1031:
1083:
43:
873:
354:
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341:
994:, his own "dialect" Sekwena was chosen over two other popular variations Setlokwa and Setaung and that these two still exist as "dialects" of modern Sesotho. The inclusion of Setlokwa in this scenario is confusing, as the modern language named "Setlokwa" is a Northern Sesotho language spoken by descendants of the same Batlokwa whose attack on the young chief Moshoeshoe's settlement during
2396:
987:'s nation in the early 19th century. The situation is even further complicated by various historical factors, such as members of parent clans joining their descendants or various clans calling themselves by the same names (because they honour the same legendary ancestor or have the same totem).
916:
has been heavily influenced by
Sesotho; its speakers have mixed Nguni and Sotho–Tswana ancestry. It seems that it is sometimes treated erroneously as a dialect of Sesotho called "Sephuthi." However, Phuthi is mutually unintelligible with standard Sesotho and thus cannot in any sense be termed a
917:
dialect of it. The occasional tendency to label all minor languages spoken in
Lesotho as "dialects" of Sesotho is considered patronising, in addition to being linguistically inaccurate and in part serving a national myth that all citizens of Lesotho have Sesotho as their mother tongue.
1182:, where, according to 1993 data, it was spoken by about 1,493,000 people, or 85% of the population. The census fails to record other South Africans for whom Sesotho is a second or third language. Such speakers are found in all major residential areas of
3046:
1226:
are derived. Tsotsitaal is not a proper language, as it is primarily a unique vocabulary and a set of idioms but used with the grammar and inflexion rules of another language (usually
Sesotho or
1170:, there were almost four million first language Sesotho speakers recorded in South Africa – approximately eight per cent of the population. Most Sesotho speakers in South Africa reside in
768:"Sotho" is also the name given to the entire Sotho-Tswana group, in which case Sesotho proper is called "Southern Sotho". Within the Sotho-Tswana group, Southern Sotho is also related to
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It also has a large number of complex sound transformations which often change the phones of words due to the influence of other (sometimes invisible) sounds.
1002:) caused them to migrate to present-day Lesotho. On the other hand, Doke & Mofokeng claims that the tendency of many Sesotho speakers to say for example
2038:, which is where the Sesotho versions come from), and the language does also contain words resembling click words from Nguni but not from Sesotho (such as
3935:
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762:
469:
1183:
642:
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1955:
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protest at the
National University of Lesotho. The sign translates: "If you do not listen to women, we will lose patience with you." (2008)
1792:
983:(by Mosia). These were the first peoples to be called "Basotho", before many of their descendants and other peoples came together to form
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This article is about the
Lesotho and central South African Sotho language. For the northeastern South African Sotho language, see
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Webb, Vic. 2002. "Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development."
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1602:
803:
382:
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However, one point that seems to often confuse authors who attempt to study the dialectology of
Sesotho is the term
1785:
219:
1921:
systems. The grammatical gender system does not encode sex gender, and indeed, Bantu languages in general are not
892:) due to heavy borrowing from neighbouring languages, there is no discernible dialect variation in this language.
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A Mosotho woman holding up a sign protesting violence against women, written in her native
Sesotho language, at a
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Geographical distribution of Sotho in South Africa: proportion of the population that speaks Sotho at home.
877:
628:
426:
311:
31:
872:
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2186:
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1847:
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1304:
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730:
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The most striking properties of
Sesotho grammar, and the most important properties which reveal it as a
1878:
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Except for faint lexical variation within
Lesotho, and for marked lexical variation between the Lesotho/
861:
605:
583:
204:
2198:
488:
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2289:
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1416:
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1207:
955:, who are one of the most ancient of the Sotho–Tswana tribes), and bore the founders of five tribes:
902:
3810:
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3148:
3013:
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Sociolinguistic variation in spoken and written
Sesotho: A case study of speech varieties in Qwaqwa
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1822:
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1522:
1504:
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Additionally, being derived from a language or dialect very closely related to modern Sesotho, the
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Project translating Free and Open Source Software into South African languages, including Sesotho.
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is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
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1338:
1333:
1326:
1311:
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616:
302:
214:
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Geographical distribution of Sotho in South Africa: density of Sotho home-language speakers.
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group is geographical, and includes a number of dialects also closely related to Sotho-Lozi.
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3422:
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3323:
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3206:
3142:
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The historical implications of the linguistic relationship between Makua and Sotho languages
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1918:
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The standard Sesotho clicks tend to be substituted with dental clicks in regular speech.
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An often repeated story is that when the modern Basotho nation was established by King
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229:
17:
2007:
To the extent that it even has several words that resemble Sesotho words with clicks:
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nation (an old and respected people), was married to chief Tabane of the (Southern)
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1950:
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for the language in English has seen increasing use since the 1980s, especially in
849:
715:
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359:
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160:
142:
2030:
one could just as easily say that these words were imported from Nguni languages (
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The oral history of the Basotho and Northern Sotho peoples (as contained in their
840:
is the root word. Various prefixes may be added for specific derivations, such as
2750:
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1279:) harmony. In total, the language contains some 39 consonantal and 9 vowel
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147:
123:
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systems, indicating noun roles almost exclusively through word order.
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variety and that of the large urban townships to the north (such as
776:), with which it forms the Sesotho-Lozi group within Sotho-Tswana.
2816:
2677:
2397:
Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights
1081:
1029:
871:
1850:). Dialectical evidence shows that in the Sotho–Tswana languages
2703:
1255:
The sound system of Sesotho is unusual in many respects. It has
3943:
Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates
3028:
2835:
2353:
2262:
2183:
790:
The Sotho-Tswana group is in turn closely related to the other
36:
928:
is also sometimes cited as a modern dialect of Sesotho named
682:
676:
27:
Southern Bantu language of Lesotho and neighbouring countries
1928:
Another well-known property of the Bantu languages is their
1178:. Sesotho is also the main language spoken by the people of
2224:
A beginner's language text, created for the US Peace Corps.
2195:
1010:
when forming the perfect of the passive of verbs ending in
667:
2180:
A gentle introduction to the Sesotho language and culture.
2177:
1194:– where multilingualism and polylectalism are very high.
943:) states that 'Mathulare, a daughter of the chief of the
2144:. Cape Town: Longman Southern Africa, 3rd. impression.
909:", "Sesotho speakers", and "residents of Lesotho." The
1862:
Sesotho makes a three-way distinction between lightly
1230:). It is a part of the youth culture in most Southern
673:
664:
2134:. In PULA Journal of African Studies, vol. 11, no. 1
679:
3878:
3837:
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3677:
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3250:
3243:
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3134:
3075:
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2869:
2774:
2749:
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2712:
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2417:
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670:
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329:
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130:
118:
103:
1275:, and a rare form of vowel-height (alternatively,
2230:Another book developed by a Peace Corps volunteer
1932:morphology. Additionally, they tend to lack any
1222:Sesotho is one of the many languages from which
737:and derivational and inflexional rules to build
2164:Basotho family odes (Diboko) and oral tradition
2130:Batibo, H. M., Moilwa, J., and Mosaka N. 1997.
1022:) is "a relic of the extinct Tlokwa dialect".
3040:
2847:
2365:
2274:
2211:Information on the language and localisation.
636:
8:
2241:Spell checker for OpenOffice.org and Mozilla
3967:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)
3962:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)
3957:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)
3952:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)
3947:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)
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2414:
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2358:
2350:
2281:
2267:
2259:
2159:. M.A. thesis. University of South Africa.
1842:, occurring only before the close vowels (
643:
629:
553:
100:
2166:. M.A. thesis. University of South Africa
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
2102:Impact: Studies in language and society,
1288:
1014:(as well as forming their perfects with
491:incl. varieties 99-AUT-eea to 99-AUT-eee
50:This article includes a list of general
2072:
1967:
967:(by Mophuthing, and later the Mzizi of
556:
496:
1291:
1168:South African National Census of 2011
263:
122:
7:
1956:South African Translators' Institute
1237:and is the primary language used in
787:is also known as "Western Sesotho".
3925:Languages between parentheses are
2142:Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar
1204:official languages of South Africa
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2253:Mozilla Thunderbird email program
1821:
1791:
1784:
1775:
1751:
1745:
1727:
1721:
1710:
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1696:
1689:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1567:
1559:
1541:
1528:
1521:
1503:
1490:
1483:
1460:
1453:
1444:
1437:
1415:
1389:
1361:
971:, connected with the present-day
2392:Pan South African Language Board
1210:and one of the sixteen official
660:
388:Pan South African Language Board
365:
352:
339:
41:
2209:PanAfrican L10n page on Sesotho
2115:New Updated Guthrie List Online
1854:was originally pronounced as a
1267:, a relatively large number of
3929:of the language on their left.
2402:Department of Arts and Culture
1:
3998:Subject–verb–object languages
1202:Sesotho is one of the twelve
2140:, and Mofokeng, S. M. 1974.
1858:before the two close vowels.
901:, which can variously mean "
172:5.6 million (2001–2011)
2249:Mozilla Firefox web-browser
1184:Metropolitan Municipalities
844:for the Sotho language and
755:Niger–Congo language family
4014:
1902:
1891:
1248:
1206:, one of the two official
816:Southern African countries
814:and the other surrounding
710:("S.30") group, spoken in
29:
3911:
2387:
2381:Languages of South Africa
2215:Sesotho language tutorial
2189:29 September 2019 at the
1803:
1765:
1720:
1680:
1661:
1588:
1472:
1452:
1431:
1344:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1293:
998:(led by the famous widow
794:languages, including the
331:Official language in
113:
108:
2113:Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
822:, and possibly also the
3993:Vowel-harmony languages
2220:11 October 2017 at the
2201:14 January 2007 at the
2090:(subscription required)
1273:prenasalised consonants
1026:Geographic distribution
907:Northern Sotho speakers
905:", "Southern Sotho and
751:Southern Bantu language
704:Southern Bantu language
71:more precise citations.
32:Northern Sotho language
18:Southern Sotho language
3936:Guthrie classification
3061:Guthrie classification
2317:Non-official languages
2155:Ntaoleng, B. S. 2004.
2055:75 if you include the
1879:places of articulation
1163:
1079:
924:Sotho–Tswana language
881:
826:(zone P) languages of
731:agglutinative language
178:in South Africa (2002)
2863:Languages of Zimbabwe
2782:Tsotsitaal and Camtho
2324:Lesotho Sign Language
1212:languages of Zimbabwe
1085:
1033:
903:Sotho–Tswana speakers
875:
862:South African English
2961:Unofficial languages
2582:unofficial languages
2290:Languages of Lesotho
2042:to think, c.f. Zulu
2023:to quarrel (Sesotho
1923:grammatically marked
1277:advanced tongue root
1269:affricate consonants
1208:languages of Lesotho
1150: 1000–3000 /km²
878:National Women's Day
124:[sɪ̀sʊ́tʰʊ̀]
3149:Mwera of Mbamba Bay
2987:Immigrant languages
2309:(national language)
1894:Sesotho orthography
1257:ejective consonants
1158: >3000 /km²
1142: 300–1000 /km²
810:which is native to
733:that uses numerous
3781:(Northern) Ndebele
2877:Zimbabwean English
2870:Official languages
2461:(Sesotho sa Leboa)
2297:Official languages
2162:Tšiu, W. M. 2001.
2013:to begin (Sesotho
1913:language, are its
1164:
1134: 100–300 /km²
1080:
882:
3975:
3974:
3920:extinct languages
3907:
3906:
3596:
3595:
3565:North-West Herero
3391:
3390:
3239:
3238:
3022:
3021:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2738:
2737:
2587:1996 constitution
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2496:Southern Ndebele
2347:
2346:
2184:Weblog on Sesotho
2088:(18th ed., 2015)
1831:
1830:
1251:Sesotho phonology
1218:Derived languages
1166:According to the
1126: 30–100 /km²
979:(by Kgwadi), and
951:(a branch of the
753:belonging to the
720:official language
653:
652:
552:
551:
495:
494:
383:Regulated by
303:Ditema tsa Dinoko
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
4005:
3829:Sumayela Ndebele
3605:
3542:Kolonkadhi-Eunda
3400:
3248:
3073:
3059:(Zones N–S) (by
3049:
3042:
3035:
3026:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2833:
2807:SA Sign Language
2747:
2637:Northern Ndebele
2592:
2584:mentioned in the
2447:
2415:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2351:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2228:the SeSotho book
2196:Translate.org.za
2117:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2077:
2060:
2053:
2047:
2005:
1999:
1972:
1934:grammatical case
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1525:
1507:
1494:
1487:
1464:
1457:
1448:
1441:
1419:
1393:
1365:
1289:
1261:click consonants
1157:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1118: 10–30 /km²
1117:
1109:
1101:
1094: <1 /km²
1093:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
864:and in Lesotho.
729:, Sesotho is an
700:Sesotho sa Borwa
694:, also known as
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294:Sesotho alphabet
285:
220:Southern Bantoid
188:
126:
101:
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
67:this article by
58:inline citations
45:
44:
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21:
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3571:Botswana Herero
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3451:
3387:
3377:Lomwe of Malawi
3328:
3287:
3235:
3182:
3153:
3130:
3126:Ngoni of Malawi
3064:
3057:Bantu languages
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2770:
2734:
2708:
2651:
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2527:
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2467:Southern Sotho
2459:Northern Sotho
2436:
2406:
2383:
2378:
2348:
2343:
2312:
2292:
2287:
2237:
2222:Wayback Machine
2203:Wayback Machine
2191:Wayback Machine
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1905:Sesotho grammar
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1200:
1198:Official status
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110: 3–10 /km²
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1028:
870:
820:Nguni languages
747:
727:Bantu languages
718:where it is an
663:
659:
649:
606:Deficient verbs
584:Parts of speech
476:
473:
468:
458:
442:
435:
425:
424:
417:
407:
406:
399:
377:
366:
364:
353:
351:
340:
338:
332:
325:Official status
315:
310:
301:
297:
286:
281:
260:
189:
186:Language family
184:
173:
169:
168:Native speakers
152:
93:
82:
76:
73:
63:Please help to
62:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4011:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3988:Sotho language
3980:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3931:
3930:
3923:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3406:
3404:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3079:
3077:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2797:Pretoria Sotho
2794:
2789:
2787:Oorlams Creole
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2589:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2442:Southern Bantu
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2245:OpenOffice.org
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2212:
2206:
2193:
2181:
2178:Sesotho Online
2173:
2172:External links
2170:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2135:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2106:
2093:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2048:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2000:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1946:Sotho calendar
1941:
1938:
1903:Main article:
1900:
1897:
1892:Main article:
1889:
1886:
1860:
1859:
1856:retroflex flap
1829:
1828:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1660:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1249:Main article:
1246:
1243:
1219:
1216:
1199:
1196:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1102: 1–3 /km²
1098:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1027:
1024:
911:Nguni language
869:
866:
792:Southern Bantu
781:Northern Sotho
746:
745:Classification
743:
739:complete words
696:Southern Sotho
651:
650:
648:
647:
640:
633:
625:
622:
621:
620:
619:
614:
613:
612:
611:
610:
609:
608:
598:
597:
596:
576:
575:
574:
561:
560:
550:
549:
541:
537:
536:
530:
526:
525:
517:
513:
512:
506:
502:
501:
493:
492:
486:
480:
479:
474:
467:
464:
463:
456:
448:
447:
440:
432:
431:
422:
414:
413:
404:
396:
395:
394:Language codes
391:
390:
385:
379:
378:
376:
375:
362:
349:
335:
333:
330:
327:
326:
322:
321:
316:
309:
306:
305:
287:
283:Writing system
280:
277:
276:
275:
274:
271:
266:
262:
261:
259:
258:
257:
256:
255:
254:
253:
252:
251:
250:
249:
248:
247:
246:
245:
244:
243:
242:
230:Southern Bantu
200:Atlantic–Congo
192:
190:
183:
180:
179:
170:
167:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
151:
150:
145:
140:
134:
132:
131:Native to
128:
127:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
109:Southern Sotho
106:
105:
95:
94:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4010:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3823:South Ndebele
3820:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2952:Zimbabwe Sign
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2578:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2419:West Germanic
2416:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:0-582-61700-6
2147:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1974:Also spelled
1971:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1930:agglutinative
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1192:Vaal Triangle
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1074: 80–100%
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
963:(by Kgetsi),
962:
959:(by Mopedi),
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
915:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:
893:
891:
887:
879:
874:
867:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
766:
764:
763:Zone S (S.30)
760:
756:
752:
744:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
687:
657:
646:
641:
639:
634:
632:
627:
626:
624:
623:
618:
615:
607:
604:
603:
602:
599:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
586:
585:
582:
581:
580:
577:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
564:
563:
562:
559:
555:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
531:
527:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:
503:
498:
490:
487:
485:
481:
475:
471:
465:
461:
457:
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
438:
433:
428:
423:
420:
415:
410:
405:
402:
397:
392:
389:
386:
384:
380:
374:
363:
361:
350:
348:
337:
336:
334:
328:
323:
320:
317:
313:
307:
304:
300:
299:Sotho Braille
295:
291:
288:
284:
278:
272:
269:
268:
267:
241:
238:
237:
236:
233:
232:
231:
228:
227:
226:
223:
222:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
206:
203:
202:
201:
198:
197:
195:
191:
187:
181:
177:
171:
165:
162:
159:
155:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
119:Pronunciation
117:
112:
107:
102:
99:
91:
88:
80:
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3915:
3721:
2921:
2763:
2690:(historical)
2561:
2542:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2498:(isiNdebele)
2497:
2476:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2451:Sotho–Tswana
2306:
2163:
2156:
2141:
2131:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2083:
2075:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1951:Sotho people
1927:
1925:for gender.
1908:
1883:
1861:
1285:
1265:uvular trill
1254:
1239:Kwaito music
1221:
1201:
1188:Johannesburg
1165:
1066: 60–80%
1058: 40–60%
1050: 20–40%
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
992:Moshoeshoe I
989:
985:Moshoeshoe I
980:
976:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
938:
933:
929:
919:
896:
894:
883:
857:
856:rather than
853:
850:Sotho people
845:
841:
837:
836:
789:
778:
773:
767:
759:Sotho-Tswana
748:
724:
716:South Africa
708:Sotho–Tswana
699:
695:
691:
655:
654:
557:
544:
532:
520:
508:
484:Linguasphere
470:Guthrie code
451:
360:South Africa
319:Signed Sotho
312:Signed forms
239:
235:Sotho–Tswana
174:7.9 million
143:South Africa
98:
83:
74:
55:
3231:Sena-Malawi
2812:Angloromani
2751:LGBTQ slang
2562:(Tshivenḓa)
2255:in Sesotho.
2138:Doke, C. M.
2059:consonants.
1915:noun gender
1888:Orthography
1877:in several
1767:Approximant
1351:glottalized
1224:tsotsitaals
1042: 0–20%
1018:instead of
1006:instead of
1000:Mmanthatisi
757:within the
749:Sotho is a
617:Orthography
210:Benue–Congo
205:Volta-Congo
194:Niger–Congo
176:L2 speakers
77:August 2021
69:introducing
3982:Categories
3811:Nhlangwini
3787:Old Mfengu
3728:Phalaborwa
3524:Dombondola
3259:Ndengereko
3014:Portuguese
2683:Portuguese
2632:Nhlangwini
2595:Indigenous
2580:Recognised
2543:(Xitsonga)
2533:Tswa–Ronga
2514:(isiXhosa)
2477:(Setswana)
2085:Ethnologue
2067:References
2057:labialized
2044:ukucabanga
2040:ku kabanga
1686:voiceless
1190:, and the
1186:– such as
1172:Free State
1008:ke romilwe
1004:ke ronngwe
965:Baphuthing
961:Makgolokwe
886:Free State
832:Mozambique
761:branch of
52:references
3927:varieties
3918:indicate
3704:Khalaxadi
3536:Kwaluudhi
3512:Ndongwena
3482:Ngandyera
3114:Ndendeule
2765:IsiNgqumo
2713:Religious
2522:(isiZulu)
2506:(siSwati)
2469:(Sesotho)
2427:Afrikaans
2036:ukuxabana
2025:ho qabana
2021:ku kabana
1868:aspirated
1836:allophone
1682:Fricative
1633:aspirated
1590:Affricate
1517:aspirated
1379:aspirated
1245:Phonology
1235:townships
953:Bahurutse
852:. Use of
725:Like all
567:Phonology
489:99-AUT-ee
453:Glottolog
437:ISO 639-3
419:ISO 639-2
401:ISO 639-1
157:Ethnicity
3616:Korekore
3506:Mbalanhu
3464:Kwanyama
3178:Manganja
2887:Chibarwe
2792:Fanagalo
2730:Sanskrit
2673:Gujarati
2411:Official
2235:Software
2218:Archived
2199:Archived
2187:Archived
1940:See also
1864:ejective
1595:ejective
1479:ejective
1307:alveolar
1300:Alveolar
1281:phonemes
996:Lifaqane
977:Batlokwa
949:Bakgatla
945:Bafokeng
934:Sekololo
868:Dialects
848:for the
828:Tanzania
594:Concords
572:Tonology
529:Language
460:sout2807
373:Zimbabwe
265:Dialects
148:Zimbabwe
3916:Italics
3870:Hlengwe
3652:Kalanga
3640:Karanga
3628:Manyika
3518:Kwankwa
3500:Mbandja
3423:Nyaneka
3411:Umbundu
3312:Makonde
3271:Matumbi
3207:Nyungwe
3143:Tumbuka
3096:Matengo
3055:Narrow
3009:Chinese
2999:Punjabi
2912:Ndebele
2892:Kalanga
2656:Foreign
2612:Khoisan
2541:Tsonga
2475:Tswana
2432:English
2307:Sesotho
2303:English
2124:Sources
2032:ukuqala
2015:ho qala
2011:ku kala
1988:Sisutho
1919:concord
1899:Grammar
1736:voiced
1474:Plosive
1339:lateral
1334:central
1327:Glottal
1312:Palatal
1232:Gauteng
1180:Lesotho
1176:Gauteng
973:Ndebele
969:Dlamini
930:Serotse
922:Zambian
898:Basotho
854:Sesotho
846:Basotho
842:Sesotho
735:affixes
712:Lesotho
706:of the
692:Sesotho
579:Grammar
558:Sesotho
540:Country
347:Lesotho
215:Bantoid
161:Basotho
138:Lesotho
114:Sesotho
65:improve
3897:[S611
3868:[S511
3858:Tsonga
3852:Gwamba
3805:Phuthi
3785:[S401
3746:Pulana
3734:Kutswe
3726:[S301
3716:Lobedu
3698:Ngwatu
3692:Kgatla
3686:Tswana
3622:Zezuru
3601:Zone S
3563:[R311
3559:Herero
3530:Esinga
3488:Kafima
3486:[R211
3476:Kwambi
3470:Ndonga
3435:Kuvale
3433:[R101
3429:Khumbi
3417:Ndombe
3396:Zone R
3383:Moniga
3371:Sakati
3363:[P311
3324:Mabiha
3318:Ndonde
3283:Mbunga
3277:Ngindo
3244:Zone P
3229:[N441
3195:Nsenga
3166:Nyanja
3147:[N201
3112:[N101
3069:Zone N
2994:French
2937:Tswana
2932:Tsonga
2902:Nambya
2897:Koisan
2802:Scamto
2725:Hebrew
2720:Arabic
2699:Telugu
2663:German
2642:Phuthi
2560:Venda
2512:Xhosa
2504:Swazi
2329:Phuthi
2251:, and
2148:
1996:Sesutu
1976:Suthio
1872:voiced
1834:is an
1555:voiced
1406:nasal
1322:Uvular
1295:Labial
1156:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1040:
957:Bapedi
941:liboko
914:Phuthi
890:Soweto
812:Zambia
800:Tsonga
785:Tswana
774:Silozi
714:, and
516:People
505:Person
370:
357:
344:
270:Phuthi
54:, but
3899:Lenge
3893:Tonga
3864:Ronga
3827:S408
3821:S407
3815:S406
3809:S405
3803:S404
3799:Hlubi
3797:S403
3793:Bhaca
3791:S402
3775:Swati
3763:Xhosa
3744:S304
3738:S303
3732:S302
3722:Sotho
3714:S32b
3708:S32a
3702:S31d
3696:S31c
3690:S31b
3684:S31a
3669:Venda
3632:S13b
3626:S13a
3569:R312
3540:R242
3534:R241
3528:R218
3522:R217
3516:R216
3510:R215
3504:R214
3498:R213
3494:Evale
3492:R212
3447:Mbali
3445:R103
3441:Kwisi
3439:R102
3381:P341
3375:P331
3369:P312
3359:Cuabo
3353:Ngulu
3347:Lomwe
3341:Makua
3306:Mwera
3265:Ruihi
3225:Podzo
3201:Kunda
3176:N31c
3170:N31b
3164:N31a
3124:N121
3120:Nindi
3118:N102
3108:Tonga
3102:Mpoto
3090:Ngoni
3084:Manda
3004:Hindi
2968:Kunda
2947:Xhosa
2942:Venda
2927:Tonga
2922:Sotho
2917:Shona
2882:Chewa
2817:Kaaps
2775:Other
2759:Gayle
2743:Other
2694:Tamil
2688:Malay
2678:Hindi
2668:Greek
2602:Bhaca
2553:Venda
2520:Zulu
2488:Nguni
2334:Xhosa
2104:14:78
2080:Sotho
1994:, or
1984:Souto
1980:Suthu
1978:, or
1962:Notes
1911:Bantu
1875:stops
1805:Trill
1433:Nasal
1346:Click
1317:Velar
1305:Post-
1271:, no
1020:-mile
981:Basia
858:Sotho
838:Sotho
824:Makua
804:Tonga
796:Venda
702:is a
656:Sotho
601:Verbs
589:Nouns
547:sotho
535:sotho
523:sotho
511:sotho
500:Sotho
290:Latin
273:Taung
240:Sotho
225:Bantu
104:Sotho
3934:The
3891:S62
3887:Copi
3885:S61
3862:S54
3856:S53
3850:S52
3846:Tswa
3844:S51
3817:Lala
3779:S44
3773:S43
3769:Zulu
3767:S42
3761:S41
3720:S33
3710:Pedi
3667:S21
3650:S16
3646:Ndau
3644:S15
3638:S14
3634:Tebe
3620:S12
3614:S11
3586:R41
3557:R31
3480:R24
3474:R23
3468:R22
3462:R21
3427:R14
3421:R13
3415:R12
3409:R11
3365:Koti
3357:P34
3351:P33
3345:P32
3339:P31
3322:P25
3316:P24
3310:P23
3304:P22
3298:P21
3281:P15
3275:P14
3269:P13
3263:P12
3257:P11
3223:N46
3217:N45
3213:Sena
3211:N44
3205:N43
3199:N42
3193:N41
3172:Cewa
3141:N21
3106:N15
3100:N14
3094:N13
3088:N12
3082:N11
2978:Lozi
2973:Tswa
2907:Ndau
2704:Urdu
2627:Nama
2622:Lozi
2617:Lala
2607:Khoe
2339:Zulu
2146:ISBN
2034:and
1992:Sutu
1917:and
1870:and
1846:and
1263:, a
1228:Zulu
1174:and
1016:-mme
926:Lozi
830:and
818:and
808:Lozi
779:The
770:Lozi
477:S.33
3879:S60
3838:S50
3755:S40
3740:Pai
3678:S30
3661:S20
3608:S10
3588:Yei
3580:R40
3551:R30
3456:R20
3403:R10
3333:P30
3300:Yao
3292:P20
3251:P10
3219:Rue
3187:N40
3158:N30
3135:N20
3076:N10
2647:Tuu
2082:at
1852:/l/
1848:/u/
1844:/i/
1840:/l/
1838:of
1664:kxʰ
1655:tʃʰ
1648:tɬʰ
1641:tsʰ
1617:tʃʼ
1610:tɬʼ
1603:tsʼ
1391:ᵏǃʰ
1363:ᵏǃʼ
1012:-ma
975:),
932:or
698:or
444:sot
427:sot
3984::
2247:,
2243:,
2046:).
2027:),
1990:,
1986:,
1982:,
1881:.
1866:,
1753:dʒ
1750:~
1726:~
1667:~
1543:kʰ
1530:tʰ
1523:pʰ
1505:kʼ
1492:tʼ
1485:pʼ
1417:ᵑǃ
1283:.
1259:,
1241:.
1214:.
936:.
834:.
806:,
802:,
798:,
765:.
741:.
722:.
690:)
683:uː
677:uː
545:Le
533:Se
521:Ba
509:Mo
409:st
196:?
3922:.
3063:)
3048:e
3041:t
3034:v
2855:e
2848:t
2841:v
2373:e
2366:t
2359:v
2282:e
2275:t
2268:v
2152:.
2017:)
1998:.
1823:ʀ
1793:w
1786:j
1777:l
1747:ʒ
1729:ɦ
1723:h
1712:ʃ
1705:ɬ
1698:s
1691:f
1670:x
1572:)
1569:d
1566:(
1561:b
1462:ŋ
1455:ɲ
1446:n
1439:m
772:(
686:/
680:t
674:s
671:ˈ
668:ɛ
665:s
662:/
658:(
644:e
637:t
630:v
296:)
292:(
90:)
84:(
79:)
75:(
61:.
34:.
20:)
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