98:
241:
771:
1542:
1082:
1094:
1679:
40:
260:. A variety of coordinate locations have been given for this pole. The discrepancies are due to the question of whether the "coast" is measured to the grounding line or the edges of ice shelves, the difficulty of determining the location of the "solid" coastline, the movement of ice sheets and improvements in the accuracy of survey data over the years, as well as possible topographical errors.
1797:"traditional" Eurasian PIA in Crane & Crane, 1987. Rees using the same method updated the arctic PIA by over 200 kilometers. Barnes, which improved upon the method and the dataset used, was able to improve the GC & L South American PIA by 50 kilometers, showing that bad coastline data caused an error of 57 kilometers in their reported PIA-to-coast distance.
679:. The team reached the old abandoned station on 19 January 2007, rediscovering the forgotten statue of Lenin left there by the Soviets some 48 years previously. The team found that only the bust on top of the building remained visible; the rest was buried under the snow. The explorers were picked up from the spot by a plane from
1776:
Finally, an optimization algorithm must be developed. Several works use the 2007 adaptive grid method of Garcia-Castellanos and
Lombardo. In this method, a rectangular grid of, e.g., 21×21 points is created. Each point's distance from the coastline is determined and the point farthest from the coast
402:
Using recent datasets and cross-confirmation between the adaptive gridding and B9-Hillclimbing methods discussed below, Rees et al. (2021) identify two poles of inaccessibility for
Antarctica: an "outer" pole defined by the edge of Antarctica's floating ice shelves and an "inner" pole defined by the
1669:
went from coastal Chile to the South
American Pole of Inaccessibility, becoming the first adventurers to go from the nearest coastline to the pole by foot. In 2019, it was discovered that there is a second South American pole of inaccessibility to the north, its position varying greatly between the
1796:
To date there has been no meta-study of the various works, and the algorithms and datasets they use. However, successive works have compared themselves with previous calculations and claimed improvement. For example, the GC & L article from 2007 was able to find hundred-kilometer errors in the
755:
As mentioned above, due to improvements in technology and the position of the continental edge of
Antarctica being debated, the exact position of the best estimate of the pole of inaccessibility may vary. However, for the convenience of sport expeditions, a fixed point is preferred, and the Soviet
659:
and ended at
Progress Base after more than 4,500 km (2,800 mi). This was the fastest polar journey ever achieved without mechanical aid, with an average rate of around 90 km (56 mi) per day and a maximum of 311 km (193 mi) per day, using kites as their power source.
813:
and is the place in the ocean that is farthest from land. It represents the solution to the "longest swim" problem. The problem entails finding such a place in the world ocean where, if a person fell overboard while on a ship at sea, they would be as far away from any land in any direction as
75:
is the farthest (or most difficult to reach) location in a given landmass, sea, or other topographical feature, starting from a given boundary, relative to a given criterion. A geographical criterion of inaccessibility marks a location that is the most challenging to reach according to that
615:, updated that year by the British Antarctic Survey. The team continued their journey towards the second southern pole of inaccessibility, the one that accounts for the ice shelves as well as the continental land, and they were the first expedition to reach it, on 14 December 2005, at
88:
from the shore. In these cases, a pole of inaccessibility is the center of a maximally large circle that can be drawn within an area of interest only touching but not crossing a coastline. Where a coast is imprecisely defined, the pole will be similarly imprecise.
1768:
must be determined for calculating distances between coastlines and potential Poles. Some works tended to project data onto planes or perform spherical calculations; more recently, other works have used different algorithms and high-performance computing with
850:, Antarctica) to the south. The exact coordinates of Point Nemo depend on what the exact coordinates of these three islands are, since the nature of the "longest swim" problem means that the ocean point is equally far from each.
226:. It is over 200 kilometres (120 mi) from the originally accepted position. Due to constant motion of the pack ice, no permanent structure can exist at this pole. On 12 September 2024, the French icebreaking cruise ship
1781:. A more recent method from 2019, B9-Hillclimbing by Barnes, uses a polyhedron in 3D space to find initial points evenly spaced by 100 kilometers. These points are then grouped; the more "unique" points are subject to
1777:
identified. The grid is then recentered on this point and shrunk by some factor. This process iterates until the grid becomes very small (e.g. at 100-meter precision). Some authors claim this method could sink into a
1469:
Coincidentally, the continental and oceanic poles of inaccessibility have a similar radius; the
Eurasian poles EPIA1 and EPIA2 are about 178 km (111 mi) closer to the ocean than the oceanic pole is to land.
1761:(OSM) planet dumps. The GSHHG claims 500-meter precision for 90% of identifiable coastal features, while the volunteer-build OSM give no such guarantee but nevertheless "have characteristics suggesting accuracy".
8042:
1018:
in 1992. In 2022, Lukatela recalculated the coordinates of Point Nemo using OpenStreetMap data as well as Google Maps data in order to compare those results with the coordinates he first calculated using
1059:" because hundreds of decommissioned satellites, space stations, and other spacecraft have been made to fall there upon re-entering the atmosphere, to lessen the risk of hitting inhabited locations or
97:
618:
578:
5428:
4247:
1620:
112:
at a distance farthest from any landmass. The original position was wrongly believed to lie at 84°3′N 174°51′W. It is not clear who first defined this point, but it may have been Sir
1693:
446:
406:
1120:
853:
The area is so remote that, since no regular marine or air traffic routes are within 400 kilometres (250 mi), sometimes the closest human beings are astronauts aboard the
503:
264:
5362:
575:, Juan Manuel Viu, and Ignacio Oficialdegui, members of the Spanish Transantarctic Expedition, reached for the first time in history the southern pole of inaccessibility at
362:
169:
5170:
671:, embarked on an expedition to be the first to reach the historic pole of inaccessibility location without direct mechanical assistance, using a combination of traditional
310:
1568:
4899:
4309:
4554:
920:
4497:
270:
5088:
1393:, located respectively at 2,510±10 km (1,560±6 mi) and 2,514±7 km (1,562±4 mi) from the oceans. These points lie in a close triangle about the
707:
523:
5050:
1331:
as part of the oceans, and a 2007 study proposes two other locations as the ones farther from any ocean (within the uncertainty of coastline definition): EPIA1
971:
1805:
Poles of
Inaccessibility, as determined by some authors, are listed in the table below. This list is incomplete and may not capture all works done to date.
7204:
5527:
1040:. The novel was a childhood favorite of Lukatela's, and such, he named it after Captain Nemo. The general area plays a major role in the 1928 short story "
5387:
5416:
1114:
border. It is also the furthest possible point on land from the ocean, given that
Eurasia (or even merely Asia alone) is the largest continent on Earth.
6165:
5260:
1026:
The point and the areas around it have attracted literary and cultural attention, and the point itself has become known as Point Nemo, a reference to
1793:) for the farthest distance, accelerated by a 3D Cartesian point cloud. Rees (2021) shows that the two methods agree with each other to meter level.
8585:
5800:
4252:
33:
5808:
8160:
7166:
5579:
43:
Map of distance to the nearest coastline (including oceanic islands, but not lakes) with red spots marking the poles of inaccessibility of main
7757:
7355:
6943:
4584:
1463:
1036:
8549:
1183:
6495:
818:, and is equally distant from the three closest land vertices which are each roughly 2,688 km (1,670 mi) away. Those vertices are
1247:
7360:
4929:
1287:
3872:
3664:
3404:
2676:
2624:
2364:
2312:
2052:
8651:
8443:
8124:
7946:
7836:
7605:
6194:
6143:
4080:
3976:
3820:
3716:
3560:
3508:
3352:
3300:
2936:
2832:
2780:
2468:
2416:
2104:
4132:
4028:
3248:
3144:
2988:
2260:
1948:
1896:
7894:
7475:
7414:
4213:
ArcGIS personnel wrote a 2015 page with their calculations based on a flat Earth. The results are too inaccurate to be included here.
3092:
3768:
3612:
2520:
2156:
7917:
5358:
5335:
4653:
4588:
3924:
3456:
2884:
2728:
2572:
2208:
155:
in 2013. McNeill launched his own, unsuccessful attempt to reach the new position in 2006, while measuring the depth of sea-ice for
140:
7995:
3040:
1844:
240:
1605:. The pole was marked in 2021 with a marker that represents the 7 Lakota Values and the four colors of the Lakota Medicine Wheel.
8646:
8641:
8636:
5020:
4618:
1530:
4839:
3196:
1426:
8226:
8212:
8186:
8023:
6917:
5994:
5520:
5142:
785:
572:
491:
867:
8049:
8019:
6362:
6352:
5936:
5638:
4907:
4645:
4466:
4340:
495:
356:
144:
7660:
4998:
770:
7822:
7332:
6465:
2000:
1365:
1334:
1225:
5456:
1485:
910:
blocks nutrients from reaching the area, and being so far from land it gets little nutrient run-off from coastal waters.
7731:
7617:
7460:
6506:
5967:
5735:
5309:
5021:"ExWeb interview Sebastian Copeland and Eric McNair-Landry (part 1/2): The battle of body and gear across 2 South Poles"
8179:
7801:
7635:
7576:
7530:
5648:
5054:
4869:
854:
744:
southern pole of inaccessibility. They were the first to do so without resupply or mechanical support, departing from
560:. A second Russian team returned there in 1967. Today, a building still remains at this location, marked by a bust of
136:
5759:
1397:, a significant historical gateway to migration between the East and West. EPIA2 is located near a settlement called
655:. Both achievements took place within an ambitious pioneer crossing of the eastern Antarctic Plateau that started at
8539:
7264:
7238:
7231:
6971:
6682:
6583:
6575:
6558:
6176:
5722:
5574:
5513:
4242:
1170:
1020:
864:
of Point Nemo – the point on the surface of the Earth that is diametrically opposite of it – is located at roughly
152:
5328:"43° 40' 52"N 87° 19' 52" E Geographic Center of Asia – The Heart of Asia (亚洲之心) – Xinjiang (新疆), China"
8362:
7972:
7668:
7467:
7252:
7134:
6937:
6819:
6670:
6519:
6457:
6444:
6317:
6043:
5695:
5250:
4423:
Rees, Gareth; Headland, Robert; Scambos, Ted; Haran, Terry (2014). "Finding the Arctic pole of inaccessibility".
1770:
5378:"The Turner Twins on trekking to the Green Pole, avoiding disaster and 'fields of plastic stretching for miles'"
5377:
8512:
8103:
8097:
8015:
7889:
7674:
7400:
7276:
7126:
7014:
6798:
4489:
1518:
1117:
Earlier calculations suggested that it is 2,645 km (1,644 mi) from the nearest coastline, located at
752:
to complete the first East/West crossing of
Antarctica through both poles, over 4,000 km (2,500 mi).
745:
656:
5814:
5483:
1730:
920 km (570 mi) from the nearest coastline, approximately 161 km (100 miles) west-northwest of
147:
to re-establish the position using modern GPS and satellite technology. This was published as a paper in the
8242:
7395:
7269:
7189:
6698:
6525:
5727:
5478:
5382:
4649:
1541:
124:
came very close to reaching what was then considered to be the position by dogsled, but by his own account,
1411:
8517:
8083:
7350:
6015:
4754:
Barnes, Richard (2019). "Optimal orientations of discrete global grids and the Poles of
Inaccessibility".
1782:
1554:
758:
8522:
8491:
8296:
8249:
8148:
7952:
7871:
7814:
7563:
7557:
7407:
7365:
7327:
7307:
6902:
6677:
6513:
6423:
6405:
6322:
6293:
6283:
6171:
6108:
5882:
5473:
1687:
1081:
487:
228:
6563:
1406:
128:, did not make it due to the flow of sea ice. In 1986, an expedition of Soviet polar scientists led by
5198:"Determining the Areas and Geographical Centers of Pacific Ocean and its Northern and Southern Halves"
1099:
Distance to the sea in Asia, showing the two candidate locations for Eurasian pole of inaccessibility.
8376:
8368:
8311:
7899:
7763:
7744:
7689:
7681:
7481:
7421:
7380:
6993:
6984:
6855:
6850:
6754:
6618:
6375:
6337:
6154:
6149:
6132:
5944:
5714:
5682:
5626:
5606:
5500:
5424:
4959:
4377:
1753:
Poles are calculated with respect to a particular coastline dataset. Currently used datasets are the
1008:
60:
4592:
8497:
8419:
7884:
7807:
7723:
7504:
7496:
7445:
7085:
7043:
6538:
6501:
6390:
6137:
6024:
5827:
5632:
4237:
1790:
1562:
1056:
1041:
913:
To the west the region of the South Pacific Ocean is also the site of the geographic center of the
815:
160:
7655:
4937:
1459:
8218:
8110:
8091:
7630:
7172:
7066:
7030:
7006:
6897:
6744:
6719:
6715:
6705:
6611:
6589:
6568:
6449:
6439:
6186:
6074:
6002:
5675:
5666:
5658:
5569:
5549:
4821:
4771:
4440:
4332:
1739:
1230:
907:
701:
17:
1750:
As detailed below, several factors determine how a pole is calculated using computer modeling.
8590:
8396:
8390:
8346:
8331:
8260:
8232:
8140:
8077:
7987:
7959:
7939:
7877:
7785:
7749:
7623:
7590:
7583:
7536:
7518:
7435:
7184:
7053:
7001:
6907:
6860:
6788:
6777:
6489:
6479:
6471:
6367:
6357:
6268:
6263:
6246:
6212:
6079:
6066:
5887:
5793:
5751:
5746:
5536:
5205:
4536:
4389:
4381:
4232:
4227:
1765:
1417:
1093:
693:
499:
52:
8607:
8339:
8031:
7911:
7737:
7710:
7650:
7525:
7455:
7440:
7179:
7108:
7103:
7077:
7072:
6954:
6877:
6830:
6597:
6417:
6382:
6278:
6273:
6207:
6121:
5903:
5895:
5781:
5701:
5653:
5643:
5616:
4960:"Team N2i successfully conquer the Pole of Inaccessibility by foot and kite on 19th Jan '07"
4811:
4763:
4528:
4432:
4370:
4324:
1666:
914:
827:
507:
223:
219:
207:
105:
The northern pole of inaccessibility, sometimes known as the Arctic pole, is located on the
8597:
8544:
8529:
8435:
8430:
8354:
8319:
8255:
8154:
8069:
8036:
7768:
7551:
7543:
7512:
7428:
7388:
7142:
7098:
7038:
6962:
6932:
6927:
6887:
6865:
6813:
6749:
6739:
6690:
6412:
6397:
6250:
6219:
6181:
5931:
5859:
5853:
5776:
5741:
5601:
5501:
Team N2i successfully conquer the Pole of Inaccessibility by foot and kite on 19th Jan '07
5255:
4555:"World's Only Luxury Icebreaker Becomes First Ship To Reach North Pole Of Inaccessibility"
1678:
1394:
1045:
965:
861:
847:
211:
7120:
5327:
4641:
1462:) was designated by local geography experts as the "center point of Asia" in 1992, and a
5495:
5282:
5116:
486:
The southern pole of inaccessibility is far more remote and difficult to reach than the
8571:
8554:
8507:
8466:
8456:
8425:
8284:
8274:
8166:
8116:
7981:
7931:
7904:
7849:
7645:
7640:
7489:
7342:
7196:
7158:
7115:
7048:
7022:
6976:
6949:
6922:
6892:
6835:
6793:
6783:
6663:
6656:
6553:
6533:
6345:
6305:
6236:
6032:
6007:
5962:
5926:
5920:
5912:
5872:
5867:
5841:
5821:
5589:
5468:
4532:
1221:
1013:
953:
680:
561:
257:
113:
5028:
4840:"Spaniards reach the 'second' South Pole of Inaccessibility – still no trace of Lenin"
4614:
1757:(Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography Database) as well as
8630:
8534:
8476:
8471:
8461:
8411:
8406:
8382:
8326:
8203:
8197:
8192:
7791:
7702:
7695:
7450:
7245:
7224:
7092:
6870:
6840:
6808:
6803:
6640:
6546:
6429:
6224:
6037:
5987:
5980:
5972:
5877:
5786:
5621:
5197:
4847:
4825:
4775:
4444:
4365:
1786:
1778:
1758:
1731:
1658:
1614:
1550:
1063:. The International Space Station (ISS) is planned to crash into Point Nemo in 2031.
957:
835:
819:
684:
664:
245:
129:
121:
85:
48:
4336:
4310:"Poles of inaccessibility: A calculation algorithm for the remotest places on earth"
1052:, although this story was written 66 years before the identification of Point Nemo.
39:
8565:
8559:
8171:
8135:
8001:
7828:
7778:
7717:
7571:
7259:
7210:
7060:
6882:
6845:
6825:
6766:
6300:
6288:
6231:
6159:
6060:
5957:
5951:
5848:
5836:
5709:
5687:
5611:
5564:
1558:
1031:
961:
843:
839:
823:
106:
4767:
4458:
1455:
1158:
4988:
263:
The point commonly referred to as the pole of inaccessibility is the site of the
8602:
8502:
8450:
8268:
8055:
7843:
7218:
7150:
6912:
6771:
6734:
6634:
6626:
6434:
5770:
5171:"Point Nemo is the most remote oceanic spot – yet it's still awash with plastic"
5083:
1662:
1526:
1027:
949:
676:
668:
215:
8401:
8304:
8288:
8130:
8063:
7964:
7373:
7322:
7282:
6604:
6330:
6258:
6200:
5593:
4816:
4799:
4436:
4393:
4328:
1328:
1177:
1111:
900:
749:
672:
443:, 1,590.4 km (988.2 mi) from the ocean, and the Inner pole to be at
348:
253:
59:
are 250 km (160 mi) apart; thick lines 1,000 km (620 mi).
5209:
4147:
4134:
4095:
4082:
4043:
4030:
3991:
3978:
3939:
3926:
3887:
3874:
3835:
3822:
3783:
3770:
3731:
3718:
3679:
3666:
3627:
3614:
3575:
3562:
3523:
3510:
3471:
3458:
3419:
3406:
3367:
3354:
3315:
3302:
3263:
3250:
3211:
3198:
3159:
3146:
3107:
3094:
3055:
3042:
3003:
2990:
2951:
2938:
2899:
2886:
2847:
2834:
2795:
2782:
2743:
2730:
2691:
2678:
2639:
2626:
2587:
2574:
2535:
2522:
2483:
2470:
2431:
2418:
2379:
2366:
2327:
2314:
2275:
2262:
2223:
2210:
2171:
2158:
2119:
2106:
2067:
2054:
2015:
2002:
1963:
1950:
1911:
1898:
1859:
1846:
1709:
1695:
1636:
1622:
1584:
1570:
1500:
1487:
1441:
1428:
1380:
1367:
1349:
1336:
1303:
1289:
1263:
1249:
1199:
1185:
1136:
1122:
986:
973:
935:
922:
882:
869:
800:
787:
723:
709:
634:
620:
594:
580:
539:
525:
462:
448:
422:
408:
378:
364:
326:
312:
286:
272:
185:
171:
7923:
6760:
6312:
6095:
5403:"A Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography Database"
5402:
4222:
1174:
688:
352:
77:
68:
4877:
4540:
1049:
7855:
5286:
5051:"Image: guinness_book_records_team_n2i_antarctic_ec1.jpg, (539 × 791 px)"
4993:
4490:"North Pole 2010: Expedition to the Pole of Inaccessibility Is Postponed"
1522:
1162:
1060:
831:
117:
109:
81:
56:
44:
1466:
was erected there in the 1990s. The site is a local tourist attraction.
8482:
7862:
6649:
6127:
6103:
6091:
1735:
1106:
The Eurasian pole of inaccessibility (EPIA) is located in northwestern
5231:
4519:
Duhaime-Ross, Arielle (15 October 2013). "A New Race to Earth's End".
6728:
6053:
4870:"Spaniards reach South Pole of Inaccessibility – but where is Lenin?"
1545:
The North-West portion of the North American Pole of Inaccessibility.
1479:
1235:
896:
565:
232:
became the first ship to reach the Northern Pole of Inaccessibility.
132:
claimed to reach the original position by foot during a polar night.
5505:
5283:"International Space Station to crash down to Earth in January 2031"
1742:, about 30 km (19 mi) to the southwest of both locations.
774:
Location of Point Nemo in relation to three closest coastline points
206:, 1,008 kilometres (626 mi) from the three closest landmasses:
4798:
Rees, Gareth; Gerrish, Laura; Fox, Adrian; Barnes, Richard (2021).
1665:, 1,504 km (935 mi) from the nearest coastline. In 2017,
403:
grounding lines of these sheets. They find the Outer pole to be at
55:, and a blue dot marking the oceanic pole of inaccessibility. Thin
6114:
1754:
1677:
1540:
1166:
1107:
769:
239:
96:
38:
1513:, 1,814 km (1,127 mi) from the coast, near the town of
756:
station has been used for this role. This has been recognized by
4385:
4308:
Garcia-Castellanos, Daniel; Lombardo, Umberto (September 2007).
355:
of 3,718 m (12,198 ft). Using different criteria, the
156:
7305:
5547:
5509:
1157:, approximately 320 km (200 mi) north of the city of
1087:
Proposed continental pole of inaccessibility at 46°17′N 86°40′E
163:
team were thwarted again by the poor condition of the sea ice.
5251:"This Is Where the International Space Station Will Go to Die"
5146:
4462:
1565:, 1,650 km (1,030 mi) from the nearest coastline at
1514:
76:
criterion. Often it refers to the most distant point from the
244:
The old Soviet Pole of Inaccessibility Station, revisited by
4372:
Across the Top of the World: The Last Great Journey on Earth
1007:
Point Nemo was first identified by Croatian survey engineer
483:, 1,179.4 km (732.8 mi) from the grounding lines.
5310:"FAQ: The International Space Station 2022 Transition Plan"
906:
Point Nemo is relatively lifeless; its location within the
903:, roughly 50 km (30 miles) SSE of the town of Shubarkuduk.
646:
British Antarctic Survey-accredited Pole of Inaccessibility
606:
British Antarctic Survey-accredited Pole of Inaccessibility
4963:
4248:
List of mainland settlements that are inaccessible by road
1809:
Poles of inaccessibility as calculated by various authors
1617:, the continental pole of inaccessibility is in Brazil at
1284:, about 20 km (12 mi) to the west, and Suluk at
4585:"Catalogue of Russian Antarctic Meteorological data 1994"
1220:, about 50 km (31 mi) to the northwest, Xazgat
252:
The southern pole of inaccessibility is the point on the
5110:
5108:
5106:
4902:[Reached the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility].
1690:, the continental pole of inaccessibility is located at
5078:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5143:"The Place Furthest from Land is Known as Point Nemo"
515:
5359:"Marking the North American Pole of Inaccessibility"
1648:
Continental Pole of Inaccessibility in South America
1553:, the continental pole of inaccessibility is on the
120:
in 1927. He was finally successful in 1928. In 1968
8283:
8014:
7601:
7341:
6714:
6245:
6090:
5588:
1327:However, the previous pole location disregards the
1048:, as holding the location of the fictional city of
778:The oceanic pole of inaccessibility, also known as
4369:
1561:about 11 km (7 mi) north of the town of
347:). This lies 1,301 km (808 mi) from the
704:and partner Eric McNair-Laundry also reached the
5202:International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography
4876:. ExplorersWeb. 12 December 2012. Archived from
4846:. ExplorersWeb. 15 December 2005. Archived from
4617:. International Polar Heritage Committee. 2016.
4578:
4576:
1721:Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Australia
5089:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1173:. The nearest settlements to this location are
5204:. Research India Publications. p. 25-31.
4906:(in Spanish). 13 December 2005. Archived from
4800:"Finding Antarctica's Pole of Inaccessibility"
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4615:"Historic Sites & Monuments in Antarctica"
1324:, about 10 km (6.2 mi) to the east.
5521:
5417:"Centre of Australia, States and Territories"
4900:"Alcanzado el Polo Sur de la Inaccesibilidad"
4689:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
116:, who wished to traverse the Arctic Ocean by
84:from the shore, or the farthest point into a
8:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
4459:"Explorer set for historic Arctic adventure"
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4206:Claimed; actually 1449.9471 in GSHHG v2.3.6.
4197:Claimed; actually 1629.7740 in GSHHG v2.3.6.
1148:Proposed Continental Pole of Inaccessibility
663:On 4 December 2006, Team N2i, consisting of
5053:. Team n2i. 19 January 2007. Archived from
4793:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4188:Claimed; actually 915.6601 in GSHHG v2.3.6.
7315:
7302:
5557:
5544:
5528:
5514:
5506:
5165:
5163:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
1807:
267:mentioned below, which was constructed at
4815:
474:Antarctia's Inner Pole of Inaccessibility
434:Antarctia's Outer Pole of Inaccessibility
8586:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
4253:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
762:for Team N2i's expedition in 2006–2007.
34:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
32:For the Antarctic research station, see
8161:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
4263:
4181:
1833:
4983:
4981:
4756:International Journal of Digital Earth
4621:from the original on 29 September 2007
1037:Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas
568:, and protected as a historical site.
5390:from the original on 10 January 2018.
5001:from the original on 22 November 2016
1596:Pole of Inaccessibility North America
80:, implying the farthest point into a
7:
5431:from the original on 31 October 2016
5401:Wessel, Paul; Walter, Smith (2016).
4500:from the original on 13 October 2016
1482:, the pole of inaccessibility is at
1423:Elsewhere in Xinjiang, the location
1067:Continental poles of inaccessibility
390:South Pole of Inaccessibility (SPRI)
338:South Pole of Inaccessibility (IPHC)
197:North Pole of Inaccessibility (NPRI)
7947:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
6144:Norse colonization of North America
5376:Paterson, Rosie (30 October 2017).
5115:Lukatela, Hrvoje (September 2022).
1055:The wider area is also known as a "
697:, a Russian polar research vessel.
7476:United States Exploring Expedition
5365:from the original on 13 July 2021.
5308:Bock, Michael (11 February 2022).
4989:"UK team makes polar trek history"
4533:10.1038/scientificamerican1113-16a
4488:Becker, Kraig (10 February 2010).
4376:. New York: G. P. Putnam. p.
2085:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1+L6). Erroneous.
1682:Australian Pole of Inaccessibility
960:lies further north-west where the
667:, Rupert Longsdon, Rory Sweet and
571:On 11 December 2005, at 7:57 UTC,
25:
8550:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
7918:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
5263:from the original on 16 June 2016
5249:Stirone, Shannon (13 June 2016).
4589:World Meteorological Organization
2137:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1+L5). Erroneous.
141:National Snow and Ice Data Center
8444:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
7837:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5357:Henderson, Kyle (13 July 2021).
5338:from the original on 2 June 2016
4656:from the original on 28 May 2016
4469:from the original on 27 May 2006
1801:List of poles of inaccessibility
1531:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1092:
1080:
256:continent most distant from the
236:Southern pole of inaccessibility
101:Northern pole of inaccessibility
93:Northern pole of inaccessibility
18:Southern pole of inaccessibility
5141:Davies, Ella (5 October 2016).
1454:in the southwestern suburbs of
956:. The geographic center of the
766:Oceanic pole of inaccessibility
735:Pole of Inaccessibility Station
551:Pole of Inaccessibility Station
504:Pole of Inaccessibility Station
492:3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition
5027:. 5 March 2012. Archived from
4646:Scott Polar Research Institute
1240:
1229:
496:International Geophysical Year
357:Scott Polar Research Institute
145:Scott Polar Research Institute
1:
7823:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
7758:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
4768:10.1080/17538947.2019.1576786
4494:theadventureblog.blogspot.com
4403:– via Internet Archive.
4317:Scottish Geographical Journal
1670:two coastline datasets used.
298:Pole of Inaccessibility (WMO)
265:Soviet Union research station
8180:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
7996:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
7802:French Antarctic Expeditions
7732:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
7618:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
5736:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
5334:. Confluence. 22 June 2006.
2614:Geoscience Australia (2014)
573:Ramón Hernando de Larramendi
502:, established the temporary
7265:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
6944:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
5809:Andrée's balloon expedition
5484:GPX (secondary coordinates)
3867:Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
3815:Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
3763:Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
1521:and close to the country's
855:International Space Station
516:
490:. On 14 December 1958, the
126:Across the Top of the World
8668:
8652:Polar regions of the Earth
6466:Franklin's lost expedition
6166:Christian IV's expeditions
4642:"Polar Information Sheets"
4243:Land and water hemispheres
1163:Xinjiang Autonomous Region
1021:Digital Chart of the World
307:(though some sources give
153:Cambridge University Press
139:asked scientists from The
31:
7318:
7314:
7301:
6820:Great Northern Expedition
6496:Rae–Richardson expedition
5696:British Arctic Expedition
5560:
5556:
5543:
5479:GPX (primary coordinates)
5454:Map all coordinates using
5230:Lukatela, Hrvoje (2022).
4817:10.1017/S0032247421000620
4437:10.1017/S003224741300051X
4329:10.1080/14702540801897809
857:when it passes overhead.
814:possible. It lies in the
511:
166:The new position lies at
8104:British Antarctic Survey
8098:Captain Arturo Prat Base
7343:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5462:Download coordinates as:
4640:Headland, R. K. (1996).
1771:ellipsoidal calculations
1519:Central African Republic
936:47.411667°S 177.379167°E
838:) to the northeast; and
826:atoll (an island of the
782:, is located at roughly
746:Novolazarevskaya Station
657:Novolazarevskaya Station
8647:Geography of the Arctic
8642:Geography of Antarctica
8637:Extreme points of Earth
8580:Pole of inaccessibility
8243:Antarctic Treaty System
6584:2nd Grinnell expedition
5117:"Point Nemo, revisited"
4650:University of Cambridge
4583:Danilov, A. I. (1994).
1464:monument to this effect
73:pole of inaccessibility
5084:"Where is Point Nemo?"
4496:. The Adventure Blog.
1783:numerical optimization
1746:Methods of calculation
1734:. The nearest town is
1683:
1555:Pine Ridge Reservation
1546:
941:-47.411667; 177.379167
775:
759:Guinness World Records
498:research work, led by
249:
102:
64:
8250:Transglobe Expedition
8149:Operation Deep Freeze
7558:Challenger expedition
6424:Coppermine expedition
5945:Drifting ice stations
5496:How to calculate PIAs
5474:GPX (all coordinates)
1681:
1544:
1442:43.68111°N 87.33111°E
773:
700:On 27 December 2011,
635:83.84361°S 65.72500°E
595:82.88722°S 55.07500°E
488:geographic South Pole
359:locates this pole at
243:
229:Le Commandant Charcot
159:. In 2010 he and his
100:
42:
5425:Geoscience Australia
4465:. 20 February 2006.
3888:49.0273°S 123.4345°W
3836:49.0031°S 123.3920°W
3732:43.4370°N 102.0101°W
3680:43.3764°N 102.0111°W
3420:47.7347°S 100.0547°E
2692:23.1948°S 132.1727°E
2640:23.1732°S 132.2759°E
2380:85.8015°N 176.1423°E
2328:85.7911°N 176.2386°E
2120:78.2633°S 103.6340°E
2068:77.3963°S 105.3855°E
1171:Gurbantünggüt Desert
1034:from the 1870 novel
801:48.8767°S 123.3933°W
748:on their way to the
517:polyus nedostupnosti
61:Mollweide projection
8420:South magnetic pole
7086:Brusilov expedition
6195:Danish colonization
5633:North magnetic pole
5196:Tan, Arjun (2021).
4997:. 20 January 2007.
4910:on 10 November 2016
4561:. 24 September 2024
4521:Scientific American
4238:Geographical centre
4144: /
4096:10.7342°S 59.2126°W
4092: /
4040: /
3992:14.3902°S 56.9922°W
3988: /
3936: /
3893:-49.0273; -123.4345
3884: /
3841:-49.0031; -123.3920
3832: /
3780: /
3728: /
3676: /
3624: /
3576:18.2645°S 46.7003°E
3572: /
3524:18.3382°S 46.6663°E
3520: /
3468: /
3416: /
3368:47.6319°S 99.9677°E
3364: /
3316:76.0305°N 40.3902°W
3312: /
3264:75.9660°N 40.4239°W
3260: /
3208: /
3156: /
3104: /
3052: /
3004:44.6740°N 83.9694°E
3000: /
2952:44.3184°N 82.1144°E
2948: /
2896: /
2848:45.4435°N 88.3172°E
2844: /
2796:45.3413°N 88.2483°E
2792: /
2740: /
2688: /
2636: /
2584: /
2532: /
2484:24.1923°N 43.3728°W
2480: /
2432:24.1851°N 43.3704°W
2428: /
2376: /
2324: /
2272: /
2220: /
2168: /
2116: /
2064: /
2042:Soviet site (1958)
2012: /
1960: /
1908: /
1856: /
1810:
1791:simulated annealing
1705: /
1632: /
1580: /
1497: /
1438: /
1377: /
1346: /
1299: /
1259: /
1195: /
1132: /
1057:spacecraft cemetery
1042:The Call of Cthulhu
983: /
932: /
883:48.8767°N 56.6067°E
879: /
846:, off the coast of
816:South Pacific Ocean
806:-48.8767; -123.3933
797: /
719: /
640:-83.84361; 65.72500
630: /
600:-82.88722; 55.07500
590: /
564:that faces towards
535: /
512:полюс недоступности
458: /
418: /
374: /
322: /
282: /
181: /
29:Geographic location
8111:Operation Windmill
8092:Operation Highjump
7067:Rusanov expedition
6972:A. E. Nordenskiöld
6716:North East Passage
6520:McClure expedition
4940:on 11 January 2009
4930:"Ramón Larramendi"
4165:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
4148:5.0537°S 65.5487°W
4101:-10.7342; -59.2126
4044:6.3248°S 63.1885°W
4009:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3997:-14.3902; -56.9922
3905:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3737:43.4370; -102.0101
3697:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3685:43.3764; -102.0111
3541:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3425:-47.7347; 100.0547
3281:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3177:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3160:52.6552°N 1.5641°W
3108:52.0141°N 0.9640°W
2969:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
2813:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
2697:-23.1948; 132.1727
2657:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
2645:-23.1732; 132.2759
2588:23.033°S 132.167°E
2501:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
2397:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
2276:85.802°N 176.149°E
2125:-78.2633; 103.6340
2073:-77.3963; 105.3855
1964:5.6589°N 26.1295°E
1929:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
1912:5.6413°N 26.1533°E
1808:
1740:Northern Territory
1684:
1547:
1447:43.68111; 87.33111
1405:(قىزىلقۇم) in the
1401:in a region named
908:South Pacific Gyre
899:region of western
776:
702:Sebastian Copeland
687:and taken back to
250:
248:on 19 January 2007
186:85.800°N 176.150°W
135:In 2005, explorer
103:
65:
8624:
8623:
8620:
8619:
8616:
8615:
8078:Operation Tabarin
7940:Far Eastern Party
7786:Nimrod Expedition
7297:
7296:
7293:
7292:
6856:M. Pronchishcheva
6778:Siberian Cossacks
6247:Northwest Passage
5580:Research stations
5537:Polar exploration
5289:. 3 February 2022
4966:on 16 August 2011
4233:Geographical pole
4228:Extremes on Earth
4178:
4177:
4153:-5.0537; -65.5487
4049:-6.3248; -63.1885
3581:-18.2645; 46.7003
3529:-18.3382; 46.6663
3373:-47.6319; 99.9677
3321:76.0305; -40.3902
3269:75.9660; -40.4239
2489:24.1923; -43.3728
2437:24.1851; -43.3704
2385:85.8015; 176.1423
2333:85.7911; 176.2386
2224:83.610°S 53.720°E
2172:83.904°S 64.890°E
2016:82.100°S 54.967°E
1766:distance function
1418:Burultokay County
1407:Karamgay Township
1304:46.250°N 86.833°E
1264:46.333°N 86.367°E
1200:46.567°N 85.967°E
1137:46.283°N 86.667°E
964:begin, west from
842:(near the larger
724:82.100°S 54.967°E
694:Akademik Fyodorov
540:82.100°S 54.967°E
500:Yevgeny Tolstikov
463:83.610°S 53.720°E
423:83.904°S 64.890°E
379:85.833°S 65.783°E
327:83.100°S 54.967°E
287:82.100°S 54.967°E
122:Sir Wally Herbert
53:Iberian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
8659:
8125:Ronne Expedition
7610:
7604:
7468:Dumont d'Urville
7316:
7303:
6851:V. Pronchishchev
5558:
5545:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5507:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5167:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5138:
5125:
5124:
5112:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5080:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4985:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4962:. Archived from
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4936:. Archived from
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4880:on 21 March 2008
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4850:on 14 April 2016
4836:
4830:
4829:
4819:
4795:
4780:
4779:
4751:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4591:. Archived from
4580:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4420:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4375:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4339:. Archived from
4314:
4305:
4207:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4171:B9-Hillclimbing
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4127:South America 2
4119:B9-Hillclimbing
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4075:South America 2
4067:B9-Hillclimbing
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4023:South America 1
4015:B9-Hillclimbing
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3971:South America 1
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3911:B9-Hillclimbing
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3859:B9-Hillclimbing
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3784:48.89°S 123.45°W
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3755:B9-Hillclimbing
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3703:B9-Hillclimbing
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3628:43.46°N 101.97°W
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3599:B9-Hillclimbing
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3547:B9-Hillclimbing
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3443:B9-Hillclimbing
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3391:B9-Hillclimbing
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3339:B9-Hillclimbing
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3287:B9-Hillclimbing
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3183:B9-Hillclimbing
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3165:52.6552; -1.5641
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3131:B9-Hillclimbing
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3113:52.0141; -0.9640
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3027:B9-Hillclimbing
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:44.6740; 83.9694
3005:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2975:B9-Hillclimbing
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2957:44.3184; 82.1144
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2871:B9-Hillclimbing
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2853:45.4435; 88.3172
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2819:B9-Hillclimbing
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2801:45.3413; 88.2483
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2715:B9-Hillclimbing
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2663:B9-Hillclimbing
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2593:-23.033; 132.167
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2536:23.17°S 132.27°E
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2507:B9-Hillclimbing
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2455:B9-Hillclimbing
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2403:B9-Hillclimbing
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2351:B9-Hillclimbing
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2247:B9-Hillclimbing
2241:ADDv7.2 "Inner"
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2195:B9-Hillclimbing
2189:ADDv7.2 "Outer"
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2143:B9-Hillclimbing
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2091:B9-Hillclimbing
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
1987:B9-Hillclimbing
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1935:B9-Hillclimbing
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1811:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1710:23.17°S 132.27°E
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1667:the Turner Twins
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1585:43.36°N 101.97°W
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1415:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1242:
1233:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1096:
1084:
1061:maritime traffic
1017:
998:
997:
995:
994:
993:
988:
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
947:
946:
944:
943:
942:
937:
933:
930:
929:
928:
925:
915:water hemisphere
894:
893:
891:
890:
889:
888:48.8767; 56.6067
884:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
830:) to the north;
828:Pitcairn Islands
812:
811:
809:
808:
807:
802:
798:
795:
794:
793:
790:
743:
742:
740:
739:
738:
736:
731:
730:
725:
720:
717:
716:
715:
712:
654:
653:
651:
650:
649:
647:
642:
641:
636:
631:
628:
627:
626:
623:
614:
613:
611:
610:
609:
607:
602:
601:
596:
591:
588:
587:
586:
583:
559:
558:
556:
555:
554:
552:
547:
546:
541:
536:
533:
532:
531:
528:
519:
513:
482:
481:
479:
478:
477:
475:
470:
469:
464:
459:
456:
455:
454:
451:
442:
441:
439:
438:
437:
435:
430:
429:
424:
419:
416:
415:
414:
411:
398:
397:
395:
394:
393:
391:
386:
385:
380:
375:
372:
371:
370:
367:
346:
345:
343:
342:
341:
339:
334:
333:
328:
323:
320:
319:
318:
315:
306:
305:
303:
302:
301:
299:
294:
293:
288:
283:
280:
279:
278:
275:
224:Ellesmere Island
220:Severnaya Zemlya
208:Henrietta Island
205:
204:
202:
201:
200:
198:
193:
192:
191:85.800; -176.150
187:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
21:
8667:
8666:
8662:
8661:
8660:
8658:
8657:
8656:
8627:
8626:
8625:
8612:
8287:
8279:
8155:McMurdo Station
8024:Modern research
8022:
8010:
7745:O. Nordenskjöld
7608:
7602:
7597:
7513:Ross expedition
7337:
7310:
7289:
6718:
6710:
6251:Northern Canada
6249:
6241:
6094:
6086:
5592:
5584:
5552:
5539:
5534:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5449:
5444:
5434:
5432:
5427:. 15 May 2014.
5415:
5414:
5410:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5341:
5339:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5292:
5290:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5264:
5256:Popular Science
5248:
5247:
5243:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5214:
5212:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5180:
5178:
5169:
5168:
5161:
5151:
5149:
5140:
5139:
5128:
5114:
5113:
5104:
5094:
5092:
5082:
5081:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5034:
5032:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5004:
5002:
4987:
4986:
4979:
4969:
4967:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4941:
4934:Tierras Polares
4928:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4911:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4881:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4851:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4797:
4796:
4783:
4753:
4752:
4669:
4659:
4657:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4598:
4596:
4582:
4581:
4574:
4564:
4562:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4503:
4501:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4472:
4470:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4422:
4421:
4408:
4398:
4396:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4347:
4346:on 29 June 2014
4343:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4265:
4261:
4219:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4026:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3944:
3942:
3940:14.05°S 56.85°W
3938:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3789:-48.89; -123.45
3788:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3476:
3474:
3472:18.33°S 46.67°E
3470:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2904:
2902:
2900:44.29°N 82.19°E
2898:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2748:
2746:
2744:45.28°N 88.14°E
2742:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2463:Atlantic Ocean
2436:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2411:Atlantic Ocean
2384:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2281:85.802; 176.149
2280:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2229:-83.610; 53.720
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2177:-83.904; 64.890
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2021:-82.100; 54.967
2020:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1969:5.6589; 26.1295
1968:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1917:5.6413; 26.1533
1916:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1821:
1803:
1748:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1676:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1637:14.05°S 56.85°W
1635:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1539:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1409:
1395:Dzungarian Gate
1385:
1383:
1381:45.28°N 88.14°E
1379:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1350:44.29°N 82.19°E
1348:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1074:
1069:
1046:H. P. Lovecraft
1011:
1009:Hrvoje Lukatela
1005:
991:
989:
987:4.97°S 158.75°W
985:
982:
977:
974:
972:
970:
969:
966:Starbuck Island
940:
938:
934:
931:
926:
923:
921:
919:
918:
887:
885:
881:
878:
873:
870:
868:
866:
865:
848:Marie Byrd Land
805:
803:
799:
796:
791:
788:
786:
784:
783:
768:
734:
732:
729:-82.100; 54.967
728:
726:
722:
721:
718:
713:
710:
708:
706:
705:
683:base, flown to
645:
643:
639:
637:
633:
632:
629:
624:
621:
619:
617:
616:
605:
603:
599:
597:
593:
592:
589:
584:
581:
579:
577:
576:
550:
548:
545:-82.100; 54.967
544:
542:
538:
537:
534:
529:
526:
524:
522:
521:
473:
471:
468:-83.610; 53.720
467:
465:
461:
460:
457:
452:
449:
447:
445:
444:
433:
431:
428:-83.904; 64.890
427:
425:
421:
420:
417:
412:
409:
407:
405:
404:
389:
387:
384:-85.833; 65.783
383:
381:
377:
376:
373:
368:
365:
363:
361:
360:
337:
335:
332:-83.100; 54.967
331:
329:
325:
324:
321:
316:
313:
311:
309:
308:
297:
295:
292:-82.100; 54.967
291:
289:
285:
284:
281:
276:
273:
271:
269:
268:
238:
212:De Long Islands
196:
194:
190:
188:
184:
183:
180:
175:
172:
170:
168:
167:
95:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8665:
8663:
8655:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8629:
8628:
8622:
8621:
8618:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8588:
8576:
8575:
8574:
8572:Vostok Station
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8523:Cherry-Garrard
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8488:
8487:
8486:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8440:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8416:
8415:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8387:
8386:
8385:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8363:Southern Cross
8359:
8358:
8357:
8344:
8343:
8342:
8329:
8324:
8323:
8322:
8309:
8308:
8307:
8293:
8291:
8285:Farthest South
8281:
8280:
8278:
8277:
8272:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8258:
8246:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8223:
8222:
8221:
8209:
8208:
8207:
8200:
8195:
8176:
8175:
8174:
8169:
8157:
8152:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8107:
8100:
8095:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8074:
8073:
8072:
8060:
8059:
8058:
8046:
8039:
8034:
8028:
8026:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8008:
8007:
8006:
7992:
7991:
7990:
7982:Ross Sea party
7978:
7969:
7968:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7943:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7929:
7914:
7909:
7908:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7868:
7867:
7866:
7859:
7852:
7847:
7833:
7832:
7831:
7819:
7818:
7817:
7812:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7782:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7766:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7721:
7707:
7706:
7705:
7700:
7686:
7685:
7684:
7679:
7676:Southern Cross
7669:Southern Cross
7665:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7613:
7611:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7554:
7549:
7548:
7547:
7534:
7528:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7487:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7432:
7431:
7419:
7418:
7417:
7415:Bellingshausen
7405:
7398:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7347:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7319:
7312:
7311:
7306:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7274:
7262:
7257:
7250:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7176:
7175:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7063:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7011:
7010:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6952:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6724:
6722:
6720:Russian Arctic
6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6666:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6536:
6531:
6516:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6504:
6492:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6477:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6255:
6253:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6210:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6162:
6157:
6155:Snæbjörn galti
6152:
6147:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6106:
6100:
6098:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6057:
6050:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6022:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6005:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5948:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5901:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5824:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5712:
5707:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5598:
5596:
5590:Farthest North
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5525:
5518:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:External links
5445:
5443:
5442:
5408:
5393:
5368:
5349:
5332:confluence.org
5319:
5300:
5274:
5241:
5222:
5188:
5159:
5126:
5102:
5068:
5057:on 14 May 2016
5042:
5031:on 29 May 2016
5012:
4977:
4951:
4921:
4891:
4861:
4831:
4781:
4762:(7): 803–816.
4667:
4632:
4606:
4595:on 13 May 2016
4572:
4559:Marine Insight
4546:
4511:
4480:
4450:
4406:
4366:Herbert, Wally
4357:
4323:(3): 227–233.
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4218:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4199:
4190:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:Barnes (2019)
4172:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4122:Barnes (2019)
4120:
4117:
4114:
4113:OpenStreetMap
4111:
4108:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4070:Barnes (2019)
4068:
4065:
4062:
4061:OpenStreetMap
4059:
4056:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4018:Barnes (2019)
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3966:Garcia (2007)
3964:
3963:Adaptive Grid
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3945:-14.05; -56.85
3920:
3919:South America
3916:
3915:
3914:Barnes (2019)
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3862:Barnes (2019)
3860:
3857:
3854:
3853:OpenStreetMap
3851:
3848:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3810:Garcia (2007)
3808:
3807:Adaptive Grid
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3758:Barnes (2019)
3756:
3753:
3750:
3749:OpenStreetMap
3747:
3744:
3712:
3711:North America
3708:
3707:
3706:Barnes (2019)
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3660:
3659:North America
3656:
3655:
3654:Garcia (2007)
3652:
3651:Adaptive Grid
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3633:43.46; -101.97
3608:
3607:North America
3604:
3603:
3602:Barnes (2019)
3600:
3597:
3594:
3593:OpenStreetMap
3591:
3588:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3550:Barnes (2019)
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3498:Garcia (2007)
3496:
3495:Adaptive Grid
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3446:Barnes (2019)
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3394:Barnes (2019)
3392:
3389:
3386:
3385:OpenStreetMap
3383:
3380:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3342:Barnes (2019)
3340:
3337:
3334:
3333:OpenStreetMap
3331:
3328:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3290:Barnes (2019)
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3238:Garcia (2007)
3236:
3235:Adaptive Grid
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3212:76.50°N 41.0°W
3192:
3188:
3187:
3186:Barnes (2019)
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3140:
3139:Great Britain
3136:
3135:
3134:Barnes (2019)
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:OpenStreetMap
3123:
3120:
3088:
3087:Great Britain
3084:
3083:
3082:Garcia (2007)
3080:
3079:Adaptive Grid
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3056:52.65°N 1.56°W
3036:
3035:Great Britain
3032:
3031:
3030:Barnes (2019)
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:OpenStreetMap
3019:
3016:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2978:Barnes (2019)
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2926:Garcia (2007)
2924:
2923:Adaptive Grid
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2874:Barnes (2019)
2872:
2869:
2866:
2865:OpenStreetMap
2863:
2860:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2822:Barnes (2019)
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2770:Garcia (2007)
2768:
2767:Adaptive Grid
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2718:Barnes (2019)
2716:
2713:
2710:
2709:OpenStreetMap
2707:
2704:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2666:Barnes (2019)
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2562:Garcia (2007)
2560:
2559:Adaptive Grid
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2541:-23.17; 132.27
2516:
2512:
2511:
2510:Barnes (2019)
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2458:Barnes (2019)
2456:
2453:
2450:
2449:OpenStreetMap
2447:
2444:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2406:Barnes (2019)
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2354:Barnes (2019)
2352:
2349:
2346:
2345:OpenStreetMap
2343:
2340:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:Adaptive Grid
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2146:Barnes (2019)
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2094:Barnes (2019)
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2033:? Traditional
2031:
2028:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1990:Barnes (2019)
1988:
1985:
1982:
1981:OpenStreetMap
1979:
1976:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1938:Barnes (2019)
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1886:Garcia (2007)
1884:
1883:Adaptive Grid
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1860:5.65°N 26.17°E
1840:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1802:
1799:
1747:
1744:
1715:-23.17; 132.27
1675:
1672:
1642:-14.05; -56.85
1610:
1607:
1590:43.36; -101.97
1538:
1535:
1501:5.65°N 26.17°E
1475:
1472:
1309:46.250; 86.833
1269:46.333; 86.367
1241:Xiàzīgài xiāng
1205:46.567; 85.967
1142:46.283; 86.667
1098:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1004:
1001:
992:-4.97; -158.75
954:Bounty Islands
767:
764:
562:Vladimir Lenin
258:Southern Ocean
237:
234:
114:Hubert Wilkins
94:
91:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8664:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8583:
8582:
8581:
8577:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8567:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8494:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8484:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8423:
8422:
8421:
8417:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
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8384:
8381:
8380:
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8365:
8364:
8360:
8356:
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8351:
8350:
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8337:
8336:
8335:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8316:
8315:
8310:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8300:
8295:
8294:
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8290:
8286:
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8270:
8266:
8262:
8259:
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8234:
8231:
8230:
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8228:
8224:
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8216:
8215:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8205:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8115:
8114:
8113:
8112:
8108:
8106:
8105:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8068:
8067:
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5177:. 18 May 2018
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2552:
2549:
2545:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2025:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:Distance from
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1787:hill climbing
1784:
1780:
1779:local minimum
1774:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1759:OpenStreetMap
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:Alice Springs
1727:
1689:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1616:
1615:South America
1609:South America
1608:
1606:
1602:
1564:
1560:
1557:in southwest
1556:
1552:
1551:North America
1543:
1537:North America
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1460:Ürümqi County
1457:
1451:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1359:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1281:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1002:
1000:
996:
967:
963:
959:
958:Pacific Ocean
955:
951:
945:
916:
911:
909:
904:
902:
898:
892:
863:
858:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:Easter Island
834:(adjacent to
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:Pandora Islet
817:
810:
781:
772:
765:
763:
761:
760:
753:
751:
747:
741:
703:
698:
696:
695:
690:
686:
685:Progress Base
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:Henry Cookson
661:
658:
652:
612:
574:
569:
567:
563:
557:
518:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
440:
400:
396:
358:
354:
350:
344:
304:
266:
261:
259:
255:
247:
242:
235:
233:
231:
230:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
203:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
130:Dmitry Shparo
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
99:
92:
90:
87:
86:body of water
83:
79:
74:
70:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:Great Britain
46:
41:
35:
27:
19:
8579:
8578:
8566:Pole of Cold
8564:
8490:
8481:
8449:
8442:
8418:
8389:
8375:
8369:Borchgrevink
8361:
8348:
8333:
8313:
8298:
8267:
8248:
8241:
8225:
8211:
8202:
8185:
8178:
8159:
8147:
8123:
8109:
8102:
8090:
8076:
8062:
8048:
8041:
8002:
7994:
7980:
7973:
7971:
7953:
7945:
7938:
7925:
7916:
7878:
7870:
7861:
7854:
7842:
7835:
7821:
7809:Pourquoi-Pas
7808:
7800:
7792:
7784:
7779:Orcadas Base
7777:
7769:
7756:
7750:C. A. Larsen
7738:
7730:
7716:
7709:
7696:
7688:
7682:Borchgrevink
7675:
7667:
7624:
7616:
7591:C. A. Larsen
7584:
7565:
7556:
7538:
7520:
7511:
7498:
7483:
7474:
7461:
7422:
7408:
7401:
7382:
7367:
7277:
7270:
7253:
7246:
7232:
7217:
7203:
7190:
7165:
7151:
7149:
7135:
7133:
7127:
7125:
7091:
7084:
7065:
7031:
7029:
7015:
7013:
6995:
6985:
6983:
6963:
6961:
6942:
6818:
6776:
6759:
6727:
6691:
6689:
6669:
6668:
6648:
6647:
6633:
6620:
6605:
6591:
6582:
6569:
6540:
6528:Investigator
6527:
6518:
6494:
6481:
6473:
6464:
6451:
6422:
6399:
6384:
6369:
6339:
6324:
6294:
6213:
6193:
6164:
6160:Erik the Red
6142:
6120:
6113:
6070:submersibles
6067:
6061:Arktika 2007
6059:
6052:
6045:
6042:
6026:
6017:
6014:
5995:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5950:
5943:
5919:
5905:
5904:
5896:
5894:
5860:
5858:
5829:
5826:
5815:S. A. Andrée
5807:
5794:
5769:
5761:
5758:
5734:
5716:
5703:
5694:
5676:
5667:
5665:
5631:
5461:
5460:
5453:
5433:. Retrieved
5420:
5411:
5396:
5383:Country Life
5381:
5371:
5352:
5340:. Retrieved
5331:
5322:
5313:
5303:
5291:. Retrieved
5277:
5265:. Retrieved
5254:
5244:
5236:lukatela.com
5235:
5232:"Point Nemo"
5225:
5213:. Retrieved
5201:
5191:
5179:. Retrieved
5175:The Guardian
5174:
5150:. Retrieved
5121:lukatela.com
5120:
5093:. Retrieved
5087:
5059:. Retrieved
5055:the original
5045:
5033:. Retrieved
5029:the original
5025:ExplorersWeb
5024:
5015:
5003:. Retrieved
4992:
4968:. Retrieved
4964:the original
4954:
4942:. Retrieved
4938:the original
4933:
4924:
4912:. Retrieved
4908:the original
4903:
4894:
4882:. Retrieved
4878:the original
4874:ThePoles.com
4873:
4864:
4852:. Retrieved
4848:the original
4844:ThePoles.com
4843:
4834:
4810:(e40): 1–6.
4807:
4804:Polar Record
4803:
4759:
4755:
4658:. Retrieved
4635:
4623:. Retrieved
4609:
4597:. Retrieved
4593:the original
4565:24 September
4563:. Retrieved
4558:
4549:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4502:. Retrieved
4493:
4483:
4471:. Retrieved
4453:
4428:
4425:Polar Record
4424:
4397:. Retrieved
4371:
4360:
4348:. Retrieved
4341:the original
4320:
4316:
4212:
4202:
4193:
4184:
3217:76.50; -41.0
3061:52.65; -1.56
2905:44.29; 82.19
2749:45.28; 88.14
2602:not claimed
2359:Arctic Pole
2307:Arctic Pole
2302:Rees (2014)
2255:Arctic Pole
2250:Rees (2021)
2198:Rees (2021)
1804:
1795:
1775:
1763:
1752:
1749:
1685:
1612:
1559:South Dakota
1548:
1477:
1468:
1422:
1402:
1399:K̂as K̂îr Su
1398:
1386:45.28; 88.14
1355:44.29; 82.19
1326:
1239:
1116:
1105:
1054:
1035:
1032:Captain Nemo
1025:
1006:
962:Line Islands
912:
905:
859:
852:
844:Siple Island
840:Maher Island
824:Ducie Island
779:
777:
757:
754:
699:
692:
662:
570:
485:
401:
262:
251:
227:
165:
149:Polar Record
148:
134:
125:
107:Arctic Ocean
104:
72:
66:
26:
8269:Lake Vostok
8219:Tryoshnikov
8141:Schlossbach
8032:Christensen
7974:James Caird
7895:E. R. Evans
7661:Dobrowolski
7631:de Gerlache
7333:Expeditions
7219:Aviaarktika
7173:Samoylovich
7044:Kolomeitsev
6938:Middendorff
6898:Gedenshtrom
6318:I. Fyodorov
6080:Chilingarov
5968:E. Fyodorov
5575:Expeditions
5435:10 November
5342:10 November
5267:10 November
5061:10 November
5035:10 November
5005:10 November
4944:10 November
4914:10 November
4884:10 November
4854:10 November
4660:10 November
4625:10 November
4599:10 November
4504:10 November
4473:10 November
4350:10 November
4162:1,476.4901
4151: /
4110:1,467.2206
4099: /
4058:1,511.6636
4047: /
4006:1,490.5321
3995: /
3957:GSHHS 1996
3943: /
3902:2,704.7991
3891: /
3879:123°26′04″W
3850:2,701.1721
3839: /
3827:123°23′31″W
3801:GSHHS 1996
3787: /
3746:1,643.7562
3735: /
3723:102°00′36″W
3694:1,639.6549
3683: /
3671:102°00′40″W
3645:GSHHS 1996
3631: /
3579: /
3555:Madagascar
3527: /
3503:Madagascar
3489:GSHHS 1996
3475: /
3451:Madagascar
3434:1,943.3848
3423: /
3411:100°03′17″E
3382:1,940.8913
3371: /
3319: /
3267: /
3229:GSHHS 1996
3215: /
3163: /
3111: /
3073:GSHHS 1996
3059: /
3018:2,505.2134
3007: /
2966:2,509.9685
2955: /
2917:GSHHS 1996
2903: /
2862:2,509.9536
2851: /
2810:2,513.9415
2799: /
2761:GSHHS 1996
2747: /
2695: /
2683:132°10′22″E
2643: /
2631:132°16′33″E
2611:Planar map
2591: /
2553:GSHHS 1996
2539: /
2498:2,033.5187
2487: /
2446:2,033.8849
2435: /
2394:1,007.6777
2383: /
2371:176°08′32″E
2342:1,008.9112
2331: /
2319:176°14′19″E
2293:GSHHG 2014
2279: /
2267:176°08′56″E
2227: /
2203:Antarctica
2175: /
2151:Antarctica
2134:1,273.2928
2123: /
2111:103°38′02″E
2099:Antarctica
2082:1,136.2129
2071: /
2059:105°23′08″E
2047:Antarctica
2019: /
1995:Antarctica
1978:1,815.4150
1967: /
1926:1,814.5158
1915: /
1877:GSHHS 1996
1865:5.65; 26.17
1863: /
1828:Projection
1822:coast (km)
1713: /
1663:Mato Grosso
1640: /
1588: /
1527:South Sudan
1506:5.65; 26.17
1504: /
1445: /
1410: [
1384: /
1353: /
1307: /
1267: /
1203: /
1140: /
1110:, near the
1028:Jules Verne
1012: [
990: /
950:New Zealand
939: /
927:177°22′45″E
886: /
804: /
727: /
677:kite skiing
673:man hauling
669:Paul Landry
638: /
598: /
543: /
466: /
426: /
382: /
330: /
290: /
216:Arctic Cape
189: /
161:Ice Warrior
137:Jim McNeill
8631:Categories
8492:Terra Nova
8397:Shackleton
8340:J. C. Ross
8299:Resolution
8289:South Pole
8064:New Swabia
7988:Mackintosh
7960:Shackleton
7879:Terra Nova
7872:Terra Nova
7606:Heroic Age
7566:Challenger
7526:J. C. Ross
7436:Bransfield
7368:Resolution
7283:icebreaker
7247:Chelyuskin
6988:expedition
6966:Expedition
6908:Matyushkin
6866:Kh. Laptev
6861:Chelyuskin
6755:Heemskerck
6745:Chancellor
6740:Willoughby
6735:Koch boats
6678:Stefansson
6612:McClintock
6576:Inglefield
6418:J. C. Ross
6325:Resolution
6177:Cunningham
6075:Sagalevich
5764:expedition
5723:Stephenson
5683:C. F. Hall
5670:expedition
5644:J. C. Ross
5607:Heemskerck
5594:North Pole
5293:3 February
4527:(16): 16.
4394:1023774535
4259:References
4139:65°32′55″W
4087:59°12′45″W
4084:10°44′03″S
4035:63°11′19″W
3983:56°59′32″W
3980:14°23′25″S
3876:49°01′38″S
3824:49°00′11″S
3720:43°26′13″N
3668:43°22′35″N
3567:46°42′01″E
3564:18°15′52″S
3515:46°39′59″E
3512:18°20′18″S
3408:47°44′05″S
3359:99°58′04″E
3356:47°37′55″S
3307:40°23′25″W
3304:76°01′50″N
3295:Greenland
3255:40°25′26″W
3252:75°57′58″N
3243:Greenland
3191:Greenland
3148:52°39′19″N
3096:52°00′51″N
2995:83°58′10″E
2992:44°40′26″N
2983:Eurasia 2
2943:82°06′52″E
2940:44°19′06″N
2931:Eurasia 2
2879:Eurasia 2
2839:88°19′02″E
2836:45°26′37″N
2827:Eurasia 1
2787:88°14′54″E
2784:45°20′29″N
2775:Eurasia 1
2723:Eurasia 1
2680:23°11′41″S
2671:Australia
2628:23°10′24″S
2619:Australia
2567:Australia
2515:Australia
2475:43°22′22″W
2472:24°11′32″N
2423:43°22′13″W
2420:24°11′06″N
2368:85°48′05″N
2316:85°47′28″N
2264:85°48′07″N
2215:53°43′12″E
2212:83°36′36″S
2163:64°53′24″E
2160:83°54′14″S
2108:78°15′48″S
2056:77°23′47″S
1955:26°07′46″E
1903:26°09′12″E
1834:Reference
1719: (
1659:Arenápolis
1646: (
1594: (
1433:87°19′52″E
1430:43°40′52″N
1403:K̂îzîlk̂um
1362:and EPIA2
1329:Gulf of Ob
1313: (
1273: (
1209: (
1146: (
1112:Kazakhstan
924:47°24′42″S
901:Kazakhstan
792:123°23.6′W
780:Point Nemo
750:South Pole
733: (
644: (
625:65°43′30″E
622:83°50′37″S
604: (
582:82°53′14″S
549: (
472: (
453:53°43′12″E
450:83°36′36″S
432: (
413:64°53′24″E
410:83°54′14″S
388: (
349:South Pole
336: (
296: (
195: (
51:, and the
45:landmasses
8591:Tolstikov
8377:Discovery
8347:HMS
8332:HMS
8314:Adventure
8312:HMS
8297:HMS
8233:Tolstikov
7954:Endurance
7739:Antarctic
7724:Drygalski
7697:Discovery
7690:Discovery
7651:Arctowski
7564:HMS
7537:HMS
7531:Abernethy
7519:HMS
7497:USS
7484:Vincennes
7482:USS
7462:Astrolabe
7402:San Telmo
7383:Adventure
7381:HMS
7366:HMS
7361:Kerguelen
7323:Continent
7308:Antarctic
7185:Urvantsev
7143:Vilkitsky
6996:Jeannette
6994:USS
6986:Jeannette
6950:Weyprecht
6928:Pakhtusov
6878:Chichagov
6871:D. Laptev
6814:Permyakov
6789:Stadukhin
6784:Perfilyev
6761:Mangazeya
6699:H. Larsen
6664:Rasmussen
6619:HMS
6590:USS
6539:HMS
6526:HMS
6490:Collinson
6480:HMS
6472:HMS
6450:HMS
6398:HMS
6383:HMS
6368:HMS
6353:Mackenzie
6340:Discovery
6338:HMS
6323:HMS
6295:Discovery
6274:Frobisher
6237:Rasmussen
6150:Gunnbjörn
6096:Greenland
6025:USS
6016:USS
5888:Ellsworth
5830:Roosevelt
5760:Nansen's
5717:Discovery
5715:HMS
5702:HMS
5649:Abernethy
5617:Marmaduke
5421:ga.gov.au
5210:0973-2667
5095:1 January
4970:16 August
4826:239011407
4776:134622203
4445:140637055
4431:: 86–91.
4399:19 August
4223:Antipodes
4136:5°03′13″S
4032:6°19′29″S
3590:264.0657
3538:259.5957
3437:GSHHG L1
3330:474.2257
3278:471.9905
3174:108.0925
3151:1°33′51″W
3122:114.4462
3099:0°57′50″W
2706:921.9290
2654:925.4459
2238:1,179.40
2186:1,590.36
1952:5°39′32″N
1900:5°38′29″N
1817:Location
1688:Australia
1674:Australia
1211:Hoxtolgay
1175:Hoxtolgay
1169:, in the
1161:, in the
895:, in the
874:56°36.4′E
871:48°52.6′N
789:48°52.6′S
689:Cape Town
585:55°4′30″E
353:elevation
254:Antarctic
222:, and on
78:coastline
69:geography
8603:A. Fuchs
8560:V. Fuchs
8540:McKinley
8503:E. Evans
8462:Bjaaland
8457:Amundsen
8407:Marshall
8320:Furneaux
8172:V. Fuchs
8136:E. Ronne
8131:F. Ronne
8070:Ritscher
7924:SY
7912:Filchner
7856:Framheim
7850:Amundsen
7656:Racoviță
7641:Amundsen
7636:Lecointe
7505:Ringgold
7499:Porpoise
7389:Furneaux
7225:Shevelev
7180:Begichev
7159:Amundsen
7121:Nagórski
7099:Brusilov
7093:Sv. Anna
7007:Melville
6977:Palander
6933:Tsivolko
6893:Sannikov
6888:Billings
6831:Chirikov
6750:Barentsz
6692:St. Roch
6683:Bartlett
6657:Amundsen
6641:Sverdrup
6541:Resolute
6430:Franklin
6358:Kotzebue
6225:Sverdrup
6208:Scoresby
6182:Lindenov
6033:Plaisted
6018:Nautilus
5963:Shirshov
5937:Belyakov
5932:Baydukov
5906:Nautilus
5868:Amundsen
5828:SS
5787:Sverdrup
5782:Johansen
5752:Brainard
5747:Lockwood
5602:Barentsz
5429:Archived
5388:Archived
5363:Archived
5336:Archived
5287:BBC News
5261:Archived
4999:Archived
4994:BBC News
4904:Barrabes
4654:Archived
4619:Archived
4541:24283006
4498:Archived
4467:Archived
4386:70136800
4368:(1971).
4337:55876083
4217:See also
3775:123°27′W
3619:101°58′W
2605:SF53-13
2579:132°10′E
2527:132°16′E
1825:Dataset
1764:Next, a
1700:132°16′E
1575:101°58′W
1529:and the
1523:tripoint
1222:Township
978:158°45′W
862:antipode
832:Motu Nui
351:, at an
246:Team N2i
118:aircraft
110:pack ice
82:landmass
57:isolines
8608:Messner
8555:Hillary
8535:Balchen
8483:Polheim
8477:Wisting
8355:Crozier
8327:Weddell
8305:J. Cook
8275:Kapitsa
8256:Fiennes
8198:Klenova
8167:Hillary
8117:Ketchum
8043:BANZARE
8018:·
7863:Polheim
7829:Shirase
7815:Charcot
7625:Belgica
7544:Crozier
7456:Morrell
7451:Weddell
7429:Lazarev
7374:J. Cook
7328:History
7278:Arktika
7254:Krassin
7239:Voronin
7211:Schmidt
7197:Ushakov
7136:Vaygach
7104:Albanov
7073:Rusanov
7054:Kolchak
7049:Matisen
7023:Makarov
7002:De Long
6903:Wrangel
6883:Lyakhov
6836:Malygin
6794:Dezhnev
6621:Pandora
6592:Advance
6559:Kennedy
6554:Belcher
6547:Kellett
6534:McClure
6458:Beechey
6452:Blossom
6445:Simpson
6413:Crozier
6406:Hoppner
6363:J. Ross
6331:J. Cook
6279:Gilbert
6172:J. Hall
6138:Ingólfr
6128:Naddodd
6122:Vikings
6109:Brendan
6104:Pytheas
6092:Iceland
6046:Arktika
6038:Herbert
6003:Badygin
5973:Krenkel
5958:Papanin
5927:Chkalov
5913:Wilkins
5878:Wisting
5822:F. Cook
5728:Markham
5688:Bessels
5677:Polaris
5668:Polaris
5639:J. Ross
5622:Carolus
5570:History
5215:18 July
5181:24 July
5152:24 July
4378:177–178
3960:Sphere
3931:56°51′W
3928:14°03′S
3804:Sphere
3772:48°53′S
3648:Sphere
3616:43°28′N
3492:Sphere
3463:46°40′E
3460:18°20′S
3232:Sphere
3203:41°00′W
3200:76°30′N
3076:Sphere
3044:52°39′N
2920:Sphere
2891:82°11′E
2888:44°17′N
2764:Sphere
2735:88°08′E
2732:45°17′N
2556:Sphere
2524:23°10′S
2007:54°58′E
2004:82°06′S
1943:Africa
1891:Africa
1880:Sphere
1851:26°10′E
1839:Africa
1831:Method
1736:Papunya
1697:23°10′S
1657:, near
1627:56°51′W
1624:14°03′S
1572:43°22′N
1517:in the
1492:26°10′E
1372:88°08′E
1369:45°17′N
1341:82°11′E
1338:44°17′N
1294:86°50′E
1291:46°15′N
1254:86°22′E
1251:46°20′N
1226:Chinese
1190:85°58′E
1187:46°34′N
1127:86°40′E
1124:46°17′N
1072:Eurasia
1003:History
822:of the
714:54°58′E
691:on the
530:54°58′E
508:Russian
369:65°47′E
366:85°50′S
317:54°58′E
277:54°58′E
210:in the
176:176°9′W
173:85°48′N
8518:Bowers
8513:Wilson
8472:Hassel
8467:Helmer
8436:Mackay
8426:Mawson
8391:Nimrod
8349:Terror
8334:Erebus
8261:Burton
8056:Rymill
7932:Mawson
7926:Aurora
7905:Lashly
7890:Wilson
7793:Nimrod
7770:Scotia
7577:Murray
7552:Cooper
7539:Terror
7521:Erebus
7490:Wilkes
7441:Palmer
7409:Vostok
7356:Bouvet
7280:-class
7260:Gakkel
7128:Taymyr
7109:Konrad
7078:Kuchin
7016:Yermak
6923:Lavrov
6841:Ovtsyn
6826:Bering
6804:Ivanov
6767:Hudson
6729:Pomors
6706:Cowper
6671:Karluk
6570:Isabel
6564:Bellot
6514:Austin
6482:Terror
6474:Erebus
6370:Griper
6346:Clerke
6306:Baffin
6289:Hudson
6220:Nansen
6133:Garðar
6054:Barneo
5921:ANT-25
5897:Italia
5873:Nobile
5842:Henson
5801:Amedeo
5777:Nansen
5742:Greely
5612:Hudson
5550:Arctic
5208:
4824:
4774:
4539:
4443:
4392:
4384:
4335:
4168:WGS84
4116:WGS84
4064:WGS84
4012:WGS84
3954:1,517
3908:WGS84
3856:WGS84
3798:2,690
3752:WGS84
3700:WGS84
3642:1,639
3596:WGS84
3544:WGS84
3440:WGS84
3388:WGS84
3336:WGS84
3284:WGS84
3180:WGS84
3128:WGS84
3047:1°34′W
3024:WGS84
2972:WGS84
2914:2,510
2868:WGS84
2816:WGS84
2758:2,514
2712:WGS84
2660:WGS84
2576:23°2′S
2504:WGS84
2452:WGS84
2400:WGS84
2348:WGS84
2296:WGS84
2290:1,008
2244:WGS84
2192:WGS84
2140:WGS84
2088:WGS84
2030:1,301
1984:WGS84
1932:WGS84
1874:1,814
1848:5°39′N
1489:5°39′N
1480:Africa
1474:Africa
1456:Ürümqi
1275:Xazgat
1238::
1236:pinyin
1228::
1159:Ürümqi
1050:R'lyeh
1023:data.
975:4°58′S
897:Aktobe
711:82°6′S
681:Vostok
566:Moscow
527:82°6′S
314:83°6′S
274:82°6′S
8598:Crary
8545:Dufek
8508:Oates
8498:Scott
8431:David
8412:Adams
8383:Barne
8204:Mirny
8193:Somov
8003:Quest
7900:Crean
7885:Scott
7764:Bruce
7718:Gauss
7711:Gauss
7585:Jason
7572:Nares
7446:Davis
7423:Mirny
7396:Smith
7351:Roché
7271:Lenin
7191:Sadko
7116:Wiese
7061:Sedov
7032:Zarya
6955:Payer
6918:Litke
6913:Anjou
6846:Minin
6809:Vagin
6799:Popov
6772:Poole
6627:Young
6440:Dease
6385:Hecla
6376:Parry
6301:Bylot
6284:Davis
6259:Cabot
6232:Peary
6214:Jason
6201:Egede
6115:Papar
6027:Skate
6008:Wiese
5988:NP-37
5981:NP-36
5861:Norge
5849:Sedov
5837:Peary
5795:Jason
5710:Nares
5704:Alert
5659:Hayes
5627:Parry
5565:Ocean
4822:S2CID
4772:S2CID
4441:S2CID
4344:(PDF)
4333:S2CID
4313:(PDF)
1814:Pole
1755:GSHHG
1563:Allen
1525:with
1414:]
1315:Suluk
1244:) at
1167:China
1108:China
1044:" by
1016:]
948:near
917:, at
520:) at
214:, at
8530:Byrd
8451:Fram
8402:Wild
8084:Marr
8050:BGLE
8037:Byrd
7965:Wild
7844:Fram
7646:Cook
7167:AARI
7152:Maud
7039:Toll
6964:Vega
6650:Gjøa
6635:Fram
6598:Kane
6435:Back
6400:Fury
6391:Lyon
6313:Munk
5952:NP-1
5854:Byrd
5771:Fram
5762:Fram
5654:Kane
5437:2016
5344:2016
5314:NASA
5295:2022
5269:2016
5217:2022
5206:ISSN
5183:2019
5154:2019
5097:2023
5063:2016
5037:2016
5007:2016
4972:2011
4946:2016
4916:2016
4886:2016
4856:2016
4662:2016
4627:2016
4601:2016
4567:2024
4537:PMID
4506:2016
4475:2010
4401:2024
4390:OCLC
4382:LCCN
4352:2016
3486:260
3226:469
3070:108
2550:928
1231:夏孜盖乡
1178:Town
860:The
675:and
494:for
157:NASA
143:and
71:, a
8227:3rd
8213:2nd
8187:1st
8020:IGY
8016:IPY
6606:Fox
6502:Rae
6068:Mir
6044:NS
5469:KML
5147:BBC
4812:doi
4764:doi
4529:doi
4525:309
4463:BBC
4433:doi
4325:doi
4321:123
1686:In
1613:In
1549:In
1515:Obo
1478:In
1180:at
1165:of
1030:'s
968:at
952:'s
218:on
67:In
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