Lamprey - Knowledge (XXG)

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to scrape through surface tissues until they reach body fluids. The teeth on their oral disc are primarily used to help the animal attach itself to its prey. Made of keratin and other proteins, lamprey teeth have a hollow core to give room for replacement teeth growing under the old ones. Some of the original blood-feeding forms have evolved into species that feed on both blood and flesh, and some who have become specialized to eat flesh and may even invade the internal organs of the host. Tissue feeders can also involve the teeth on the oral disc in the excision of tissue. As a result, the flesh-feeders have smaller buccal glands as they do not require the production of anticoagulant continuously and mechanisms for preventing solid material entering the branchial pouches, which could otherwise potentially clog the gills. A study of the stomach content of some lampreys has shown the remains of intestines, fins and vertebrae from their prey.

923: 2971:... one of his slaves had broken a crystal cup. Vedius ordered him to be seized and then put to death, but in an unusual way. He ordered him to be thrown to the huge lampreys which he had in his fish pond. Who would not think he did this for display? Yet it was out of cruelty. The boy slipped from the captor's hands and fled to Augustus's feet asking nothing else other than a different way to die – he did not want to be eaten. Augustus was moved by the novelty of the cruelty and ordered him to be released, all the crystal cups to be broken before his eyes, and the fish pond to be filled in ... 361: 2526: 389: 919:, but provide it with limited climbing ability so that it can travel upstream and up ramps or rocks to breed. This ability has been studied in an attempt to better understand how lampreys battle the current and move forward despite only being able to hold onto the rock at a single point. Some scientists are also hoping to design ramps that will optimize the lamprey's climbing ability, as lampreys are valued as food in the Northwest United States and need to travel upstream to reproduce. 378: 900: 1041: 2326: 135: 2943: 1107: 2607: 1015: 2615: 350: 2731: 1130: 2813: 709: 109: 2441: 3046:

him for having shed tears over the death of this fish, attempting thereby to make him appear a fool, Crassus answered, "Thus have I done over the death of my fish as you have over the death of neither your first nor your second wife." I know not how oft this Crassus with his lamprey enters my mind as a mirrored image of my Self, reflected across the abyss of centuries.

2347: 7452: 1118: 941:. Similarly to many other aquatic species, most lampreys have a dark-colored back, which enables them to blend in with the ground below when seen from above by a predator. Their light-colored undersides allow them to blend in with the bright air and water above them if a predator sees them from below. 6388:

Smith, Jeramiah J.; Timoshevskaya, Nataliya; Ye, Chengxi; Holt, Carson; Keinath, Melissa C.; Parker, Hugo J.; Cook, Malcolm E.; Hess, Jon E.; Narum, Shawn R.; Lamanna, Francesco; Kaessmann, Henrik; Timoshevskiy, Vladimir A.; Waterbury, Courtney K. M.; Saraceno, Cody; Wiedemann, Leanne M.; Robb, Sofia

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And in my mind I compare myself from time to time with the orator Crassus, of whom it is reported that he grew so excessively enamoured of a tame lamprey – a dumb, apathetic, red-eyed fish in his ornamental pond – that it became the talk of the town; and when one day in the Senate Domitius reproached

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In folklore, lampreys are called "nine-eyed eels". The name derives from misconstruing the seven gill pores behind each eye as additional eyes, and doing the same with the nostril on the top of the head (even though there is only one of those, not one per side). Likewise, in the German language, the

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In a series of studies by Rovainen and his student James Buchanan, the cells that formed the neural circuits within the spinal cord capable of generating the rhythmic motor patterns that underlie swimming were examined. Note that there are still missing details in the network scheme despite claims by

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The adults spawn in nests of sand, gravel and pebbles in clear streams. After hatching from the eggs, young larvae—called ammocoetes—will drift downstream with the current till they reach soft and fine sediment in silt beds, where they will burrow in silt, mud and detritus, taking up an existence as

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of lampreys appears to have been specialized to feed on the blood and body fluids of other fish after metamorphosis. They attach their mouthparts to the target animal's body, then use three horny plates (laminae) on the tip of their piston-like tongue, one transversely and two longitudinally placed,

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is done by flattening the cornea, which pushes the lens towards the retina. The eye of family Mordaciidae possess just a single type of photoreceptor (rod-like), the family Petromyzontidae possess two photoreceptor types (a cone-like and a rod-like), and the family Geotriidae possesses five types of

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Distribution of lampreys may also be adversely affected by dams and other construction projects due to disruption of migration routes and obstruction of access to spawning grounds. Conversely, the construction of artificial channels has exposed new habitats for colonisation, notably in North America

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stem-lampreys are small relative to modern lampreys, and while they had well developed oral discs with a small number of radially arranged teeth, they lacked the specialised, heavily toothed discs with plate-like laminae present in modern lampreys, and it is possible that they fed by scraping algae

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Recent studies differ regarding the timing of the last common ancestor of all living lampreys, with some suggesting a Middle Jurassic date, around 175 million years ago, while other studies have suggested a younger split, dating to the Late Cretaceous. The older date study posited that the Northern

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The rate of water moving across the ammocoetes' feeding apparatus is the lowest recorded in any suspension feeding animal, and they therefore require water rich in nutrients to fulfill their nutritional needs. While the majority of (invertebrate) suspension feeders thrive in waters containing under

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Research on sea lampreys has revealed that sexually mature males use a specialized heat-producing tissue in the form of a ridge of fat cells near the anterior dorsal fin to stimulate females. After having attracted a female with pheromones, the heat detected by the female through body contact will

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In a study of the lamprey tectum published in 2007, they found electrical stimulation could elicit eye movements, lateral bending movements, or swimming activity, and the type, amplitude, and direction of movement varied as a function of the location within the tectum that was stimulated. These

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Almeida, Pedro R.; Arakawa, Hiroaki; Aronsuu, Kimmo; Baker, Cindy; Blair, Stevie-Rae; Beaulaton, Laurent; Belo, Ana F.; Kitson, Jane; Kucheryavyy, Aleksandr; Kynard, Boyd; Lucas, Martyn C.; Moser, Mary; Potaka, Ben; Romakkaniemi, Atso; Staponkus, Robertas (1 December 2021). "Lamprey fisheries:

2493:, are openings found between the pharynx or throat. Pharyngeal slits are filter feeding organs that help the movement of water through the mouth and out of these slits when feeding. During the lamprey's larval stage they feed by filter feeding. Once lampreys reach their adult phase they become 4765:

Nagawa, Fumikiyo; Kishishita, Natsuko; Shimizu, Kazumichi; Hirose, Satoshi; Miyoshi, Masato; Nezu, Junnya; Nishimura, Toshinobu; Nishizumi, Hirofumi; Takahashi, Yoshimasa; et al. (2007). "Antigen-receptor genes of the agnathan lamprey are assembled by a process involving copy choice".

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Germain, Damien; Sanchez, Sophie; Janvier, Philippe; Tafforeau, Paul (2014). "The presumed hagfish Myxineidus gononorum from the Upper Carboniferous of Montceau-les-Mines (Saône-et-Loire, France): New data obtained by means of Propagation Phase Contrast X-ray Synchrotron Microtomography".

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filter feeders, collecting detritus, algae, and microorganisms. The eyes of the larvae are underdeveloped, but are capable of discriminating changes in illuminance. Ammocoetes can grow from 3–4 inches (8–10 centimetres) to about 8 inches (20 cm). Many species change color during a

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Lampreys are a part of the vertebrate group Cyclostomatous. The above illustration labels chordate synapomorphies found in lampreys. The notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pituitary gland, pharyngeal slits, and post anal tail (not depicted above) are all found in the

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of China, which displays the three stage life cycle with ammocoetes, was found in one study to be more closely related to the family Petromyzonidae than to other living lampreys, though other studies have found it to be outside the group containing all living lampreys.

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in Stockholm followed on from extensive work on the lamprey started by Carl Rovainen in the 1960s that used the lamprey as a model system to work out the fundamental principles of motor control in vertebrates starting in the spinal cord and working toward the brain.

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Sorensen, Peter W.; Fine, Jared M.; Dvornikovs, Vadims; Jeffrey, Christopher S.; Shao, Feng; Wang, Jizhou; Vrieze, Lance A.; Anderson, Kari R.; Hoye, Thomas R. (2005). "Mixture of new sulfated steroids functions as a migratory pheromone in the sea lamprey".

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lineages, about 20% of their DNA, which are vital during development of the embryo, but which in humans can cause problems such as cancer later in life, after they have served their purpose. How the genes destined for deletion are targeted is not yet known.

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Grillner that the network is characterised (Parker 2006, 2010). Spinal cord circuits are controlled by specific locomotor areas in the brainstem and midbrain, and these areas are in turn controlled by higher brain structures, including the basal ganglia and

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is another characteristic of lampreys that defines them as chordates. During development this part of the ectoderm rolls creating a hollow tube. This is often why it is referred to as the dorsal "hollow" nerve cord. The third chordate feature, which are the

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and migrate to the sea, beginning to prey on other animals while still swimming downstream after their metamorphosis provides them with eyes, teeth, and a sucking mouth. Those that are anadromous are carnivorous, feeding on fishes or marine mammals.

627:(some of them also have freshwater populations), and nine live exclusively in freshwater. All non-carnivorous forms are freshwater species. Adults of the non-carnivorous species do not feed; they live on reserves acquired as ammocoetes. 2870:

determined, and their impact on lamprey behaviour studied, in the laboratory and in the wild, and active efforts are underway to chemically source and to address regulatory considerations that might allow this strategy to proceed.

2338:, while the Late Cretaceous study suggested that modern lampreys emerged in the Southern Hemisphere. It is thought that most modern lamprey diversity emerged during the Cenozoic, particularly within the last 10–20 million years. 2401:

off of animals, rather than feeding by predation/parasitism. They also lacked the modern three stage life cycle including ammocoetes found in modern lampreys, with the juvenile stages of these species closely resembling adults.

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Some species, including those that are not carnivorous and do not feed even following metamorphosis, live in freshwater for their entire lifecycle, spawning and dying shortly after metamorphosing. In contrast, many species are

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In season 9, episode 16, of "Bones" (American TV series from 2005-2017), Agent Booth grabs a lamprey that is escaping from a bag holding a dead body which has been found in a pond. Later, two lamprey are seen in Hodgins' lab.

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and lamprey larvae are compared by anatomists due to their similarities. Similarities between adult amphioxus and lamprey larvae include a pharynx with pharyngeal slits, a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and a series of

2910:, the Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. New York's Finger Lakes sea lamprey control program is managed solely by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 1257:

was called upon to fix one name or the other, and after much debate had to resolve the issue by voting. Thus, in 1980, the spelling with a "t" won out, and in 1981, it became official that all higher-level taxa based on

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Silva, S.; Araújo, M. J.; Bao, M.; Mucientes, G.; Cobo, F. (2014). "The haematophagous feeding stage of anadromous populations of sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: low host selectivity and wide range of habitats".

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So, when Domitius said to Crassus the orator, Did not you weep for the death of the lamprey you kept in your fish pond? – Did not you, said Crassus to him again, bury three wives without ever shedding a tear? –

3083:", posits a future America so heavily polluted – "Everything had turned to shit and beer cans", in his words – that the Great Lakes have been infested with a species of massive, man-eating ambulatory lampreys. 907:

Studies have shown that lampreys are among the most energy-efficient swimmers. Their swimming movements generate low-pressure zones around the body, which pull rather than push their bodies through the water.

835:, which resemble lampreys, have traditionally been considered the sister taxon of the true vertebrates (lampreys and gnathostomes) but DNA evidence suggests that they are in fact the sister taxon of lampreys. 2723:, both according to Portaria (Government regulation no. 587/2006, from 22 June). "Arroz de lampreia" (lamprey rice) and "Lampreia à Bordalesa" (Bordeaux style lamprey) are someof the most important dishes in 808:

Close to the jaws of juvenile lampreys, a muscular flap-like structure called the velum is present, which serves to generate a water current towards the mouth opening, which enables feeding and respiration.

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Gill, Howard S.; Renaud, Claude B.; Chapleau, François; Mayden, Richard L.; Potter, Ian C.; Douglas, M. E. (2003). "Phylogeny of Living Parasitic Lampreys (Petromyzontiformes) Based on Morphological Data".

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is claimed to have been so fond of lampreys that he often ate them, late into life and poor health, against the advice of his physician concerning their richness, and is said to have died from eating "a

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Silva, S.; Servia, M. J.; Vieira-Lanero, R.; Nachón, D. J.; Cobo, F. (2013). "Haematophagous feeding of newly metamorphosed European sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus on strictly freshwater species".

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The lamprey has been extensively studied because its relatively simple brain is thought in many respects to reflect the brain structure of early vertebrate ancestors. Beginning in the 1970s,

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Lampreys are now found mostly in the streams that feed the lakes, and controlled with special barriers to prevent the upstream movement of adults, or by the application of toxicants called

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Lamprey coloration can also vary according to the region and specific environment in which the species is found. Some species can be distinguished by their unique markings – for example,

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individuals display two bluish stripes running the length of its body as an adult. These markings can also sometimes be used to determine what stage of the life cycle the lamprey is in;

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and not "Petromyzonta" or similar. Throughout most of the 20th century, both names were used indiscriminately, even by the same author in subsequent publications. In the mid-1970s, the

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Silva, S.; Servia, M. J.; Vieira-Lanero, R.; Cobo, F. (2013). "Downstream migration and hematophagous feeding of newly metamorphosed sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758)".

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1 mg suspended organic solids per litre (<1 mg/L), ammocoetes demand minimum 4 mg/L, with concentrations in their habitats having been measured up to 40 mg/L.

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may only spend one to two years as larvae, prior to undergoing a metamorphosis which generally lasts 3–4 months, but can vary between species. While metamorphosing, they do not eat.

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Siefkes, Michael J; Bergstedt, Roger A; Twohey, Michael B; Li, Weiming (2003). "Chemosterilization of male sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) does not affect sex pheromone release".

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Different species of lamprey have many shared physical characteristics. The same anatomical structure can serve different functions in the lamprey depending on whether or not it is

1006:) larvae also have a very high tolerance for free iron in their bodies, and have well-developed biochemical systems for detoxification of the large quantities of these metal ions. 4313: 922: 2421:

of China around 163 million years old, which is thought to have had a predatory lifestyle like modern lampreys, and probably had a three stage life cycle including ammocoetes.

7482: 1033:, light sensitive cells, most of them concentrated in the tail, which helps them to stay buried. Lampreys may spend up to eight years as ammocoetes, while species such as the 6943:

Sorensen, P. W.; Hoye, T. R. (2007). "A critical review of the discovery and application of a migratory pheromone in an invasive fish, the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus L".

1254: 777:). The eyes of juvenile lampreys are poorly developed eyespot-like structures that are covered in non-transparent skin, while the eyes of adult lampreys are well developed. 1211:. Cephalaspidomorpha is sometimes given as a subclass of the Cephalaspidomorphi. Fossil evidence now suggests lampreys and cephalaspids acquired their shared characters by 1040: 6495:

Araujo, Mario; Silva, Sergio; Stratoudakis, Yorgos; Gonçalves, Marta; López, Rodrigo; Carneiro, Miguel; Martins, Rogélia; Cobo, Fernando; Antunes, Carlos (1 March 2016).

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become very important in aiding in the respiration of the organism. The final chordate synapomorphy is the post anal tail, which is muscular and extends behind the anus.

3747: 609:. Adult carnivorous lampreys are the most well-known species, and feed by boring into the flesh of other fish (or in rare cases marine mammals) to consume flesh and/or 5325:

Kluge, B; Renault, N; Rohr, KB (2005). "Anatomical and molecular reinvestigation of lamprey endostyle development provides new insight into thyroid gland evolution".

8501: 8352: 7392: 3963: 1090:) by moving rocks, and females release thousands of eggs, sometimes up to 100,000. The male, intertwined with the female, fertilizes the eggs simultaneously. Being 8391: 6552: 2643: 7501: 3795:

Tulenko, Frank J.; McCauley, David W.; MacKenzie, Ethan L.; Mazan, Sylvie; Kuratani, Shigeru; Sugahara, Fumiaki; Kusakabe, Rie; Burke, Ann C. (16 July 2013).

2476:. Lampreys contain these characteristics that define them as chordates. Lamprey anatomy is very different based on what stage of development they are in. The 793:, is responsible for attaching the animal, through suction, to either a stone or its prey. This then allows the tongue to make contact with the stone to rasp 7556: 5765: 5472:

Nichols, O. C.; Tscherter, U. T. (2011). "Feeding of sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus on minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata in the St Lawrence Estuary".

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There are about 38 known extant species of lampreys and around seven known extinct species. They are classified in three families: two small families in the

3099:'s mercenary, Micheletto, kills the King of Naples by pushing him into a pool filled with lampreys that King Ferrante had built during his reign of Naples. 2681:

In southwestern Europe (Portugal, Spain, and France), Finland and in Latvia (where lamprey is routinely sold in supermarkets), lampreys are a highly prized

4547: 4284:"Relationships between the diets and characteristics of the dentition, buccal glands and velar tentacles of the adults of the parasitic species of lamprey" 3540: 2746:

Lampreys are also consumed in Sweden, Russia, Lithuania, Estonia, Japan, and South Korea. In Finland, they are commonly eaten grilled or smoked, but also

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They are also capable of full functional recovery after complete spinal cord transection. Another trait is the ability to delete several genes from their

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and is one of the defining characteristics of a chordate. The notochord provides signaling and mechanical cues to help the organism when swimming. The

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M. C.; Baker, Carl; Eichler, Evan E.; Hockman, Dorit; Sauka-Spengler, Tatjana; Yandell, Mark; Krumlauf, Robb; Elgar, Greg; Amemiya, Chris T. (2018).

8326: 4086:"The Functional Anatomy of the Cornea and Anterior Chamber in Lampreys: Insights From the Pouched Lamprey, Geotria australis (Geotriidae, Agnatha)" 8365: 7467: 4058: 982:, the study of lampreys provides valuable insight into the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity. Generated from a somatic recombination of 7279: 7195: 6858: 6824: 6784: 6750: 6720: 6692: 6535: 6508: 6479: 6438: 6374: 5602: 5573: 5309: 5211: 5165: 5138: 5050: 5017: 4990: 4266: 4239: 4068: 3998: 3779: 3534: 3421: 3069:, Lord Wyman Manderly is mockingly called "Lord Lamprey" by his enemies in reference to his rumored affinity to lamprey pie and his striking 672:

Lamprey distribution may be adversely affected by river habitat loss, overfishing and pollution. In Britain, at the time of the 11th-century

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Suzuki, Daichi G.; Grillner, Sten (August 2018). "The stepwise development of the lamprey visual system and its evolutionary implications".

2411:, has been found to be a lamprey in some studies. The earliest lamprey with the specialised toothed oral disc typical of modern lampreys is 5033: 4256: 1086:

Anadromous lampreys spend up to four years in the sea before migrating back to freshwater, where they spawn. Adults create nests (called

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Mary L. Moser, Pedro R. Almeida, Paul S. Kemp & P.W. Sorensen, 2014, "Lamprey spawning migration (Ch. 5, §5.6.1, Pheromones)," in

6924: 4879:"Exceptional iron concentrations in larval lampreys (Geotria australis) and the activities of superoxide radical detoxifying enzymes" 6666: 700:. Active control programs to control lampreys are undergoing modifications due to concerns of drinking water quality in some areas. 7486: 6330:

Brodin, L.; Shupliakov, O. (2006). "Giant reticulospinal synapse in lamprey: Molecular links between active and periactive zones".

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are also home to high populations of sea lampreys that warrant control. Lake Champlain's lamprey control program is managed by the

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Lampreys have been described as the only living vertebrates to have four eyes, having a single pair of regular eyes as well as two

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Gabbott, Sarah E.; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Sansom, Robert S.; Vinther, Jakob; Dolocan, Andrei; Purnell, Mark A. (17 August 2016).

8453: 7549: 515:. The adult lamprey is characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth. The common name "lamprey" is probably derived from 4377: 8506: 2694: 2693:), the river lamprey is the local symbol, found on their coats of arms. In 2015 the lamprey from Carnikava was included in the 2671: 228: 134: 3726: 8491: 7150: 7009: 7002: 6986: 6632: 2883: 2875: 778: 8370: 7463: 3326:

Huang, Weijia (1 September 2023). "A new species of fossil lamprey (Petromyzontida: Petromyzontiformes) from Hebei, China".

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Modern lampreys spend the majority of their life in the juvenile "ammocoete" stage, where they burrow into the sediment and

4400:"MicroRNAs reveal the interrelationships of hagfish, lampreys, and gnathostomes and the nature of the ancestral vertebrate" 8378: 987: 956:

individuals lose these stripes when they approach the reproductive phase and begin to travel upstream. Another example is

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The lamprey's light-colored underside and darker back allow it to blend in when viewed from above or below, an example of

831:. Instead of true vertebrae, they have a series of cartilaginous structures called arcualia arranged above the notochord. 7514: 7456: 7236: 4570: 2558:

findings were interpreted as consistent with the idea that the tectum generates goal-directed locomotion in the lamprey.

6012:"Development, metamorphosis, morphology, and diversity: The evolution of chordate muscles and the origin of vertebrates" 3210: 3092: 1939: 8248: 8235: 7761: 7542: 2879: 1091: 801: 360: 7168: 6915:

Peter W. Sorensen, 2015, "Applications of pheromones in invasive fish control and fishery conservation (Ch. 12)," in

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Saitoh, K.; Ménard, A.; Grillner, S. (2007). "Tectal Control of Locomotion, Steering, and Eye Movements in Lamprey".

5905:"The lamprey: A jawless vertebrate model system for examining origin of the neural crest and other vertebrate traits" 1162:

or Amphioxus). Recent molecular and morphological phylogenetic studies place lampreys and hagfish in the infraphylum

2069: 8305: 2667: 2525: 2449: 669:) have a low tolerance for high water temperatures, which may explain why they are not distributed in the tropics. 5776: 5268: 869:

converting them into intercellular signals of the lamprey is located in the midline of its body, for lamprey, the

8396: 8318: 6391:"The sea lamprey germline genome provides insights into programmed genome rearrangement and vertebrate evolution" 3404:

Renaud, Claude B.; Cochran, Philip A. (2019), Docker, Margaret F. (ed.), "Post-metamorphic Feeding in Lampreys",

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Assessing Food and Nutritional Resources of Native and Invasive Lamprey Larvae Using Natural Abundance Isotopes

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Something's Fishy: an Angler's Look at Our Distressed Gamefish and Their Waters – And How We Can Preserve Both

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Lafferty, Kevin D; Kuris, Armand M (1 November 2002). "Trophic strategies, animal diversity and body size".

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Yokoyama, Hiromasa; Yoshimura, Miho; Suzuki, Daichi G.; Higashiyama, Hiroki; Wada, Hiroshi (January 2021).

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Aurangzeb, Zeenat; Daghfous, Gheylen; Innes, Liessell; Dubuc, Réjean; Zielinski, Barbara (December 2021).

3065: 3030: 2735: 2720: 2690: 2290: 2225: 2030: 1887: 1848: 1835: 1822: 979: 658: 117: 7950: 7941: 7905: 7701: 4694:"Epidermal pigmentation and liver coloration in the southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria austral is Gray" 1731: 594:, around 163 million years ago, with the modern families likely splitting from each sometime between the 8486: 8427: 8046: 7977: 7854: 7818: 7734: 7164: 3362:"Vertebrate origins are informed by larval lampreys (ammocoetes): a response to Miyashita et al. , 2021" 3034: 2542: 2303: 2212: 2186: 8037: 7959: 2942: 2598:

Although attacks on humans have been documented, they will generally not attack humans unless starved.

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Beamish, F. W. H. (1980). "Biology of the North American anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus".

4314:"What we know about lampreys – the arctic bloodsuckers that swarm Alaska rivers by the millions" 8406: 8274: 8222: 7388:"A synthesized pheromone induces upstream movement in female sea lamprey and summons them into traps" 7077: 6952: 6928: 5869: 5817: 5689: 5516: 5411: 4825: 4705: 4194: 4159: 3875: 3808: 3623: 3274: 1212: 8458: 7743: 7331: 4809:

Pancer, Z.; Amemiya, C. T.; Ehrhardt, G. T. R. A.; Ceitlin, J.; Gartland, G.; Cooper, M. D. (2004).

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Khidir, K. Teresa (2003). "Oral fimbriae and papillae in parasitic lampreys (Petromyzontiformes)".

3060: 2698: 2656: 2199: 2173: 1978: 1217: 983: 560: 548: 247: 6448: 990:(VLRs). This convergently evolved characteristic allows them to have lymphocytes that work as the 962:, which shifts to more of an orange color as it reaches the reproductive stage in its life cycle. 7932: 7845: 7369: 7321: 7144: 7098: 7081: 6595: 6577: 6355: 6179: 6085: 6077: 5723: 5649: 5350: 5249: 5068: 4859: 4791: 4498:

Barany, A.; Shaughnessy, C. A.; Fuentes, J.; Mancera, J. M.; McCormick, S. D. (1 February 2020).

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may have been based on a lamprey, since it is described as an eel-like creature with nine eyes.

2840:, have no natural predators in the lakes, and prey on many species of commercial value, such as 2403: 899: 377: 8432: 5373: 4948: 2325: 635:

Lampreys live mostly in coastal and fresh waters and are found in most temperate regions. Some

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Johnson, Nicholas S.; Yun, Sang-Seon; Thompson, Henry T.; Brant, Cory O.; Li, Weiming (2009).

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Lampreys of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lamprey species known to date

7191: 6982: 6920: 6898: 6854: 6820: 6816: 6780: 6746: 6716: 6710: 6688: 6599: 6531: 6504: 6475: 6420: 6347: 6312: 6277: 6228: 6171: 6136: 6060: 6041: 6033: 5942: 5924: 5885: 5841: 5833: 5715: 5707: 5641: 5598: 5569: 5489: 5427: 5342: 5305: 5207: 5201: 5161: 5155: 5134: 5128: 5056: 5046: 5013: 4986: 4980: 4908: 4851: 4783: 4723: 4671: 4653: 4529: 4521: 4480: 4472: 4431: 4358: 4350: 4262: 4235: 4229: 4117: 4064: 4039: 4031: 3994: 3945: 3927: 3844: 3826: 3775: 3769: 3731: 3675: 3649: 3530: 3453: 3417: 3383: 3339: 3308: 3290: 2963:

who incurred his displeasure would be thrown as food. On one occasion, Vedius was punished by

2655:

of lampreys". Whether or not his lamprey indulgence actually caused his death is unclear, but

2485: 2452:

are certain characteristics that are shared over evolutionary history. Organisms possessing a

915:. The mouth and suction capabilities of the lamprey not only allow it to cling to a fish as a 851: 761: 689: 681: 641: 575: 8419: 6848: 6774: 6740: 5007: 8357: 8097: 7914: 7827: 7411: 7401: 7353: 7305: 6960: 6890: 6410: 6402: 6339: 6304: 6267: 6259: 6218: 6210: 6163: 6126: 6116: 6052: 6023: 5932: 5916: 5877: 5825: 5697: 5631: 5589:

Forey, Peter; Janvier, Philippe (2000). "Agnathans and the origin of jawed vertebrates". In

5524: 5481: 5454: 5419: 5334: 5280: 5241: 5107: 4898: 4890: 4841: 4833: 4775: 4713: 4661: 4645: 4614: 4511: 4462: 4421: 4411: 4340: 4295: 4202: 4167: 4107: 4097: 4023: 3935: 3919: 3883: 3834: 3816: 3639: 3631: 3585: 3577: 3522: 3481: 3445: 3409: 3373: 3331: 3298: 3282: 2837: 2635: 2095: 1809: 1202: 450: 401: 8227: 6981:(Margaret F. Docker, Ed., Vol. 37, Fish & Fisheries Series), Berlin, BE, DEU:Springer, 6596:"Lamprey eel from Latvian Carnikava included on EU's Protected Designations of Origin list" 6103:

Derjean, D; Moussaddy, A; Atallah, E; St-Pierre, M; Auclair, F; Chang, S; Dubuc, R (2010).

5804:

Miyashita, Tetsuto; Gess, Robert W.; Tietjen, Kristen; Coates, Michael I. (18 March 2021).

4963: 4329:"Development of the lamprey velum and implications for the evolution of the vertebrate jaw" 1106: 8240: 8088: 7794: 7785: 7710: 7623: 7603: 7508: 7068: 6443: 5080: 4451:"A Median Third Eye: Pineal Gland Retraces Evolution of Vertebrate Photoreceptive Organs†" 4398:

Heimberg, A. M.; Cowper-Sal-Lari, R.; Sémon, M.; Donoghue, P. C.; Peterson, K. J. (2010).

2990: 2762: 2670:

in 1953. Sixty years later, the city of Gloucester had to use fish from North America for

2490: 2465: 2461: 2004: 1926: 1874: 1744: 1718: 1346: 1296: 1233: 1205: 1155: 1133: 1087: 999: 971: 951: 945: 843: 726: 673: 595: 564: 442: 323: 7126: 6154:

Grillner, S. (2003). "The motor infrastructure: From ion channels to neuronal networks".

3923: 6956: 5873: 5821: 5693: 5520: 5415: 4829: 4709: 4634:"Pigmented anatomy in Carboniferous cyclostomes and the evolution of the vertebrate eye" 4198: 4163: 3879: 3812: 3700: 3627: 3510:

Potter, Ian C.; Gill, Howard S.; Renaud, Claude B.; Haoucher, Dalal (25 November 2014),

3303: 3278: 3262: 3187: 2836:

during the early 20th century, but this theory is controversial. They are considered an

2781:), are known to be toxic, and require thorough cleaning before cooking and consumption. 2606: 392:

Microscopic cross section through the pharynx of a larva from an unknown lamprey species

8313: 8300: 8136: 8019: 7863: 7416: 7387: 7184: 6415: 6390: 6272: 6247: 6223: 6198: 6131: 6105:"A novel neural substrate for the transformation of olfactory inputs into motor output" 6104: 5937: 5904: 5284: 4903: 4878: 4666: 4633: 4426: 4399: 4112: 4085: 3940: 3907: 3839: 3796: 2891: 2887: 2801: 2793: 2574: 2562: 2530: 2529:

Stimulation of the olfactory sensory neurons in the periphery activates neurons in the

2043: 1861: 1501: 1201:

Some researchers have classified lampreys as the sole surviving representatives of the

1175: 1167: 1034: 1014: 934: 927: 885: 847: 7332:

Mixture of new sulfated steroids functions as a migratory pheromone in the sea lamprey

4811:"Somatic diversification of variable lymphocyte receptors in the agnathan sea lamprey" 4171: 3449: 8475: 7968: 7632: 7211: 6964: 6809: 6662: 6496: 5805: 5741: 5727: 5485: 4741: 4602: 4299: 4283: 3661: 3120: 3096: 3076: 3052: 2956: 2825: 2797: 2789: 2758: 2538: 2393: 2367: 1900: 1171: 1063: 1026: 745: 606: 224: 66: 7373: 7325: 7102: 6359: 5354: 5253: 4795: 4214: 3599: 3493: 2614: 2472:, and a post anal tail during the process of their development are considered to be 888:

by intaking water from its environment and desalinating the water they intake to an

590:, around 360 million years ago, with modern looking forms only appearing during the 7809: 7725: 7683: 6183: 5653: 3211:"Bill Beamish's Contributions to Lamprey Research and Recent Advances in the Field" 2924: 2903: 2675: 2627: 2581: 2514: 2413: 2388: 2352: 1965: 1796: 1592: 1427: 1179: 870: 858: 824: 768: 749: 677: 381: 307: 257: 210: 7437: 7013: 6640: 5597:. USA: University of Chicago Press; Nature/Macmillan Magazines. pp. 251–266. 4863: 4718: 4693: 4504:

American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

3335: 3051:

Philip, Lord Chandos, (fictional) younger son of the Earl of Bath, in a letter to

349: 8266: 6990: 6931: 6525: 6121: 5881: 3378: 1232:

The debate about their systematics notwithstanding, lampreys constitute a single

8383: 8339: 8207: 8121: 8112: 7992: 7656: 7614: 7591: 7052: 3526: 3413: 2855: 2829: 2800:

all can be caught on lampreys. Frozen lampreys can be bought from most bait and

2704: 2663: 2631: 2362: 1783: 1565: 1481: 1410: 1375: 1313: 1129: 1059: 912: 730: 697: 657:) travel significant distances in the open ocean, as evidenced by their lack of 615: 610: 556: 527: 365: 318: 297: 201: 41: 5920: 5829: 4516: 4499: 4404:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3888: 3863: 3635: 3286: 2812: 903:

The cartilaginous skeleton of a lamprey washed up on a beach in North Carolina.

7518: 7502:

Long-accepted theory of vertebrate origin upended by fossilized lamprey larvae

6406: 6343: 5702: 5677: 5338: 5245: 4926: 4500:"Osmoregulatory role of the intestine in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)" 4467: 4450: 4206: 4102: 3581: 2863: 2848: 2841: 2817: 2730: 2494: 2440: 2428: 2371: 1402: 1289: 1249: 1244: 1140: 1079: 975: 938: 916: 877: 828: 820: 757: 708: 685: 624: 599: 583: 579: 552: 313: 108: 86: 51: 8198: 7357: 6902: 6470:

Liem, Karel F.; William E. Bemis; Warren F. Walker Jr.; Lance Grande (2001).

6037: 5928: 5889: 5837: 5711: 5095: 5060: 4727: 4657: 4525: 4476: 4354: 4035: 3931: 3830: 3771:

Freshwater Fishes of North America: Volume 1: Petromyzontidae to Catostomidae

3653: 3457: 3387: 3343: 3294: 3222: 8287: 7406: 6553:"Older than the dinosaurs: Lamprey fish return to UK rivers after 200 years" 5590: 4416: 3821: 3026: 2498: 2477: 2469: 2453: 2423: 2397: 2382: 2376: 1067: 893: 889: 881: 862: 813: 535: 287: 277: 267: 146: 91: 7531:

A Tree of Life diagram showing the relation of Lampreys to other organisms.

7425: 7365: 7317: 6424: 6351: 6316: 6281: 6263: 6232: 6214: 6175: 6140: 6064: 6045: 5946: 5845: 5719: 5645: 5493: 5431: 5346: 4855: 4787: 4675: 4649: 4533: 4484: 4435: 4362: 4121: 4043: 3949: 3848: 3312: 613:; but only 18 species of lampreys engage in this predatory lifestyle (with 7451: 7035: 6308: 6074:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace 4912: 4150:

Potter, Ian C.; Gill, Howard S. (2003). "Adaptive Radiation of Lampreys".

2652: 2346: 8192: 8070: 7878: 7585: 7534: 7433: 7122: 6675: 5750: 5112: 5096:"The Photoreceptors of Lampreys: II. The Functions of the Pineal Complex" 4846: 4750: 3129: 3014: 2964: 2923:, which means "nine-eye". In British folklore, the monster known as the 2711:

and one of only two that can legally bear the commercial name "lamprey" (

2708: 2682: 2619: 2505: 2481: 2473: 2418: 2329:

Phylogeny including extinct taxa, with a younger divergence date estimate

1703: 1612: 1540: 1320: 1195: 1187: 1183: 1159: 1151: 1147: 816: 773: 753: 734: 733:

having a maximum body length of around 1.2 metres (3.9 ft). Lacking

661:

between populations. Other species are found in land-locked lakes. Their

591: 587: 166: 81: 76: 61: 56: 46: 7309: 5636: 5619: 4837: 6056: 6028: 6011: 5507:

Beamish, F W H; Medland, T E (1988). "Age Determination for Lampreys".

3644: 3590: 3485: 3162: 3070: 2895: 2747: 2739: 2686: 2570: 2408: 1163: 1122: 1071: 832: 636: 620: 571: 438: 176: 96: 71: 7053:

Entry in Grimm's German Dictionary, online edition at Trier University

6203:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5423: 4894: 4027: 2934:(八つ目鰻, "eight-eyed eels"), thus excluding the nostril from the count. 8344: 7579: 5568:(4th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 601 pp. 4345: 4328: 2899: 2833: 2626:

People have long eaten lampreys. They were highly appreciated by the

2551: 2510: 2335: 1144: 995: 991: 156: 8169: 7339: 6894: 6167: 5458: 4618: 3618:. Supplement on Sea Lamprey International Symposium III (SLIS III). 2832:. It is generally believed that they gained access to the lakes via 2334:

and Southern Hemisphere lampreys diverged as part of the breakup of

1117: 812:

The unique morphological characteristics of lampreys, such as their

696:

where sea lampreys have become a significant introduced pest in the

570:

Genetic evidence suggests that lampreys are more closely related to

8331: 8292: 6375:"Odd vertebrate gets rid of hundreds of genes early in development" 4779: 3964:"Three-eyed lizards are not uncommon. Four-eyed ones are a novelty" 978:(164–174) among vertebrates. Due to certain peculiarities in their 8440: 6776:

Pandora's locks the opening of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway

6474:. The United States of America: Thomson: Brooks/Cole. p. 50. 5544:"Only the hot sea lamprey guys get sex – thermally, that is" 3025:

This story is also found in Aelian (Various Histories VII, 4) and

2941: 2866:

critical to lamprey migratory behaviour have been isolated, their

2854:

New programs are being developed, including the use of chemically

2811: 2754: 2729: 2613: 2605: 2524: 2439: 2345: 2324: 1128: 1116: 1105: 1013: 921: 898: 839: 794: 790: 786: 662: 516: 387: 359: 348: 6248:"Neuronal network analyses: premises, promises and uncertainties" 1170:(both meaning without jaws). The other vertebrate infraphylum is 2639: 2566: 1191: 738: 574:, the only other living group of jawless fish, than they are to 8173: 7538: 3261:

Wu, Feixiang; Janvier, Philippe; Zhang, Chi (31 October 2023).

2988:

This incident was incorporated into the plot of the 2003 novel

2874:

Control of sea lampreys in the Great Lakes is conducted by the

7003:"Sea Lamprey Control in the Great Lakes A remarkable success!" 6620: 4548:"In swimming, jellyfish and lampreys really pull their weight" 4084:

Collin, H. Barry; Ratcliffe, Julian; Collin, Shaun P. (2021).

2998:

in the incident of Ampliatus feeding a slave to his lampreys.

842:

of the lamprey is anterior to the intestines. It contains the

722: 504: 8279: 6199:"Complexities and uncertainties of neuronal network function" 5595:

Shaking the tree: readings from Nature in the history of life

5676:

Brownstein, Chase Doran; Near, Thomas J. (23 January 2023).

3008:(cos. 54 BC) for weeping over the death of his pet lamprey: 2573:. The axons of lamprey are particularly large and allow for 1039: 1029:, becoming dark at day and pale at night. The skin also has 623:

rather than live prey). Of the 18 carnivorous species, nine

498: 2742:, Finland. Lampreys are a traditional delicacy in locality. 2407:

from the Carboniferous of France, often considered to be a

1215:. As such, many newer works, such as the fourth edition of 827:). They are usually considered the most basal group of the 771:: a pineal and parapineal one (the exception is members of 468: 459: 422: 7432:

Richard Black, 2009, "Sex smell lures 'vampire' to doom,"

2638:

by the upper classes throughout Europe, especially during

892:

state with respect to blood, and are also responsible for

876:

One of the key physical components to the lamprey are the

737:, adult lampreys have one nostril atop the head and seven 483: 7340:"News and Views: Chemical cues for sea lamprey migration" 7274:

FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 5. Rome.

5529:

10.1577/1548-8659(1988)117<0063:ADFL>2.3.CO;2

3906:

XU, Yang; ZHU, Si-Wei; LI, Qing-Wei (18 September 2016).

2565:

in biomedical research, where their large reticulospinal

2370:

of South Africa around 360 million years ago, with other

492: 474: 410: 6919:(P.W. Sorensen & B.D. Wisenden, Eds.), pp. 255–268, 6779:. East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University Press. 5903:

Green, Stephen A.; Bronner, Marianne E. (January 2014).

4571:"A Leap in Lampreys: Unlovely Fish Make Welcome Comback" 1139:

Taxonomists place lampreys and hagfish in the subphylum

7237:"The Borgias season 3 episode 5: The Wolf and the Lamb" 7040:

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

4638:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3908:"Lamprey: a model for vertebrate evolutionary research" 3864:"Current understanding of lamprey chemosensory systems" 3768:

Warren, Melvin L. Jr.; Burr, Brooks M. (10 July 2014).

3512:"The Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Distribution of Lampreys" 2908:

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

676:

of England, lampreys were found as far upstream in the

6739:

Gunn, J.M.; Steedman, R.J.; Ryder, R.A., eds. (2003).

5678:"Phylogenetics and the Cenozoic radiation of lampreys" 3748:"Chemical concerns may halt Lake Champlain treatments" 7111:] (in Latin). Vol. III. Thelatinlibrary.com. 4698:

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

4137:

Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution

3408:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 247–285, 797:, or tear at the flesh of their prey to yield blood. 507: 495: 486: 480: 453: 425: 6742:

Boreal Shield Watersheds Lake Trout Ecosystems in a.

489: 465: 462: 456: 419: 416: 407: 303: 293: 283: 273: 263: 253: 243: 8182: 8134: 8110: 8068: 7990: 7876: 7807: 7783: 7723: 7654: 7612: 6979:

Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control, Vol. 1

1239:. Sometimes still seen is the alternative spelling 501: 477: 471: 413: 404: 7183: 6883:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 6808: 5806:"Non-ammocoete larvae of Palaeozoic stem lampreys" 5620:"Early Jawless Vertebrates and Cyclostome Origins" 5447:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 4282:Renaud, C. B.; Gill, H. S.; Potter, I. C. (2009). 4258:Biological Materials of Marine Origin: Vertebrates 986:gene segments, lamprey leukocytes express surface 865:production by capturing light signals through the 729:, elongated bodies, with the largest species, the 4979:Orlov, Alexei; Beamish, Richard (26 April 2016). 4877:Macey, D. J.; Cake, M. H.; Potter, I. C. (1988). 3562: 3560: 1094:, both adults die after the eggs are fertilized. 384:section of Lamprey demonstrating internal anatomy 7036:"Sea Lamprey Lake Champlain Sea Lamprey Control" 6497:"Sea Lamprey Fisheries in the Iberian Peninsula" 4949:"Chordate – Internal features | Britannica" 1265:Phylogeny based on Brownstein & Near, 2023. 1150:, which also includes the invertebrate subphyla 1058:During metamorphosis the lamprey loses both the 7393:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6847:O'Sullivan, P.E.; Reynolds, C.S., eds. (2007). 6734: 6732: 3801:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3043: 3010: 2969: 1221:, classify lampreys in a separate group called 684:. The reduction of pollution in the Thames and 6815:. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. p. 5559: 5557: 5509:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 540:"stone"), though the etymology is uncertain. 7550: 7104:L. ANNAEI SENECAE AD NOVATVM DE IRA LIBER III 6853:. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. p. 81. 6578:"Gloucester lamprey pie is fit for the Queen" 6527:Henry I: King of England and Duke of Normandy 6499:. In Orlov, Alexei; Beamish, Richard (eds.). 5368: 5366: 5364: 5269:"Feeding ecology of the earliest vertebrates" 3190:. Connecticut River Conservancy. 10 July 2016 2674:, because few lampreys could be found in the 2646:, due to their meaty taste and texture. King 2577:of substances for experimental manipulation. 998:present in higher vertebrates immune system. 744:The brain of the lamprey is divided into the 625:migrate from saltwater to freshwater to breed 8: 5227: 5225: 5223: 3263:"The rise of predation in Jurassic lampreys" 7135:. Little, Brown and company. Translated by 5301:Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control 5203:Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control 5157:Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control 4692:Todd, P. R.; Wilson, R. D. (1 March 1983). 3519:Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control 3406:Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control 2880:Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans 533: 525: 519: 8170: 7557: 7543: 7535: 7485:. Inland Fisheries Ireland. Archived from 7030: 7028: 7026: 6088:|...|intentional=yes}} 3993:. Berlin New York: Springer. p. 454. 2784:In Britain, lampreys are commonly used as 2761:of several lamprey species, including the 1049:from Nouveau Larousse Illustré (1897-1904) 688:has led to recent sightings in London and 107: 27: 7415: 7405: 7182:Martin, George R. R. (16 November 1998). 6530:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. 6414: 6271: 6222: 6130: 6120: 6027: 5936: 5701: 5635: 5273:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 5111: 4902: 4845: 4717: 4665: 4515: 4466: 4449:Mano, Hiroaki; Fukada, Yoshitaka (2007). 4425: 4415: 4344: 4111: 4101: 3991:The central nervous system of vertebrates 3939: 3887: 3838: 3820: 3643: 3589: 3377: 3366:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3302: 2967:for attempting to do so in his presence: 854:protected by the pericardial cartilages. 819:, suggest they are the sister taxon (see 6927:, Hoboken, NJ, USA:Wiley-Blackwell, see 6503:. Cambridge Scholars. pp. 115–148. 6010:Diogo, Rui; Ziermann, Janine M. (2015). 5298:Docker, Margaret F. (24 November 2014). 5200:Docker, Margaret F. (24 November 2014). 5154:Docker, Margaret F. (24 November 2014). 3727:"Giant blood sucker found in River Wear" 3521:, Springer Netherlands, pp. 35–73, 1174:(jawed mouths) and includes the classes 873:is accompanied by the parapineal organ. 707: 376: 7380:Chemical cues for sea lamprey migration 7287:Research on pheromones for pest control 5006:McNeill Alexander, R. (6 August 1981). 3112: 544:is sometimes seen for the plural form. 8502:Extant Late Devonian first appearances 7142: 6685:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fishes 5076: 5066: 3901: 3899: 3763: 3761: 2858:male lampreys in a method akin to the 7212:"Kurt Vonnegut: "The Big Space Fuck"" 6501:Jawless Fishes of the World: Volume 2 6472:Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates 5799: 5797: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5127:Kershaw, Diana R. (6 December 2012). 4982:Jawless Fishes of the World: Volume 2 4687: 4685: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4565: 4563: 4561: 3505: 3503: 7: 8446:03856F28-FF91-8147-14D7-FD4AA67DFCC9 8407:fc439b05-812b-4964-8e12-f610152df66c 8319:15212329-be02-44d6-91d1-728cbe68c3ab 5189:, Alaska Department of Fish and Game 5035:Ecology of the New Zealand Lamprey ( 4927:"Ammocoete Definition & Meaning" 4255:Ehrlich, Hermann (1 December 2014). 3924:10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2016.5.263 3399: 3397: 3355: 3353: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 2707:is the most sought-after species in 861:, a photosensitive organ regulating 7438:"Sex smell lures 'vampire' to doom" 6709:Deshpande, S. S. (29 August 2002). 4985:. Cambridge Scholars. p. 204. 4601:Reinhardt, Ulrich (November 2008). 3701:"Prehistoric bloodsucker in Thames" 2959:kept a pool of lampreys into which 2436:Lamprey and chordate synapomorphies 1584: 1557: 1531: 1473: 1465: 1394: 1367: 1359: 1352: 1285: 1278: 1268: 1262:have to start with "Petromyzont-". 1019:Larva of an unknown lamprey species 880:, which are located ventral to the 823:) of all living jawed vertebrates ( 712:Basic external anatomy of a lamprey 5542:Poppick, Laura (2 November 2015). 5381:Alaska Department of Fish and Game 5285:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00643.x 4228:Rohde, Klaus (13 September 2005). 14: 6683:Bristow, Pamela (30 April 1992). 6524:Green, Judith A. (2 March 2006). 3614:History, trends and management". 3438:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3095:", whilst out on a hunting trip, 2824:Sea lampreys have become a major 2356:from the Middle Jurassic of China 2066:Naseka, Tuniyev & Renaud 2009 1940:Northern California brook lamprey 1243:, based on the argument that the 524:, which may mean "stone licker" ( 8038:Western Transcaucasian lamprey ( 7450: 6965:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01681.x 6917:Fish Pheromones and Related Cues 6373:Gitig, Diana (28 January 2018). 5486:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02842.x 4968:(Thesis). Ohio State University. 4376:Haaramo, Mikko (11 March 2008). 4300:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00571.x 3360:Mallatt, Jon (2 February 2023). 2946:Illustration from an edition of 2930:In Japanese, lamprey are called 1706:in 2023. Click "show" to expand. 1154:(sea-squirts) and the fish-like 741:pores on each side of the head. 449: 400: 133: 7436:(online), 20 January 2009, see 7190:(1st ed.). Voyager Books. 6745:London: CRC Press. p. 40. 6439:"CANADA: A Surfeit of Lampreys" 5773:Deeplyfish- fishes of the world 5100:Journal of Experimental Biology 4455:Photochemistry and Photobiology 4187:Environmental Biology of Fishes 4152:Journal of Great Lakes Research 3868:Journal of Great Lakes Research 3616:Journal of Great Lakes Research 3188:"Sea Lamprey: The Ancient Fish" 2695:Protected designation of origin 2644:when eating meat was prohibited 1622:(Eastern American and European 1045:A hagfish egg, illustration by 433:(sometimes inaccurately called 7010:Great Lakes Fishery Commission 4063:. Discovery Publishing House. 3746:Lehman, Don (15 August 2016). 3019:On the Intelligence of Animals 2884:Great Lakes Fishery Commission 2876:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2070:Western Transcaucasian lamprey 1884:(Renaud & Economidis 2010) 721:Adults superficially resemble 559:) and one large family in the 1: 7464:"ITIS report on the lampreys" 4719:10.1080/00288330.1983.9515983 4172:10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70480-8 3450:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02615-0 3336:10.1080/08912963.2023.2252443 3145:"Fossilworks: Petromyzontida" 3033:III.15.3). It is included by 988:variable lymphocyte receptors 974:) have the highest number of 586:lampreys are from the latest 7169:"The Letter of Lord Chandos" 6850:The Lakes Handbook, Volume 2 6687:. London: Chancellor Press. 6447:. 9 May 1955. Archived from 6122:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000567 5961:"Morphology of the Chordata" 5882:10.1016/j.annpal.2013.12.003 2882:, and is coordinated by the 2513:that extend anterior to the 2157:(Oliva & Zanandrea 1959) 1327:(southern topeyed lampreys) 8047:Far Eastern brook lamprey ( 7675:Pit-Klamath brook lamprey ( 6712:Handbook of Food Toxicology 6156:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5990:www.biologicaldiversity.org 4607:Canadian Journal of Zoology 4603:"Lamprey climbing behavior" 4378:"Mikko's Phylogeny Archive" 3527:10.1007/978-94-017-9306-3_2 3414:10.1007/978-94-024-1684-8_3 3209:Docker, Margaret F (2006). 3091:In season 3, episode 5 of " 3079:, in his late short story " 3006:Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus 2366:, is known from the latest 2360:The oldest fossil lamprey, 2300:Vladykov & Follett 1965 2102:Eudontomyzon stankokaramani 1819:Reighard & Cummins 1916 8523: 7735:Carpathian Brook Lamprey ( 7149:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 6715:. CRC Press. p. 695. 6297:Journal of Neurophysiology 5921:10.1016/j.diff.2014.02.001 5830:10.1038/s41586-021-03305-9 5094:Young, J. Z. (July 1935). 4517:10.1152/ajpregu.00033.2019 4139:. McGraw Hill. p. 88. 3889:10.1016/j.jglr.2021.04.020 3636:10.1016/j.jglr.2021.06.006 3379:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac086 3287:10.1038/s41467-023-42251-0 3215:Guelph Ichthyology Reviews 3125:"Order Petromyzontiformes" 2668:coronation of Elizabeth II 2541:and his colleagues at the 2235:(Vladykov & Kott 1976) 18: 7753:Ukrainian brook lamprey ( 7574: 6679:. September 2012 version. 6407:10.1038/s41588-017-0036-1 6344:10.1007/s00441-006-0216-2 5703:10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.018 5339:10.1007/s00427-004-0450-0 5246:10.1007/s10750-012-1237-3 5160:. Springer. p. 109. 5133:. Springer. p. 229. 4962:Evans, Thomas M. (2012). 4621:– via ResearchGate. 4468:10.1562/2006-02-24-IR-813 4103:10.3389/fnana.2021.786729 4090:Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 3582:10.1007/s10750-014-1879-4 2788:, normally as dead bait. 2497:on other fish, and these 2083:Far Eastern brook lamprey 2037:Lethenteron camtschaticum 1953:Pit-Klamath brook lamprey 1858:Hubbs & Trautman 1937 1845:Hubbs & Trautman 1937 1832:Hubbs & Trautman 1937 1609: 1589: 1582: 1562: 1555: 1536: 1529: 1498: 1478: 1471: 1463: 1424: 1399: 1392: 1372: 1365: 1357: 1350: 1317: 1293: 1283: 1276: 578:, forming the superclass 338: 331: 240: 235: 216: 209: 130:Scientific classification 128: 115: 106: 30: 8029:Siberian brook lamprey ( 8011:American brook lamprey ( 7969:European brook lamprey ( 7924:European river lamprey ( 7855:Mountain brook lamprey ( 7846:Southern brook lamprey ( 7837:Northern brook lamprey ( 7440:, accessed 1 July 2015. 7382:, accessed 1 July 2015. 7358:10.1038/nchembio1105-316 7348:(Submitted manuscript). 7338:Dittman, Andrew (2005). 7334:, accessed 1 July 2015. 6773:Alexander, Jeff (2009). 6665:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 6332:Cell and Tissue Research 5862:Annales de Paléontologie 5754:. February 2017 version. 5746:"Family Petromyzontidae" 5744:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 4754:. February 2017 version. 4746:"Family Petromyzontidae" 4744:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 4575:Friends of the Eel River 3123:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2860:sterile insect technique 2685:. In Finland (county of 2589:Relationship with humans 2569:are used to investigate 2458:dorsal hollow nerve cord 2396:of North America. These 2135:Carpathian brook lamprey 2014:Vladykov & Kott 1978 1988:Vladykov & Kott 1979 1936:Vladykov & Kott 1976 1920:Tetrapleurodon spadiceus 1871:(Kessler 1870) Berg 1906 1771:Australian brook lamprey 1570:Creaser & Hubbs 1922 1506:Creaser & Hubbs 1922 582:. The oldest fossils of 37:Late Devonian – Holocene 21:Lamprey (disambiguation) 8155:Mexican brook lamprey ( 8098:Non-parasitic lamprey ( 8002:Alaskan brook lamprey ( 7978:Western brook lamprey ( 7960:Pacific brook lamprey ( 7942:Turkish brook lamprey ( 7915:Western river lamprey ( 7702:Klamath River lamprey ( 7407:10.1073/pnas.0808530106 7345:Nature Chemical Biology 7297:Nature Chemical Biology 6992:, accessed 1 July 2015. 6945:Journal of Fish Biology 6933:, accessed 1 July 2015. 6252:Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 5474:Journal of Fish Biology 5404:Journal of Fish Biology 5039:) - A literature review 4417:10.1073/pnas.1010350107 4207:10.1023/A:1023961910547 3989:Nieuwenhuys, R (1998). 3822:10.1073/pnas.1304210110 3167:Oxford University Press 3133:. January 2009 version. 3002:Lucius Licinius Crassus 2816:Lampreys attached to a 2738:in the coat of arms of 2715:): the other one being 2610:Portuguese lamprey rice 2561:Lampreys are used as a 2310:Entosphenus macrostomus 2148:Ukrainian brook lamprey 1998:Entosphenus tridentatus 1959:Entosphenus macrostomus 1946:Entosphenus lethophagus 966:Genetics and immunology 654:Entosphenus tridentatus 341:Hyperoartia Müller 1844 8507:Fish described in 1940 7642:Ionian brook lamprey ( 7165:von Hofmannsthal, Hugo 7137:William Watson Goodwin 6807:Williams, Ted (2007). 6264:10.1098/rstb.2010.0043 6215:10.1098/rstb.2005.1779 6016:Developmental Dynamics 5564:Nelson, J. S. (2006). 4650:10.1098/rspb.2016.1151 4333:Developmental Dynamics 4057:Khanna, D. R. (2004). 3680:British History Online 3066:A Song of Ice and Fire 3057: 3023: 2986: 2953: 2828:in the North American 2821: 2743: 2736:European river lamprey 2721:European river lamprey 2691:Carnikava Municipality 2623: 2611: 2534: 2446: 2357: 2330: 2291:European brook lamprey 2248:Kux & Steiner 1972 2226:European river lamprey 2154:Eudontomyzon vladykovi 2089:Lethenteron zanandreai 2057:Siberian brook lamprey 2031:American brook lamprey 1907:Tetrapleurodon geminis 1897:(Vladykov et al. 1982) 1894:Caspiomyzon hellenicus 1855:Ichthyomyzon unicuspis 1849:Mountain brook lamprey 1836:Southern brook lamprey 1823:Northern brook lamprey 1803:Ichthyomyzon castaneus 1702:List of species, from 1136: 1126: 1114: 1051: 1021: 980:adaptive immune system 933:Many lampreys exhibit 930: 904: 713: 659:reproductive isolation 534: 526: 520: 393: 385: 374: 357: 118:European river lamprey 8492:Parasitic vertebrates 8428:Paleobiology Database 7888:Least Brook lamprey ( 7693:Miller Lake lamprey ( 7666:Modoc brook lamprey ( 7507:10 March 2021 at the 7216:www.pierretristam.com 6637:Nordic Recipe Archive 6309:10.1152/jn.00639.2006 6080:|...}} 6051:(Retracted, see 5267:Mallatt, Jon (1984). 4135:V. Kardong, Kenneth. 3676:"Parishes: Petersham" 3267:Nature Communications 3035:Hugo von Hofmannsthal 2945: 2815: 2733: 2617: 2609: 2571:synaptic transmission 2528: 2443: 2349: 2328: 2317:Cowichan lake lamprey 2313:Dr. Dick Beamish 1980 2304:Western brook lamprey 2278:Pacific brook lamprey 2252:Turkish brook lamprey 2213:Western river lamprey 2180:Lampetra alavariensis 2128:Eudontomyzon danfordi 2076:Lethenteron reissneri 2018:Alaskan brook lamprey 2011:Lethenteron alaskense 1992:Klamath river lamprey 1975:(Bond & Kan 1973) 1914:Mexican brook lamprey 1842:Ichthyomyzon greeleyi 1790:Ichthyomyzon bdellium 1132: 1120: 1112:Lethenteron reissneri 1109: 1043: 1017: 925: 902: 711: 619:suggested to feed on 391: 380: 363: 352: 16:Order of jawless fish 8314:Fauna Europaea (new) 8089:Australian lamprey ( 7933:Kern brook lamprey ( 7897:Portuguese lamprey ( 7771:Vladykov's lamprey ( 7762:Drin brook Lamprey ( 7459:at Wikimedia Commons 7270:Renaud, C.B. (2011) 6669:Lampetra fluviatilis 5782:on 12 September 2017 5618:Janvier, P. (2008). 5113:10.1242/jeb.12.3.254 2919:word for lamprey is 2777:), and sea lamprey ( 2771:Lampetra fluviatilis 2717:Lampetra fluviatilis 2659:in British culture. 2543:Karolinska Institute 2480:is derived from the 2297:Lampetra richardsoni 2219:Lampetra fluviatilis 2050:Lethenteron kessleri 2024:Lethenteron appendix 1933:Entosphenus folletti 1888:Ionian brook lamprey 1213:convergent evolution 1125:of European lampreys 1110:Ammocoetes larva of 1098:encourage spawning. 884:. Intestines aid in 802:last common ancestor 122:Lampetra fluviatilis 19:For other uses, see 7310:10.1038/nchembio739 7133:Ralph Waldo Emerson 6957:2007JFBio..71S.100S 6451:on 15 December 2008 6258:(1551): 2315–2328. 5874:2014AnPal.100..131G 5822:2021Natur.591..408M 5694:2023CBio...33E.397B 5637:10.2108/zsj.25.1045 5566:Fishes of the World 5521:1988TrAFS.117...63B 5416:2013JFBio..82.1739S 4883:Biochemical Journal 4838:10.1038/nature02740 4830:2004Natur.430..174P 4710:1983NZJMF..17...21T 4231:Marine Parasitology 4199:2003EnvBF..66..271T 4164:2003JGLR...29...95P 3912:Zoological Research 3880:2021JGLR...47S.650A 3813:2013PNAS..11011899T 3807:(29): 11899–11904. 3628:2021JGLR...47S.159A 3279:2023NatCo..14.6652W 3061:George R. R. Martin 2868:chemical structures 2769:), river lampreys ( 2767:Caspiomyzon wagneri 2699:European Commission 2672:her Diamond Jubilee 2657:the phrase persists 2258:Lampetra lusitanica 2245:Lampetra lanceolata 2193:Lampetra auremensis 2174:Least brook lamprey 2141:Eudontomyzon mariae 1985:Entosphenus similis 1979:Miller Lake lamprey 1972:Entosphenus minimus 1881:Caspiomyzon graecus 1868:Caspiomyzon wagneri 1816:Ichthyomyzon fossor 1732:Argentinian lamprey 1508:(Mexican lampreys) 1303:(pouched lampreys) 1241:"Petromyzoniformes" 1218:Fishes of the World 984:leucine-rich repeat 970:Northern lampreys ( 598:and the end of the 561:Northern Hemisphere 549:Southern Hemisphere 8241:Petromyzontiformes 8228:Petromyzontiformes 8214:Petromyzontiformes 8184:Petromyzontiformes 8056:Lombardy lamprey ( 7828:Chestnut Lamprey ( 7598:Petromyzontiformes 7521:on 26 January 2016 7515:"The Tree of Life" 7457:Petromyzontiformes 7099:Seneca the Younger 7082:Seneca the Younger 6602:. 23 February 2015 6246:Parker, D (2010). 6197:Parker, D (2006). 6057:10.1002/dvdy.24236 6029:10.1002/dvdy.24245 5624:Zoological Science 5045:. September 2008. 4644:(1836): 20161151. 4288:Journal of Zoology 4016:Biological Reviews 3486:10.1643/IA02-085.1 3328:Historical Biology 3081:The Big Space Fuck 2954: 2949:Tacuinum Sanitatis 2822: 2779:Petromyzon marinus 2744: 2725:Portuguese cuisine 2648:Henry I of England 2624: 2612: 2535: 2447: 2358: 2331: 2261:Mateus et al. 2013 2239:Kern brook lamprey 2196:Mateus et al. 2013 2187:Portuguese lamprey 2183:Mateus et al. 2013 2167:Lampetra aepyptera 2161:Vladykov's lamprey 2115:Eudontomyzon morii 2109:Drin brook lamprey 1829:Ichthyomyzon gagei 1777:Petromyzon marinus 1758:Australian lamprey 1725:Geotria macrostoma 1538:Western American " 1273:Petromyzontiformes 1237:Petromyzontiformes 1209:Cephalaspidomorphi 1137: 1127: 1115: 1052: 1022: 959:Petromyzon marinus 931: 905: 867:photoreceptor cell 789:, anterior to the 725:in that they have 714: 648:Petromyzon marinus 446:Petromyzontiformes 394: 386: 375: 371:Petromyzon marinus 358: 355:Petromyzon marinus 219:Petromyzon marinus 197:Petromyzontiformes 8469: 8468: 8415:Open Tree of Life 8176:Taxon identifiers 8167: 8166: 8146:Mexican lamprey ( 8080:Chilean lamprey ( 7795:Pouched lamprey ( 7764:E. stankokaramani 7711:Pacific lamprey ( 7624:Caspian lamprey ( 7455:Media related to 7280:978-92-5-106928-8 7241:www.denofgeek.com 7197:978-0-00-224585-2 7019:on 27 April 2015. 6860:978-1-4051-4110-9 6826:978-1-62873-197-2 6786:978-1-60917-197-1 6752:978-0-203-49508-7 6722:978-0-8247-0760-6 6694:978-1-85152-136-4 6600:The Baltic Course 6537:978-0-521-59131-7 6510:978-1-4438-8719-9 6481:978-0-03-022369-3 5986:"Natural history" 5965:ucmp.berkeley.edu 5816:(7850): 408–412. 5766:"Petromyzontidae" 5688:(2): 397–404.e3. 5630:(10): 1045–1056. 5604:978-0-226-28497-2 5575:978-0-471-25031-9 5453:(11): 1924–1943. 5424:10.1111/jfb.12100 5311:978-94-017-9306-3 5213:978-94-017-9306-3 5167:978-94-017-9306-3 5140:978-94-011-6035-3 5052:978-0-478-14542-7 5037:Geotria australis 5019:978-0-521-23658-4 4992:978-1-4438-9240-7 4895:10.1042/bj2520167 4824:(6996): 174–180. 4768:Nature Immunology 4552:Los Angeles Times 4268:978-94-007-5730-1 4241:978-0-643-09927-2 4070:978-81-7141-908-1 4060:Biology Of Fishes 4028:10.1111/brv.12403 4000:978-3-540-56013-5 3781:978-1-4214-1201-6 3732:The Northern Echo 3536:978-94-017-9305-6 3423:978-94-024-1682-4 3225:on 27 August 2014 3063:'s novel series, 2902:, and New York's 2750:, or in vinegar. 2666:was made for the 2594:Attacks on humans 2504:Oftentimes adult 2486:dorsal nerve cord 2314: 2301: 2288: 2275: 2271:Lampetra pacifica 2265:lusitanic lamprey 2262: 2249: 2236: 2223: 2210: 2197: 2184: 2171: 2158: 2145: 2132: 2119: 2106: 2093: 2080: 2067: 2063:Lethenteron ninae 2054: 2041: 2028: 2015: 2002: 2001:(Richardson 1836) 1989: 1976: 1963: 1950: 1937: 1924: 1911: 1898: 1885: 1872: 1859: 1846: 1833: 1820: 1807: 1794: 1781: 1768: 1755: 1754:(Richardson 1846) 1742: 1738:Mordacia lapicida 1729: 1728:(Burmeister 1868) 1716: 1712:Geotria australis 1698: 1697: 1689: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1671: 1670: 1662: 1661: 1653: 1652: 1644: 1643: 1635: 1634: 1621: 1598: 1571: 1517: 1516: 1507: 1487: 1451: 1450: 1442: 1441: 1433: 1408: 1381: 1336: 1335: 1326: 1302: 1004:Geotria australis 947:Geotria australis 690:Chester-le-Street 642:Geotria australis 576:jawed vertebrates 437:) are a group of 347: 346: 205: 8514: 8462: 8461: 8449: 8448: 8436: 8435: 8423: 8422: 8410: 8409: 8400: 8399: 8387: 8386: 8384:NBNSYS0000185526 8374: 8373: 8361: 8360: 8348: 8347: 8335: 8334: 8322: 8321: 8309: 8308: 8296: 8295: 8283: 8282: 8270: 8269: 8257: 8256: 8244: 8243: 8231: 8230: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8171: 8020:Arctic lamprey ( 7864:Silver lamprey ( 7744:Korean lamprey ( 7559: 7552: 7545: 7536: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7517:. Archived from 7498: 7496: 7494: 7489:on 25 April 2021 7478: 7476: 7474: 7454: 7429: 7419: 7409: 7400:(4): 1021–1026. 7377: 7329: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7189: 7186:A Clash of Kings 7179: 7173: 7172: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7148: 7140: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7095: 7089: 7061: 7055: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7032: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7012:. Archived from 7007: 6999: 6993: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6940: 6934: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6814: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6736: 6727: 6726: 6706: 6700: 6698: 6680: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6643:on 13 March 2016 6639:. Archived from 6629: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6584:. 20 April 2012. 6574: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6418: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6303:(4): 3093–3108. 6292: 6286: 6285: 6275: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6226: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6134: 6124: 6115:(12): e1000567. 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6081: 6070:Retraction Watch 6049: 6031: 6022:(9): 1046–1057. 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5940: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5801: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5781: 5775:. Archived from 5770: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5705: 5673: 5658: 5657: 5639: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5561: 5552: 5551: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5410:(5): 1739–1745. 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5378: 5370: 5359: 5358: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5229: 5218: 5217: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5130:Animal Diversity 5124: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5072: 5064: 5044: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4929:. Dictionary.com 4923: 4917: 4916: 4906: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4849: 4815: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4721: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4669: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4598: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4567: 4556: 4555: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4519: 4510:(2): R410–R417. 4495: 4489: 4488: 4470: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4429: 4419: 4410:(45): 19379–83. 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4348: 4346:10.1002/dvdy.243 4324: 4318: 4317: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4115: 4105: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4022:(3): 1461–1477. 4011: 4005: 4004: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3903: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3842: 3824: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3765: 3756: 3755: 3754:. The Post Star. 3743: 3737: 3736: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3647: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3593: 3564: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3546:on 3 August 2018 3545: 3539:, archived from 3516: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3401: 3392: 3391: 3381: 3357: 3348: 3347: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3306: 3258: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3221:. Archived from 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3117: 3055: 2984: 2838:invasive species 2533:of a sea lamprey 2491:pharyngeal slits 2462:pharyngeal slits 2417:from the Middle 2312: 2299: 2286: 2284:Lampetra planeri 2273: 2260: 2247: 2234: 2221: 2208: 2195: 2182: 2169: 2156: 2143: 2130: 2117: 2104: 2096:Lombardy lamprey 2091: 2078: 2065: 2052: 2039: 2026: 2013: 2000: 1987: 1974: 1961: 1948: 1935: 1922: 1909: 1896: 1883: 1870: 1857: 1844: 1831: 1818: 1810:Chestnut lamprey 1805: 1792: 1779: 1766: 1764:Mordacia praecox 1753: 1740: 1727: 1714: 1619: 1596: 1585: 1569: 1558: 1532: 1505: 1485: 1474: 1466: 1431: 1406: 1395: 1379: 1368: 1363:Petromyzontinae 1360: 1353: 1324: 1300: 1286: 1279: 1269: 782:photoreceptors. 539: 531: 523: 514: 513: 510: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 432: 431: 428: 427: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 305: 295: 285: 275: 265: 255: 245: 200: 138: 137: 111: 101: 38: 34:Temporal range: 28: 8522: 8521: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8465: 8457: 8452: 8444: 8439: 8431: 8426: 8418: 8413: 8405: 8403: 8395: 8390: 8382: 8377: 8369: 8364: 8356: 8351: 8343: 8338: 8330: 8325: 8317: 8312: 8304: 8299: 8291: 8286: 8278: 8273: 8265: 8260: 8252: 8247: 8239: 8234: 8226: 8221: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8178: 8168: 8163: 8130: 8106: 8064: 8022:L. camtschatica 7986: 7906:Qurem lamprey ( 7899:L. alavariensis 7872: 7803: 7779: 7719: 7650: 7633:Greek lamprey ( 7608: 7604:Petromyzontidae 7570: 7563: 7524: 7522: 7513: 7509:Wayback Machine 7492: 7490: 7481: 7472: 7470: 7462: 7447: 7385: 7337: 7292: 7289: 7267: 7262: 7260:Further reading 7257: 7256: 7246: 7244: 7235: 7234: 7230: 7220: 7218: 7210: 7209: 7205: 7198: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7141: 7131:. Vol. V. 7121: 7120: 7116: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7074:Natural History 7069:Pliny the Elder 7062: 7058: 7051: 7047: 7034: 7033: 7024: 7016: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6976: 6972: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6914: 6910: 6895:10.1139/f02-169 6880: 6879: 6875: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6738: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6708: 6707: 6703: 6695: 6682: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6646: 6644: 6631: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6538: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6511: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6482: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6454: 6452: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6395:Nature Genetics 6387: 6386: 6382: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6209:(1465): 81–99. 6196: 6195: 6191: 6168:10.1038/nrn1137 6153: 6152: 6148: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6083: 6075: 6073: 6050: 6009: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5967: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5909:Differentiation 5902: 5901: 5897: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5803: 5802: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5682:Current Biology 5675: 5674: 5661: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5576: 5563: 5562: 5555: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5459:10.1139/f80-233 5444: 5443: 5439: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5362: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5231: 5230: 5221: 5214: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5075: 5065: 5053: 5042: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5012:. CUP Archive. 5005: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4813: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4691: 4690: 4683: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4619:10.1139/Z08-112 4600: 4599: 4590: 4580: 4578: 4569: 4568: 4559: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3905: 3904: 3897: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3735:. 25 June 2009. 3725: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3566: 3565: 3558: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3514: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3444:(11): 507–513. 3435: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3403: 3402: 3395: 3359: 3358: 3351: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3260: 3259: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3149:fossilworks.org 3143: 3142: 3138: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3089: 3056: 3050: 2985: 2975: 2940: 2916: 2810: 2763:Caspian lamprey 2689:), and Latvia ( 2604: 2596: 2591: 2523: 2521:Use in research 2466:pituitary gland 2438: 2427:from the Early 2392:known from the 2374:lampreys, like 2344: 2323: 2322: 2232:Lampetra hubbsi 2222:(Linnaeus 1758) 2206:Lampetra ayresi 2092:(Vladykov 1955) 2079:(Dybowski 1869) 2040:(Tilesius 1811) 2005:Pacific lamprey 1927:Mexican lamprey 1875:Caspian lamprey 1769:(Non-parasitic/ 1751:Mordacia mordax 1745:Chilean lamprey 1719:Pouched lamprey 1707: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1672: 1663: 1654: 1645: 1636: 1620:Bonnaterre 1788 1518: 1452: 1443: 1347:Petromyzontidae 1337: 1182:(bony fishes), 1156:Cephalochordata 1134:Pouched lamprey 1104: 1050: 1020: 1012: 1000:Pouched lamprey 972:Petromyzontidae 968: 719: 706: 674:Norman Conquest 633: 596:Middle Jurassic 592:Jurassic Period 588:Devonian Period 565:Petromyzontidae 452: 448: 441:comprising the 403: 399: 324:Petromyzontidae 231: 222: 199: 132: 102: 100: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 36: 35: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8520: 8518: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8474: 8473: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8463: 8450: 8437: 8424: 8411: 8401: 8388: 8375: 8362: 8349: 8336: 8323: 8310: 8301:Fauna Europaea 8297: 8284: 8271: 8258: 8245: 8232: 8219: 8204: 8188: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8152: 8142: 8140: 8137:Tetrapleurodon 8132: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8118: 8116: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8095: 8086: 8076: 8074: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8053: 8044: 8035: 8026: 8017: 8008: 7998: 7996: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7980:L. richardsoni 7975: 7966: 7957: 7948: 7939: 7930: 7926:L. fluviatilis 7921: 7912: 7903: 7894: 7884: 7882: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7861: 7852: 7843: 7834: 7825: 7819:Ohio lamprey ( 7815: 7813: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7791: 7789: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7777: 7768: 7759: 7750: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7713:E. tridentatus 7708: 7699: 7690: 7686:E. macrostomus 7684:Lake lamprey ( 7681: 7677:E. lethophagus 7672: 7662: 7660: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7648: 7639: 7630: 7620: 7618: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7564: 7562: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7511: 7499: 7479: 7460: 7446: 7445:External links 7443: 7442: 7441: 7430: 7383: 7352:(6): 316–317. 7335: 7304:(6): 324–328. 7288: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7228: 7203: 7196: 7174: 7156: 7114: 7090: 7056: 7045: 7022: 6994: 6970: 6935: 6925:978-0813823867 6908: 6873: 6859: 6839: 6825: 6799: 6785: 6765: 6751: 6728: 6721: 6701: 6693: 6663:Froese, Rainer 6654: 6624: 6621:Home – Nakkila 6613: 6587: 6569: 6551:Smith, Lewis. 6543: 6536: 6516: 6509: 6487: 6480: 6462: 6430: 6401:(2): 270–277. 6380: 6365: 6338:(2): 301–310. 6322: 6287: 6238: 6189: 6162:(7): 573–586. 6146: 6095: 6002: 5977: 5952: 5915:(1–2): 44–51. 5895: 5868:(2): 131–135. 5851: 5793: 5757: 5742:Froese, Rainer 5733: 5659: 5610: 5603: 5581: 5574: 5553: 5534: 5499: 5480:(1): 338–343. 5464: 5437: 5394: 5360: 5327:Dev Genes Evol 5317: 5310: 5290: 5279:(3): 261–272. 5259: 5219: 5212: 5192: 5173: 5166: 5146: 5139: 5119: 5106:(3): 254–270. 5086: 5077:|journal= 5051: 5025: 5018: 4998: 4991: 4971: 4954: 4940: 4918: 4889:(1): 167–172. 4869: 4801: 4780:10.1038/ni1419 4757: 4742:Froese, Rainer 4733: 4681: 4624: 4588: 4557: 4539: 4490: 4441: 4390: 4368: 4319: 4305: 4294:(3): 231–242. 4274: 4267: 4247: 4240: 4220: 4193:(3): 271–278. 4177: 4142: 4127: 4076: 4069: 4049: 4006: 3999: 3981: 3970:. 5 April 2018 3955: 3918:(5): 263–269. 3895: 3854: 3787: 3780: 3757: 3738: 3718: 3692: 3667: 3605: 3576:(1): 187–199. 3556: 3535: 3499: 3480:(4): 687–703. 3463: 3428: 3422: 3393: 3372:(2): 287–321. 3349: 3318: 3236: 3201: 3179: 3154: 3136: 3121:Froese, Rainer 3111: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3088: 3085: 3048: 3039:Chandos Letter 3004:was mocked by 2973: 2952:, 15th century 2939: 2936: 2915: 2912: 2890:, bordered by 2888:Lake Champlain 2809: 2806: 2628:ancient Romans 2603: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2575:microinjection 2563:model organism 2531:olfactory bulb 2522: 2519: 2450:Synapomorphies 2437: 2434: 2343: 2340: 2321: 2320: 2307: 2294: 2281: 2268: 2255: 2242: 2229: 2216: 2209:(Günther 1870) 2203: 2190: 2177: 2164: 2151: 2138: 2125: 2122:Korean lamprey 2112: 2105:(Karaman 1974) 2099: 2086: 2073: 2060: 2047: 2044:Arctic lamprey 2034: 2021: 2008: 1995: 1982: 1969: 1962:(Beamish 1982) 1956: 1943: 1930: 1917: 1904: 1891: 1878: 1865: 1862:Silver lamprey 1852: 1839: 1826: 1813: 1800: 1787: 1774: 1761: 1748: 1735: 1722: 1708: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1502:Tetrapleurodon 1497: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1292: 1284: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1267: 1227:Petromyzontida 1176:Chondrichthyes 1168:Agnathostomata 1103: 1102:Classification 1100: 1047:Adolphe Millot 1044: 1035:Arctic lamprey 1031:photoreceptors 1018: 1011: 1008: 967: 964: 935:countershading 928:countershading 886:osmoregulation 718: 715: 705: 702: 632: 629: 345: 344: 343: 342: 336: 335: 329: 328: 327: 326: 321: 316: 311: 301: 291: 281: 271: 261: 251: 238: 237: 233: 232: 223: 214: 213: 207: 206: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 126: 125: 113: 112: 104: 103: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 40: 39: 33: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8519: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8497:Devonian fish 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8460: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8398: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8209: 8205: 8200: 8194: 8190: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8172: 8160: 8158: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8127: 8125: 8122:Sea lamprey ( 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8114: 8109: 8103: 8101: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8061: 8059: 8058:L. zanandreai 8054: 8052: 8050: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8009: 8007: 8005: 8004:L. alaskensis 8000: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7989: 7983: 7981: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7953:L. lusitanica 7949: 7947: 7945: 7944:L. lanceolata 7940: 7938: 7936: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7908:L. auremensis 7904: 7902: 7900: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7869: 7867: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7800: 7798: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7776: 7774: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7716: 7714: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7635:C. hellenicus 7631: 7629: 7627: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7605: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7568: 7560: 7555: 7553: 7548: 7546: 7541: 7540: 7537: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7448: 7444: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7381: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7333: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7264: 7259: 7243:. 16 May 2013 7242: 7238: 7232: 7229: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7204: 7199: 7193: 7188: 7187: 7178: 7175: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7157: 7152: 7146: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7118: 7115: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7094: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7049: 7046: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7015: 7011: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6971: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6936: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6909: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6874: 6862: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6843: 6840: 6828: 6822: 6818: 6813: 6812: 6803: 6800: 6788: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6769: 6766: 6754: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6724: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6705: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6655: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6617: 6614: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6544: 6539: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6520: 6517: 6512: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6463: 6450: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6381: 6376: 6369: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6323: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6291: 6288: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6242: 6239: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6150: 6147: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6096: 6087: 6079: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6006: 6003: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5978: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5778: 5774: 5767: 5761: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5611: 5606: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5582: 5577: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5535: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5465: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5438: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5395: 5382: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5294: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5234:Hydrobiologia 5228: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5196: 5193: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5123: 5120: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5087: 5082: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5009:The Chordates 5002: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4975: 4972: 4967: 4966: 4958: 4955: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4847:2027.42/62870 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4774:(2): 206–13. 4773: 4769: 4761: 4758: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4577:. 6 July 2017 4576: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4391: 4379: 4372: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4320: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4251: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4224: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4138: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4053: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4010: 4007: 4002: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3969: 3968:The Economist 3965: 3959: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3874:: S650–S659. 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3774:. JHU Press. 3773: 3772: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3707:. 1 July 2009 3706: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3622:: S159–S185. 3621: 3617: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3570:Hydrobiologia 3563: 3561: 3557: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3202: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3098: 3097:Cesare Borgia 3094: 3087:In television 3086: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3077:Kurt Vonnegut 3074: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3054: 3053:Francis Bacon 3047: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2997: 2996:Robert Harris 2993: 2992: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2957:Vedius Pollio 2951: 2950: 2944: 2938:In literature 2937: 2935: 2933: 2932:yatsume-unagi 2928: 2926: 2922: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2814: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2790:Northern pike 2787: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2630:. During the 2629: 2621: 2616: 2608: 2601: 2599: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2539:Sten Grillner 2532: 2527: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2442: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2395: 2394:Carboniferous 2391: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2342:Fossil record 2341: 2339: 2337: 2327: 2318: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2274:Vladykov 1973 2272: 2269: 2266: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2200:Qurem lamprey 2194: 2191: 2188: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2170:(Abbott 1860) 2168: 2165: 2162: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2053:(Anikin 1905) 2051: 2048: 2045: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2012: 2009: 2006: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1901:Greek lamprey 1895: 1892: 1889: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1793:(Jordan 1885) 1791: 1788: 1785: 1780:Linnaeus 1758 1778: 1775: 1772: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1694: 1693: 1685: 1684: 1676: 1675: 1667: 1666: 1658: 1657: 1649: 1648: 1640: 1639: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1618: 1617:sensu stricto 1615: 1614: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1587: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1476: 1475: 1469:Entosphenini 1468: 1467: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1447: 1446: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1407:Linnaeus 1758 1405: 1404: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1370: 1369: 1362: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172:Gnathostomata 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1135: 1131: 1124: 1119: 1113: 1108: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1075: 1073: 1070:turns into a 1069: 1065: 1064:biliary tract 1061: 1056: 1048: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027:diurnal cycle 1016: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 965: 963: 961: 960: 955: 954: 949: 948: 942: 940: 936: 929: 924: 920: 918: 914: 909: 901: 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 815: 814:cartilaginous 810: 806: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 787:buccal cavity 783: 780: 779:Accommodation 776: 775: 770: 769:parietal eyes 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 746:telencephalon 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 716: 710: 703: 701: 699: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655: 650: 649: 644: 643: 638: 630: 628: 626: 622: 618: 617: 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 538: 537: 530: 529: 522: 518: 512: 447: 444: 440: 436: 430: 398: 390: 383: 379: 373: 372: 367: 362: 356: 353:Sea lamprey, 351: 340: 339: 337: 334: 330: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 309: 302: 300: 299: 292: 290: 289: 282: 280: 279: 272: 270: 269: 262: 260: 259: 252: 250: 249: 242: 241: 239: 234: 230: 226: 221: 220: 215: 212: 208: 203: 198: 195: 192: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 178: 175: 173:Infraphylum: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 136: 131: 127: 123: 119: 114: 110: 105: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 29: 26: 22: 8487:Hematophages 8183: 8156: 8147: 8135: 8123: 8111: 8099: 8090: 8081: 8069: 8057: 8049:L. reissneri 8048: 8039: 8030: 8021: 8012: 8003: 7991: 7979: 7970: 7961: 7952: 7943: 7934: 7925: 7916: 7907: 7898: 7890:L. aepyptera 7889: 7877: 7866:I. unicuspis 7865: 7856: 7847: 7838: 7830:I. castaneus 7829: 7820: 7810:Ichthyomyzon 7808: 7797:G. australis 7796: 7784: 7773:E. vladykovi 7772: 7763: 7754: 7745: 7736: 7726:Eudontomyzon 7724: 7712: 7703: 7694: 7685: 7676: 7667: 7655: 7643: 7634: 7625: 7613: 7597: 7566: 7525:27 September 7523:. Retrieved 7519:the original 7493:27 September 7491:. Retrieved 7487:the original 7473:27 September 7471:. Retrieved 7397: 7391: 7349: 7343: 7301: 7295: 7271: 7245:. Retrieved 7240: 7231: 7219:. Retrieved 7215: 7206: 7185: 7177: 7159: 7127: 7117: 7108: 7103: 7093: 7085: 7072: 7059: 7048: 7042:. July 2009. 7039: 7014:the original 6997: 6978: 6973: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6916: 6911: 6889:(1): 23–31. 6886: 6882: 6876: 6864:. Retrieved 6849: 6842: 6830:. Retrieved 6810: 6802: 6790:. Retrieved 6775: 6768: 6756:. Retrieved 6741: 6711: 6704: 6684: 6674: 6668: 6657: 6645:. Retrieved 6641:the original 6636: 6627: 6616: 6604:. Retrieved 6590: 6581: 6572: 6560:. Retrieved 6557:The Guardian 6556: 6546: 6526: 6519: 6500: 6490: 6471: 6465: 6453:. Retrieved 6449:the original 6442: 6433: 6398: 6394: 6383: 6368: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6255: 6251: 6241: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6112: 6109:PLOS Biology 6108: 6098: 6084:{{ 6076:{{ 6069: 6067:, 6019: 6015: 6005: 5993:. Retrieved 5989: 5980: 5968:. Retrieved 5964: 5955: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5813: 5809: 5784:. Retrieved 5777:the original 5772: 5760: 5749: 5736: 5685: 5681: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5594: 5584: 5565: 5547: 5537: 5515:(1): 63–71. 5512: 5508: 5502: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5385:. Retrieved 5380: 5333:(1): 32–40. 5330: 5326: 5320: 5304:. Springer. 5300: 5293: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5237: 5233: 5206:. Springer. 5202: 5195: 5182: 5176: 5156: 5149: 5129: 5122: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5008: 5001: 4981: 4974: 4964: 4957: 4943: 4931:. Retrieved 4921: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4821: 4817: 4804: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4749: 4736: 4704:(1): 21–26. 4701: 4697: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4610: 4606: 4579:. Retrieved 4574: 4551: 4542: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4461:(1): 11–18. 4458: 4454: 4444: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4381:. Retrieved 4371: 4339:(1): 88–98. 4336: 4332: 4322: 4308: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4261:. Springer. 4257: 4250: 4230: 4223: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4136: 4130: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4059: 4052: 4019: 4015: 4009: 3990: 3984: 3972:. Retrieved 3967: 3958: 3915: 3911: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3770: 3752:poststar.com 3751: 3741: 3730: 3721: 3711:27 September 3709:. Retrieved 3704: 3695: 3683:. Retrieved 3679: 3670: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3573: 3569: 3548:, retrieved 3541:the original 3518: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3405: 3369: 3365: 3327: 3321: 3270: 3266: 3227:. Retrieved 3223:the original 3218: 3214: 3204: 3192:. Retrieved 3182: 3170:. Retrieved 3157: 3148: 3139: 3128: 3115: 3101: 3090: 3075: 3064: 3058: 3044: 3024: 3018: 3011: 3000: 2989: 2987: 2980: 2970: 2955: 2947: 2931: 2929: 2925:Lambton Worm 2920: 2917: 2904:Finger Lakes 2873: 2853: 2846: 2823: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2752: 2745: 2716: 2712: 2703: 2697:list by the 2680: 2676:River Severn 2661: 2636:widely eaten 2625: 2597: 2582:somatic cell 2579: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2536: 2515:otic vesicle 2503: 2448: 2422: 2414:Yanliaomyzon 2412: 2402: 2389:Hardistiella 2387: 2381: 2375: 2361: 2359: 2353:Yanliaomyzon 2351: 2332: 2309: 2296: 2287:(Bloch 1784) 2283: 2270: 2257: 2244: 2231: 2218: 2205: 2192: 2179: 2166: 2153: 2140: 2127: 2114: 2101: 2088: 2075: 2062: 2049: 2036: 2027:(DeKay 1842) 2023: 2010: 1997: 1984: 1971: 1966:Lake lamprey 1958: 1949:(Hubbs 1971) 1945: 1932: 1919: 1910:Álvarez 1964 1906: 1893: 1880: 1867: 1854: 1841: 1828: 1815: 1802: 1797:Ohio lamprey 1789: 1776: 1763: 1750: 1737: 1724: 1711: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1610: 1593:Eudontomyzon 1591: 1590: 1564: 1563: 1539: 1537: 1500: 1499: 1480: 1479: 1461:Lampetrinae 1428:Ichthyomyzon 1426: 1425: 1401: 1400: 1374: 1373: 1319: 1318: 1295: 1294: 1264: 1259: 1248: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1200: 1180:Osteichthyes 1138: 1111: 1096: 1085: 1076: 1057: 1053: 1023: 1003: 969: 957: 953:G. australis 952: 946: 943: 937:, a form of 932: 910: 906: 875: 859:pineal gland 856: 837: 825:gnathostomes 811: 807: 799: 784: 772: 766: 750:diencephalon 743: 720: 694: 678:River Thames 671: 666: 652: 646: 640: 634: 631:Distribution 614: 604: 569: 546: 541: 532:"to lick" + 445: 439:jawless fish 435:lamprey eels 434: 396: 395: 369: 354: 308:Yanliaomyzon 306: 296: 286: 276: 266: 258:Hardistiella 256: 246: 217: 211:Type species 196: 186: 121: 25: 8340:iNaturalist 8208:Wikispecies 8148:T. spadicea 8082:M. lapicida 8031:L. kessleri 8013:L. appendix 7993:Lethenteron 7962:L. pacifica 7857:I. greeleyi 7821:I. bdellium 7737:E. danfordi 7668:E. folletti 7657:Entosphenus 7615:Caspiomyzon 7592:Hyperoartia 7086:On Clemency 6951:: 100–114. 6562:16 February 5240:: 277–286. 3645:10174/31871 3591:10261/98126 3273:(1): 6652. 3172:12 February 3093:The Borgias 2914:In folklore 2862:. Finally, 2849:lampricides 2830:Great Lakes 2705:Sea lamprey 2664:lamprey pie 2632:Middle Ages 2363:Priscomyzon 2350:Fossils of 2144:(Berg 1931) 2118:(Berg 1931) 1923:(Bean 1887) 1806:Girard 1858 1784:Sea lamprey 1767:Potter 1968 1741:(Gray 1851) 1566:Lethenteron 1527:Lampetrini 1482:Entosphenus 1432:Girard 1858 1411:Sea lamprey 1376:Caspiomyzon 1314:Mordaciidae 1223:Hyperoartia 1092:semelparous 1060:gallbladder 976:chromosomes 913:carnivorous 890:iso-osmotic 735:paired fins 731:sea lamprey 698:Great Lakes 616:Caspiomyzon 607:filter feed 557:Mordaciidae 366:sea lamprey 364:Mouth of a 319:Mordaciidae 298:Priscomyzon 187:Hyperoartia 8476:Categories 8157:T. geminis 8124:P. marinus 8113:Petromyzon 8100:M. praecox 7971:L. planeri 7917:L. ayresii 7704:E. similis 7695:E. minimus 7644:C. graecus 7626:C. wagneri 7128:The Morals 6987:9401793069 6866:8 November 6792:8 November 6758:8 November 6647:1 December 6606:8 November 5591:Gee, Henry 5374:"Lampreys" 4383:26 January 4158:: 95–112. 4096:: 786729. 3550:21 October 3107:References 3031:Saturnalia 2864:pheromones 2856:sterilized 2842:lake trout 2818:lake trout 2775:L. planeri 2634:they were 2499:gill slits 2429:Cretaceous 2404:Myxineidus 2372:stem-group 2131:Regan 1911 1597:Regan 1911 1403:Petromyzon 1290:Geotriidae 1260:Petromyzon 1250:Petromyzon 1245:type genus 1178:(sharks), 1141:Vertebrata 1080:anadromous 1066:, and the 939:camouflage 878:intestines 871:pineal eye 850:, and one 829:Vertebrata 821:cladistics 758:cerebellum 686:River Wear 667:ammocoetes 600:Cretaceous 584:stem-group 580:Cyclostomi 553:Geotriidae 314:Geotriidae 236:Subgroups 8091:M. mordax 7935:L. hubbsi 7839:I. fossor 7755:E. mariae 7483:"Lamprey" 7145:cite book 6903:0706-652X 6633:"Lamprey" 6086:retracted 6078:retracted 6038:1097-0177 5929:0301-4681 5890:0753-3969 5838:0028-0836 5728:255278945 5712:0960-9822 5079:ignored ( 5069:cite book 5061:1179-1659 4728:0028-8330 4658:0962-8452 4526:1522-1490 4477:1751-1097 4355:1058-8388 4234:. Csiro. 4036:1464-7931 3932:2095-8137 3831:0027-8424 3662:237752229 3654:0380-1330 3458:0169-5347 3388:0024-4082 3344:0891-2963 3295:2041-1723 3194:23 August 3163:"lamprey" 3027:Macrobius 2983:, III, 40 2506:amphioxus 2495:parasitic 2478:notochord 2474:chordates 2470:endostyle 2454:notochord 2424:Mesomyzon 2398:Paleozoic 2383:Mayomyzon 2377:Pipiscius 1715:Gray 1851 1486:Gill 1863 1380:Berg 1906 1325:Gray 1853 1301:Gray 1851 1160:lancelets 1068:endostyle 1010:Lifecycle 894:digestion 882:notochord 863:melatonin 852:ventricle 727:scaleless 682:Petersham 288:Pipiscius 278:Mesomyzon 268:Mayomyzon 248:Caeruleum 153:Kingdom: 147:Eukaryota 8482:Lampreys 8193:Wikidata 8071:Mordacia 8040:L. ninae 7879:Lampetra 7848:I. gagei 7746:E. morii 7586:Chordata 7580:Animalia 7578:Kingdom 7505:Archived 7434:BBC News 7426:19164592 7374:42664483 7366:16408065 7326:43298112 7318:16408070 7221:22 March 7167:(1902). 7125:(1909). 7123:Plutarch 7109:On Anger 6681:(citing 6676:FishBase 6582:BBC News 6425:29358652 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