353:
lamprey to construct a suitable burrow that allows enough water to flow through the burrow to ensure proper respiration. The substrate in which larvae burrow must not contain too many fine silt and clay particles as this would inhibit respiration while too many particles of coarse sand would hinder proper burrow construction. The larval stage is complete after approximately three years. Following the larval stage, the southern brook lamprey undergoes metamorphosis into the adult form. Adults are found in crevices and cracks between large rocks in deeper, faster moving water than the habitat occupied during the larval stage. After completing the metamorphosis to adults, southern brook lampreys come together in groups to spawn and, once spawning is complete, the adults die. Spawning usually occurs between April and May and takes place in another distinct microhabitat consisting of shallow riffle areas with rocky substrate with a water temperature falling between 17 °C to 21 °C. Fecundity of the southern brook lamprey averages between 800 and 2500 oocytes. Human factors have been found to influence the lamprey's habitat. Southern brook lampreys have been recorded using shallow areas under bridges as spawning grounds, possibly to help conceal spawning aggregations from visual predators.
362:
protected waterways aimed at conservation. No evidence of biological factors has been found that would contribute to a decline in the abundance or the range of the creature; in fact, the biggest threat to the lamprey and closely related species is human-induced alteration of suitable microhabitats. Habitat preservation and rehabilitation of affected microhabitats are essential. Microhabitats used by the southern brook lamprey during all life stages must have a certain water temperature, substrate composition, and water quality to ensure successful habitation and spawning in these areas.
66:
308:
of the lamprey actually shrinks and becomes functionally useless as larval lampreys enter the adult stage. The southern brook lamprey encounters a wide range of predators in its natural habitat. The eggs of adults are preyed on by various species of fish and crayfish. Southern brook lampreys in the larval stage serve as prey for a wide range of fish and bird species. Adult forms are preyed upon by larger fish species such as the
Northern pike (
41:
307:
of larval lampreys contained 97.9% organic detritus, 2.12% algae, and 0.09% bacteria. After metamorphosis into the adult phase, southern brook lampreys do not feed but rely on stored fat reserves accumulated during the larval stage for energy and nutrients. Studies have found that the digestive tract
361:
The southern brook lamprey is currently listed as a species of "least concern" in the United States by CN Red List. It has also not been given any status regarding endangerment by the US Federal List or CITES. Currently there are no conservation plans in action specific to the lamprey, nor laws or
352:
from its body to form a tube leading to the entrance of the burrow and to provide support for the burrow. The formation of this larval burrow relies on the composition and size of the substrate available. The combination of both small and large particles and coarse and fine sand grains allow the
347:
The creature's life cycle consists of two main stages: larval and adult. During the larval stage, the southern brook lamprey inhabits a distinct micro habitat involving relatively slow moving water and a sandy substrate. The consistency of the substrate is vitally important to the
Southern brook
248:
The southern brook lamprey occurs in slow moving rivers and streams from
Florida to southern Mississippi, Georgia, and Arkansas along the Gulf Coast west to Oklahoma and Texas. It ranges as far north as Minnesota and Wisconsin, and has been reported to occur in the
298:
The diet of the southern brook lamprey changes as it undergoes metamorphosis during its life cycle from one phase to the next. The diet of larval southern brook lamprey consists mainly of organic detritus. Studies that focused on closely related lamprey species
269:
system in Texas. The southern brook lamprey was thought to be restricted to the southern United States; however, Becker observed southern brook lamprey in
Wisconsin in 1983. The southern brook lamprey has also been reported to occur as far north as the
488:
Bowen, S.H., Sutton, T.M. 1994. Significance of
Organic Detritus in the Diet of Larval Lampreys in the Great Lakes Basin. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. (51). p. 2380-2387.
1471:
1342:
1394:
1461:
613:
348:
lamprey because during the larval stage, the lamprey burrows into the substrate using its oral disk as an anchor. The southern brook lamprey secretes
1316:
1355:
520:
Renaud, C.B. 1997. Conservation Status of
Northern Hemisphere Lampreys (Petromyzontidae). Journal of Applied Ichthyology. (13) p. 143-148.
258:
554:
Beamish, F.W.H., Jebbink, J. 1994. Abundance of
Lamprey Larvae and Physical Habitat. Environmental Biology of Fishes. (39) p. 209-214.
533:
1420:
606:
500:
Gallaway, B.J., Moshin, A.K.M. 1977. Seasonal
Abundance, Distribution, Food Habits, and Condition of the Southern Brook Lamprey,
1476:
1360:
463:
278:
in
Wisconsin and Minnesota. Unpublished findings have also shown that the southern brook lamprey inhabits tributaries of
475:
Dendy, J.S., Scott, D.C. 1953. Distribution, Life
History, and Morphological Variations of the Southern Brook Lamprey,
65:
1264:
818:
599:
563:
Williams, J., Zellers, R.2006. Arkansas Fish .p10. www.agfc.com/resources/Publications/ar_fish.pdf. 14 November 2012.
1399:
287:
262:
275:
190:
1438:
1202:
731:
1211:
1067:
1058:
809:
429:
Beamish, F.W.H. 1982. Biology of the Southern Brook Lamprey. Environmental Biology of Fishes. (7) p.305-320.
953:
1232:
1112:
1085:
980:
893:
827:
722:
698:
213:
1007:
998:
962:
758:
1466:
1269:
1103:
1034:
911:
875:
791:
233:
170:
1094:
1016:
1425:
1412:
1290:
582:
800:
403:
944:
749:
250:
30:
1386:
320:). The southern brook lamprey shares similar habitats and resources with many species of shiners (
989:
902:
279:
186:
60:
1347:
534:
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/rsg/profile.html?action=elementDetail&selectedElement=AFBAA01040
1277:
1136:
283:
1373:
1154:
971:
884:
398:
1145:
851:
842:
767:
680:
660:
304:
137:
464:
http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/nongame/projects/consgrant_reports/1987/1987_cochran.pdf
442:
441:
Cochran, P.A., Fago, D., Lyons, J. 2000. Wisconsin Fishes 2000: Status and Distribution.
1193:
1076:
920:
240:). It can appear to be a small eel, since it is rarely longer than one foot in length.
380:
1455:
1368:
1025:
689:
389:
254:
50:
45:
1282:
866:
782:
740:
271:
266:
147:
286:
system in Florida, the Chattahoochee river system in Georgia, and the Trinity and
1381:
1329:
1178:
1169:
1049:
713:
671:
648:
225:
1255:
454:
Cochran, P.A., Pettinelli, T.C. 2012. Northern and Southern Brook Lampreys (
221:
77:
504:, In an East Texas Watershed. The Southwestern Naturalist. (22) p.107-114.
1303:
1249:
1127:
935:
642:
591:
217:
97:
1433:
1321:
1308:
654:
623:
229:
209:
127:
117:
107:
1334:
636:
236:. It is a jawless fish with a sucking mouth on one end of it (like a
87:
1226:
1407:
583:
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Ichthyomyzon_gagei/
349:
237:
1295:
1230:
595:
462:) in Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
443:
http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/greatlakesfish/lyons.html
1239:
1191:
1167:
1125:
1047:
933:
864:
840:
780:
711:
669:
1472:Freshwater fish of the Southeastern United States
404:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202619A18232784.en
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
607:
437:
435:
425:
423:
421:
8:
573:
571:
569:
532:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
1227:
614:
600:
592:
496:
494:
39:
20:
402:
516:
514:
512:
510:
371:
528:
526:
312:), perch species, the European chub (
7:
1439:A089A861-0551-4A88-A841-2FE4EA0A4663
1413:64C1C532-DB95-B503-F052-D38F412B5E29
1462:IUCN Red List least concern species
390:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
261:system in Texas and Louisiana, the
14:
1095:Western Transcaucasian lamprey (
64:
1:
265:system in Oklahoma, and the
1104:Far Eastern brook lamprey (
732:Pit-Klamath brook lamprey (
1493:
792:Carpathian Brook Lamprey (
479:. Copeia. (3). p. 152-162.
810:Ukrainian brook lamprey (
631:
335:), and mottled sculpins (
176:
169:
61:Scientific classification
59:
37:
28:
23:
1086:Siberian brook lamprey (
1068:American brook lamprey (
1026:European brook lamprey (
981:European river lamprey (
912:Mountain brook lamprey (
903:Southern brook lamprey (
894:Northern brook lamprey (
1212:Mexican brook lamprey (
1155:Non-parasitic lamprey (
1059:Alaskan brook lamprey (
1035:Western brook lamprey (
1017:Pacific brook lamprey (
999:Turkish brook lamprey (
972:Western river lamprey (
759:Klamath River lamprey (
257:system in Alabama, the
244:Geographic distribution
24:Southern brook lamprey
16:Species of jawless fish
1477:Fish described in 1937
699:Ionian brook lamprey (
397:: e.T202619A18232784.
326:Rhinichthys cataractae
324:), the longnose dace (
214:Southern United States
202:southern brook lamprey
945:Least Brook lamprey (
750:Miller Lake lamprey (
723:Modoc brook lamprey (
316:), and the mudpuppy (
1146:Australian lamprey (
990:Kern brook lamprey (
954:Portuguese lamprey (
828:Vladykov's lamprey (
819:Drin brook Lamprey (
379:NatureServe (2013).
577:Oldsberg, R. 2011.
536:. 18 November 2012.
456:Ichthyomyzon fossor
445:. 18 November 2012.
328:), Johnny darters (
251:Chattahoochee River
31:Conservation status
1241:Ichthyomyzon gagei
1113:Lombardy lamprey (
885:Chestnut Lamprey (
655:Petromyzontiformes
579:Ichthyomyzon gagei
502:Ichthyomyzon gagei
477:Ichthyomyzon gagei
460:Ichthyomyzon gagei
383:Ichthyomyzon gagei
357:Current management
290:systems in Texas.
280:Choctawhatchee Bay
206:Ichthyomyzon gagei
180:Ichthyomyzon gagei
128:Petromyzontiformes
1449:
1448:
1233:Taxon identifiers
1224:
1223:
1203:Mexican lamprey (
1137:Chilean lamprey (
852:Pouched lamprey (
821:E. stankokaramani
768:Pacific lamprey (
681:Caspian lamprey (
585:18 November 2012.
303:) found that the
288:San Jacinto River
284:Ochlockonee River
198:
197:
54:
1484:
1442:
1441:
1429:
1428:
1416:
1415:
1403:
1402:
1390:
1389:
1377:
1376:
1364:
1363:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1337:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1311:
1299:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1272:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1228:
1077:Arctic lamprey (
921:Silver lamprey (
801:Korean lamprey (
616:
609:
602:
593:
586:
575:
564:
561:
555:
552:
537:
530:
521:
518:
505:
498:
489:
486:
480:
473:
467:
452:
446:
439:
430:
427:
416:
415:
413:
411:
406:
376:
182:
69:
68:
48:
43:
42:
21:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1359:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1235:
1225:
1220:
1187:
1163:
1121:
1079:L. camtschatica
1043:
963:Qurem lamprey (
956:L. alavariensis
929:
860:
836:
776:
707:
690:Greek lamprey (
665:
661:Petromyzontidae
627:
620:
590:
589:
576:
567:
562:
558:
553:
540:
531:
524:
519:
508:
499:
492:
487:
483:
474:
470:
453:
449:
440:
433:
428:
419:
409:
407:
378:
377:
373:
368:
359:
345:
296:
253:system and the
246:
194:
184:
178:
165:
138:Petromyzontidae
63:
55:
44:
40:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1430:
1417:
1404:
1391:
1378:
1365:
1352:
1339:
1326:
1313:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1261:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1194:Tetrapleurodon
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:L. richardsoni
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
996:
987:
983:L. fluviatilis
978:
969:
960:
951:
941:
939:
931:
930:
928:
927:
918:
909:
900:
891:
882:
876:Ohio lamprey (
872:
870:
862:
861:
859:
858:
848:
846:
838:
837:
835:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
788:
786:
778:
777:
775:
774:
770:E. tridentatus
765:
756:
747:
743:E. macrostomus
741:Lake lamprey (
738:
734:E. lethophagus
729:
719:
717:
709:
708:
706:
705:
696:
687:
677:
675:
667:
666:
664:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
632:
629:
628:
621:
619:
618:
611:
604:
596:
588:
587:
565:
556:
538:
522:
506:
490:
481:
468:
447:
431:
417:
370:
369:
367:
364:
358:
355:
344:
341:
295:
292:
263:Illinois River
245:
242:
196:
195:
185:
174:
173:
167:
166:
159:
157:
153:
152:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
56:
38:
35:
34:
29:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1489:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1179:Sea lamprey (
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1115:L. zanandreai
1111:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1061:L. alaskensis
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1010:L. lusitanica
1006:
1004:
1002:
1001:L. lanceolata
997:
995:
993:
988:
986:
984:
979:
977:
975:
970:
968:
966:
965:L. auremensis
961:
959:
957:
952:
950:
948:
943:
942:
940:
938:
937:
932:
926:
924:
919:
917:
915:
910:
908:
906:
901:
899:
897:
892:
890:
888:
883:
881:
879:
874:
873:
871:
869:
868:
863:
857:
855:
850:
849:
847:
845:
844:
839:
833:
831:
826:
824:
822:
817:
815:
813:
808:
806:
804:
799:
797:
795:
790:
789:
787:
785:
784:
779:
773:
771:
766:
764:
762:
757:
755:
753:
748:
746:
744:
739:
737:
735:
730:
728:
726:
721:
720:
718:
716:
715:
710:
704:
702:
697:
695:
693:
692:C. hellenicus
688:
686:
684:
679:
678:
676:
674:
673:
668:
662:
658:
656:
652:
650:
646:
644:
640:
638:
634:
633:
630:
625:
617:
612:
610:
605:
603:
598:
597:
594:
584:
580:
574:
572:
570:
566:
560:
557:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
529:
527:
523:
517:
515:
513:
511:
507:
503:
497:
495:
491:
485:
482:
478:
472:
469:
465:
461:
457:
451:
448:
444:
438:
436:
432:
426:
424:
422:
418:
405:
400:
396:
392:
391:
386:
384:
375:
372:
365:
363:
356:
354:
351:
342:
340:
338:
337:Cottus bairdi
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
302:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:Tamarac River
273:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:Conecuh River
252:
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:found in the
211:
207:
203:
192:
188:
183:
181:
175:
172:
171:Binomial name
168:
164:
163:
162:I. gagei
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
104:Infraphylum:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
58:
52:
47:
46:Least Concern
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1467:Ichthyomyzon
1240:
1213:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1106:L. reissneri
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
973:
964:
955:
947:L. aepyptera
946:
934:
923:I. unicuspis
922:
913:
904:
895:
887:I. castaneus
886:
877:
867:Ichthyomyzon
865:
854:G. australis
853:
841:
830:E. vladykovi
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
783:Eudontomyzon
781:
769:
760:
751:
742:
733:
724:
712:
700:
691:
682:
670:
578:
559:
501:
484:
476:
471:
459:
455:
450:
408:. Retrieved
394:
388:
382:
374:
360:
346:
343:Life history
336:
332:
329:
325:
321:
318:N. maculosus
317:
313:
309:
300:
297:
272:Spruce River
267:Neches River
259:Sabine river
247:
205:
201:
199:
179:
177:
161:
160:
149:Ichthyomyzon
148:
18:
1382:NatureServe
1330:iNaturalist
1205:T. spadicea
1139:M. lapicida
1088:L. kessleri
1070:L. appendix
1050:Lethenteron
1019:L. pacifica
914:I. greeleyi
878:I. bdellium
794:E. danfordi
725:E. folletti
714:Entosphenus
672:Caspiomyzon
649:Hyperoartia
466:. p. 1-12.
314:S. cephalus
226:Mississippi
187:C. L. Hubbs
118:Hyperoartia
1456:Categories
1214:T. geminis
1181:P. marinus
1170:Petromyzon
1157:M. praecox
1028:L. planeri
974:L. ayresii
761:E. similis
752:E. minimus
701:C. graecus
683:C. wagneri
366:References
330:Etheostoma
216:including
1148:M. mordax
992:L. hubbsi
896:I. fossor
812:E. mariae
310:E. lucius
301:I. fossor
222:Louisiana
156:Species:
84:Kingdom:
78:Eukaryota
1387:2.102239
1348:10420819
1304:FishBase
1256:Q4500969
1250:Wikidata
1128:Mordacia
1097:L. ninae
936:Lampetra
905:I. gagei
803:E. morii
643:Chordata
637:Animalia
635:Kingdom
322:Notropis
282:and the
274:and the
218:Arkansas
191:Trautman
134:Family:
98:Chordata
94:Phylum:
88:Animalia
74:Domain:
51:IUCN 3.1
1434:ZooBank
1426:1015054
1322:2421246
843:Geotria
659:Family
641:Phylum
626:species
624:lamprey
622:Extant
294:Ecology
234:Georgia
230:Alabama
210:lamprey
208:) is a
144:Genus:
124:Order:
114:Class:
108:Agnatha
49: (
1400:302709
1374:202619
1361:159727
1335:103272
1296:207507
653:Order
647:Class
410:1 July
333:nigrum
232:, and
193:, 1937
189:&
1421:WoRMS
1408:Plazi
1343:IRMNG
1283:6MTSN
1270:54222
350:mucus
238:leech
1395:NCBI
1369:IUCN
1356:ITIS
1317:GBIF
1309:2517
1265:BOLD
458:and
412:2022
395:2013
305:guts
200:The
1291:EoL
1278:CoL
399:doi
339:).
1458::
1436::
1423::
1410::
1397::
1384::
1371::
1358::
1345::
1332::
1319::
1306::
1293::
1280::
1267::
1252::
581:.
568:^
541:^
525:^
509:^
493:^
434:^
420:^
393:.
387:.
228:,
224:,
220:,
1216:)
1207:)
1183:)
1159:)
1150:)
1141:)
1117:)
1108:)
1099:)
1090:)
1081:)
1072:)
1063:)
1039:)
1030:)
1021:)
1012:)
1008:(
1003:)
994:)
985:)
976:)
967:)
958:)
949:)
925:)
916:)
907:)
898:)
889:)
880:)
856:)
832:)
823:)
814:)
805:)
796:)
772:)
763:)
754:)
745:)
736:)
727:)
703:)
694:)
685:)
615:e
608:t
601:v
414:.
401::
385:"
381:"
299:(
204:(
53:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
