693:the original
3677:
3663:
3645:
3628:
3586:. Retrieved
3577:
3572:Desk, News.
3567:
3555:. Retrieved
3541:
3529:. Retrieved
3520:
3511:
3499:
3487:. Retrieved
3478:
3469:
3460:
3448:. Retrieved
3440:Nyamilepedia
3439:
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3408:
3399:
3390:
3378:. Retrieved
3364:"S/2016/656"
3343:. Retrieved
3334:
3325:
3313:. Retrieved
3309:the original
3299:
3287:. Retrieved
3283:the original
3273:
3261:. Retrieved
3247:
3234:. Retrieved
3229:
3220:
3208:. Retrieved
3187:
3175:. Retrieved
3155:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3132:the original
3127:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3097:
3088:
3076:. Retrieved
3067:
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3037:
3027:
3015:. Retrieved
3006:
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2972:
2946:
2934:. Retrieved
2925:
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2895:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2865:
2856:
2844:. Retrieved
2840:the original
2835:
2825:
2813:. Retrieved
2804:
2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2771:
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2741:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2694:
2651:
2646:ibid ODI p.7
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2610:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2562:
2538:
2528:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2501:
2483:, p. 9.
2476:
2447:. Retrieved
2433:
2421:
2409:
2399:
2394:
2382:
2369:
2363:
2351:
2346:, p. 3.
2339:
2327:
2317:
2277:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2240:
2235:
2218:
2213:
2204:
2185:
2173:
2136:, p. 1.
2129:
2112:
2085:
2080:
2063:
2058:
2041:
2002:
1982:
1947:. Retrieved
1938:
1928:
1916:. Retrieved
1912:the original
1907:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1877:City Scrollz
1876:
1843:
1837:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1802:
1778:. Retrieved
1769:
1760:
1740:
1731:
1724:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1581:
1575:
1543:
1525:2S3 Akatsiya
1519:2S1 Gvozdika
1496:
1471:
1467:adding to it
1462:
1437:
1393:8th Division
1375:7th Division
1361:6th Division
1351:5th Division
1345:Stephen Buay
1300:4th Division
1294:Warrap State
1286:3rd Division
1268:2nd Division
1260:in Rubkona,
1258:4th Division
1254:Stephen Buay
1242:George Athor
1234:1st Division
1228:
1208:
1188:
1177:
1166:
1153:
1149:adding to it
1144:
1120:(UNMISS) in
1115:
1112:
1099:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1062:
1035:
1031:
1014:
1003:
997:
990:
976:
968:
945:
941:
938:
927:
911:
904:and General
900:, signed by
895:
879:5th Division
872:4th Division
868:3rd Division
864:2nd Division
861:
834:
815:
807:
793:
770:
757:
728:
710:
702:
610:
599:
588:
581:
561:
556:
552:
544:
542:
530:
518:
516:Oil Fields.
511:
495:
459:
436:
417:
398:
394:
388:
369:
336:
332:
328:
324:
322:
301:
293:
285:
277:
262:
261:
251:
241:
96:Headquarters
83:Ground Force
70:Current form
29:
4418:LGBT rights
4248:South Sudan
4143:territories
4066:South Sudan
3606:|last=
2784:28 November
2752:26 November
2710:17 December
1726:quick guide
1401:South Sudan
1383:Peter Gadet
1341:Unity State
1262:Unity State
1082:Addis Ababa
1022:Riek Machar
993:coup d'Ă©tat
883:Lakes State
875:Unity State
820:(CPA), the
717:Riek Machar
466:Fur peoples
439:John Garang
357:John Garang
187:Expenditure
4683:Categories
4620:Literature
4435:Parliament
4403:Corruption
4352:Ecoregions
4178:(Portugal)
4141:and other
4124:Somaliland
4046:Seychelles
4011:Mozambique
3996:Mauritania
3981:Madagascar
3936:The Gambia
3871:Cape Verde
3621:References
3504:Rands 2010
3007:Africanews
2805:Africanews
2656:Rands 2010
2543:Rands 2010
2481:Rands 2010
2469:Rands 2010
1531:BM-21 Grad
1377:: Owachi,
1363:: Maridi,
1328:Salva Kiir
1216:Operations
964:Malik Agar
902:Salva Kiir
773:SPLA-Nasir
557:Murahaleen
553:Murahaleen
545:Murahaleen
533:Anyanya II
389:Following
361:Salva Kiir
124:Leadership
4562:Languages
4547:Education
4506:Transport
4486:Companies
4445:President
4425:Judiciary
4393:Elections
4335:Geography
4001:Mauritius
3720:Routledge
3654:0459-7222
3637:0459-7222
3557:3 October
3345:3 October
3230:allAfrica
3177:3 October
2951:IISS 2018
2876:9 October
2846:9 October
2687:IISS 2013
2573:7 January
2426:Rone 1994
2414:Rone 1994
2387:Rone 1994
2356:Rone 1994
2344:Rone 1994
2332:Rone 1994
2302:Rone 1994
2178:Rone 1994
2166:Rone 1994
2149:Rone 1994
2134:Rone 1994
2020:Rone 1994
1967:Rone 1994
1832:, pp. 491
1830:IISS 2019
1734:July 2019
1698:loc. cit.
1580:' report
1560:Mil Mi-17
1536:Mamba APC
1446:Equipment
1413:: Mapel,
1302:: Mapel,
1219:Logistics
1018:(SPLM-IO)
946:The 2005
804:Mid-1990s
641:Kajo Keji
564:Christian
521:Equatoria
365:divisions
355:, led by
345:guerrilla
166:Personnel
110:Wunyiek,
100:Bilpham,
86:Air Force
4668:Category
4572:Religion
4491:Currency
4440:Military
4376:Politics
4201: /
4197: /
4190:(France)
4185: /
4165: /
4161: /
4157: /
4153: /
4101:Zimbabwe
4076:Tanzania
3926:Ethiopia
3921:Eswatini
3901:Djibouti
3866:Cameroon
3851:Botswana
3598:cite web
3582:Archived
3551:Archived
3525:Archived
3483:Archived
3450:20 March
3444:Archived
3413:Archived
3371:Archived
3339:Archived
3257:Archived
3201:Archived
3171:Archived
3102:Archived
3072:Archived
3042:Archived
3011:Archived
2980:Archived
2930:Archived
2900:Archived
2870:Archived
2809:Archived
2778:Archived
2746:Archived
2704:Archived
2623:Archived
2567:Archived
2506:Archived
2443:Archived
2374:ABC-CLIO
2282:Archived
2245:Archived
2223:Archived
2194:Archived
2117:Archived
2090:Archived
2068:Archived
2046:Archived
1943:Archived
1881:Archived
1815:12 April
1809:Archived
1774:Archived
1635:See also
1431:: Juba,
1236:: Renk,
789:Pochalla
713:Lam Akol
474:Khartoum
451:Ethiopia
428:Pochalla
217:Industry
157:General
4659:Outline
4587:Culture
4525:Society
4511:Tourism
4476:Banking
4464:Economy
4293:2005–11
4288:1972–83
4265:Anyanya
4257:History
4187:RĂ©union
4183:Mayotte
4175:Madeira
4170:(Spain)
4159:Melilla
4086:Tunisia
4056:Somalia
4041:Senegal
4026:Nigeria
4016:Namibia
4006:Morocco
3971:Liberia
3966:Lesotho
3916:Eritrea
3886:Comoros
3861:Burundi
3836:Algeria
3786:Archive
3588:1 April
3531:1 April
3489:1 April
3419:1 April
3138:20 June
3078:17 June
3048:17 June
3017:20 June
2986:20 June
2936:20 June
2906:17 June
2815:20 June
2512:20 June
2449:20 June
1949:20 June
1918:20 June
1887:20 June
1804:Reuters
1780:17 June
1280:Kapoeta
1058:SPLM-IO
1042:Shilluk
673:Malakal
649:Kapoeta
526:Ugandan
507:Panyido
409:History
238:History
182:185,000
115:Mapel,
62:Founded
4605:Cinema
4595:Anthem
4557:Health
4357:Rivers
4347:Cities
4129:Tigray
4096:Zambia
4091:Uganda
4031:Rwanda
3986:Malawi
3946:Guinea
3841:Angola
3726:
3716:London
3685:
3652:
3635:
3315:4 June
3289:4 June
3236:13 May
3163:
3128:Xinhua
3108:11 May
1851:
1626:2.52bn
1615:2.42bn
1566:Mi-172
1501:110 x
1320:Bentiu
1276:Mogiri
1122:Kuajok
877:; the
749:Abwong
645:Nimule
633:Yambio
629:Mundri
625:Maridi
572:Kurmak
514:Bentiu
478:Sharia
430:, and
302:(SPLM)
294:(SPLM)
286:(SPLM)
278:(SPLM)
263:(SPLM)
252:(SPLM)
193:Budget
4640:Sport
4630:Music
4625:Media
4155:Ceuta
4071:Sudan
4021:Niger
3976:Libya
3961:Kenya
3941:Ghana
3931:Gabon
3906:Egypt
3846:Benin
3737:SPLA)
3668:(PDF)
3380:6 May
3374:(PDF)
3367:(PDF)
3263:6 May
3210:3 May
3204:(PDF)
3197:(PDF)
2632:3 May
2626:(PDF)
2619:(PDF)
2616:"p.3"
1692:ibid.
1672:Notes
1618:537m
1607:533m
1604:1.6bn
1529:15 x
1523:12 x
1517:12 x
785:Pibor
781:Yirol
761:Torit
661:Nasir
657:Akobo
653:Torit
503:Bonga
499:Dimma
432:Pibor
349:Sudan
329:SSPDF
311:Ranks
4615:Flag
4081:Togo
3991:Mali
3881:Chad
3724:ISBN
3683:ISBN
3650:ISSN
3633:ISSN
3610:help
3590:2018
3559:2019
3533:2018
3491:2018
3452:2022
3421:2018
3382:2019
3347:2019
3317:2016
3291:2016
3265:2019
3238:2023
3212:2019
3179:2020
3161:ISBN
3140:2020
3110:2020
3080:2018
3050:2018
3019:2020
2988:2020
2938:2020
2908:2020
2878:2017
2848:2017
2817:2020
2786:2017
2754:2017
2712:2013
2634:2019
2575:2014
2514:2020
2451:2012
1951:2020
1920:2020
1889:2020
1849:ISBN
1817:2021
1782:2018
1707:are
1704:idem
1701:and
1623:2013
1612:2012
1601:2011
1590:Year
1564:1 x
1558:9 x
1552:1 x
1509:T-55
1503:T-72
1491:T-72
1427:The
1418:men.
1250:Nuer
1109:2019
1054:SPLM
1036:The
1013:The
1002:The
918:Raja
745:Adok
741:Waat
737:Ayod
723:and
721:Nuer
715:and
705:Derg
675:and
665:Juba
659:and
637:Kaya
621:Waat
613:Derg
505:and
464:and
462:Nuba
424:Ayod
399:SSDF
337:SPLA
323:The
73:2018
65:1983
4600:Art
3038:U.S
1469:.
1397:Bor
1151:.
914:8th
891:Bor
881:in
777:Bor
753:Ler
677:Wau
669:Yei
617:Bor
420:Bor
199:SSP
107:Bor
4685::
3722:.
3718::
3714:.
3602::
3600:}}
3596:{{
3580:.
3576:.
3523:.
3519:.
3481:.
3477:.
3442:.
3438:.
3407:.
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3337:.
3333:.
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3228:.
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3009:.
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2971:.
2958:^
2924:.
2894:.
2864:.
2834:.
2807:.
2803:.
2770:.
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2729:^
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2488:^
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2309:^
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2156:^
2141:^
2102:^
2027:^
2012:^
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1974:^
1959:^
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