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populations of willow flycatchers increased. In these sites 90% of the willow flycatcher's nests were found in native vegetation, only 10% were in mixed vegetation (native species and saltcedar) and few were in areas dominated by saltcedar. However, because willow flycatchers can and do breed in some locations within saltcedar habitat, it occasionally serves as vital habitat in the recovery of this species.
411:
subspecies found in
Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah. It was listed in 1995, when it was known to breed at only about 75 sites in riparian areas throughout the American southwest. The breeding population was estimated at between 300 and 500 pairs. Breeding occurs
335:
The subspecies are best distinguished from each other by their songs. In addition, the four subspecies have significant genetic differences based on mitochondrial DNA analysis. Their winter ranges have been elucidated using mitochondrial DNA genetic studies of 172 birds sampled in winter combined
489:
found throughout the
Southwest, where it has replaced essential vegetation by outcompeting native species in riparian areas where the southwestern willow flycatcher is found. In two sites, one in Arizona and the other in New Mexico, native trees were able to replace patches of saltcedar and
550:
Adults have brown-olive upperparts, darker on the wings and tail, with whitish underparts; they have an indistinct white eye ring, white wing bars and a small bill. The breast is washed with olive-gray. The upper part of the bill is gray; the lower part is orangish.
1263:
56:
716:. They are "sit-and-wait" predators, remaining on a perch near the top of a shrub and flying out to catch insects on the wing, but are also reported to glean insects off of leaves and stems.
1108:
Durst, Scott L.; Theimer, Tad C.; Paxton, Eben H.; Sogge, Mark K. (2008). "Age, habitat, and yearly variation in the diet of a generalist insectivore, the southwestern willow flycatcher".
261:
424:
in
California and to over 2,600 m (8,530 ft) in Arizona, southwestern Colorado, and north-central New Mexico. This subspecies was described by A.R. Phillips in 1948.
516:) are thought to play a critical role in widening riparian width, openings in dense vegetation, and retention of surface water through the willow flycatcher breeding season.
677:, often selecting winter habitat near water. Willow flycatchers travel approximately 1,500–8,000 km (930–4,970 mi) each way between wintering and breeding areas.
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Willow flycatchers are generalist insectivores, and the insects which comprise their diet vary substantially across different habitats. For example, flies of the order
1518:
1570:
307:
There are four subspecies recognized, all of which breed in North
America (including three subspecies that breed in California). At one time, this bird and the
358:
in 1918, it breeds in
California from Tulare County north along the western side of the Sierra Nevada, and in Oregon and Washington west of the Cascade range.
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made up the majority of adult willow flycatcher diets in
Ontario, Canada, but only composed 10.6% of the diet of California flycatchers, who instead favor
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Bean, Daniel; Dudley, Tom (2012). "Tamarisk biocontrol, endangered species risk and resolution of conflict through riparian restoration".
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Prescott, David R.C.; Middleton, Alex L. A. (1988). "Feeding-time minimizization and the territorial behavior of the willow flycatcher".
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A Southwestern Willow
Flycatcher Natural History Summary and Survey Protocol: Technical Report NPS/NAUCPRS/NRTR-97/12
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380:. Populations at high elevation just east of the Sierra Nevada crest but south of Modoc County are assumed to be
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958:"Tamarix as Habitat for Birds: Implications for Riparian Restoration in the Southwestern United States"
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Sibley, David Allen (2001). Elphick, Chris; Dunning, Jr., John B.; Sibley, David Allen (eds.).
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876:"Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.), endangered species, and biological weed control - Can they Mix?"
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Sogge, Mark K.; Marshall, Robert M.; Sferra, Susan J.; Tibbitts, Timothy J. (May 1997).
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Paxton, Eben H.; Unitt, Philip; Sogge, Mark K.; Whitfield, Mary; Keim, Paul (2011).
372:) breeds in California east of the Sierra/Cascade axis, from the Oregon border into
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1164:"Habitat, diet, and foraging ecology of willow flycatcher in Sierra Nevada meadows"
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This species is experiencing population declines throughout the
Southwest due to
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in 1828. It breeds from the eastern coast of the United States to the western
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319:. Their song is the only reliable method to tell them apart in the field. The
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1089:(Report). National Park Service and Northern Arizona University. p. 37
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354:) is the Pacific Slope subspecies of the willow flycatcher. Described by
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Summer breeding and winter ranges of willow flycatcher subspecies from
451:. In 1996, breeding was confirmed along the Arizona side of the lower
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and
Pilgrim, De Luz, French, and Las Flores creeks; as well as on the
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The Great Basin/Northern
Rockies subspecies of the willow flycatcher (
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463:. Examination of museum specimens of 578 migrating and wintering
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824:"Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus)"
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and often near water, across the United States and southern
892:
10.1614/0890-037X(2004)018[1542:STSESA]2.0.CO;2
1168:
Graduate Theses and Dissertations - Utah State University
427:
The largest remaining population in California is on the
435:. In southern California, this subspecies breeds on the
482:
and invasive grass species. One of these is saltcedar (
336:
with plumage coloration and morphological differences.
784:"Winter Distribution of Willow Flycatcher Subspecies"
1664:
1304:
1050:
339:The four subspecies of the willow flycatcher are:
1035:. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. p. 255.
956:Sferra, Susan; Paxton, Eben; Sogge, Mark (2008).
758:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22699848A93751510.en
1185:. New York, USA: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 389.
826:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Nevada Office
269:southwestern willow flycatcher survey protocol
8:
1183:The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behavior
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315:) were considered to be a single species,
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81:
40:
31:
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501:to preserve habitat for this subspecies.
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420:and 910 m (3,000 ft) at upper
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669:, and in small numbers as far south as
654:in a vertical fork in a shrub or tree.
627:15.5–18.0 mm (0.61–0.71 in)
617:10.5–12.3 mm (0.41–0.48 in)
597:68.7–75.6 mm (2.70–2.98 in)
384:. There has been very little study of
1282:Audio recordings of Willow flycatcher
1216:. Colorado Plateau Research Station.
1214:"Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Site"
530:subspecies of the willow flycatcher (
416:to 800 m (2,640 ft) at the
7:
1498:willow-flycatcher-empidonax-traillii
607:54–64.5 mm (2.13–2.54 in)
475:constitutes the main winter range.
403:The southwestern willow flycatcher (
323:commemorates the Scottish zoologist
1718:IUCN Red List least concern species
744:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
388:in California. It was described by
25:
874:DeLoach, CJ; Dudley, Tom (2004).
1753:Taxa named by John James Audubon
982:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00357.x
567:130–150 mm (5.2–6 in)
399:– Southwestern willow flycatcher
106:
1264:Willow flycatcher photo gallery
1225:BirdLife species factsheet for
733:BirdLife International (2016).
1738:Native birds of Eastern Canada
1733:Native birds of Western Canada
680:This bird's song is a sneezed
350:The little willow flycatcher (
1:
237:Approximate distribution map
1266:at VIREO (Drexel University)
283:) is a small insect-eating,
1162:Dietrich, Scott E. (2020).
1057:. New York: Knopf. p.
1008:. NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
577:13.5 g (0.48 oz)
412:from near sea level on the
376:and possibly into northern
18:Southwest willow flycatcher
1769:
1743:Birds of the United States
1006:Empidonax traillii extimus
854:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
638:Their breeding habitat is
587:220 mm (8.5 in)
346:– Little willow flycatcher
1270:Interactive range map of
1251:"Willow flycatcher media"
1053:The Sibley Guide to Birds
1031:Godfrey, W. Earl (1966).
935:10.1007/s10526-011-9436-9
556:
505:considers the subspecies
236:
227:
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103:Scientific classification
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34:
1256:Internet Bird Collection
1012:explorer.natureserve.org
801:10.1525/cond.2011.090200
751:: e.T22699848A93751510.
657:These neotropical birds
634:Distribution and habitat
495:San Pedro River Preserve
1748:Birds described in 1828
480:habitat loss/alteration
1728:Birds of North America
1122:10.1525/cond.2008.8493
557:Standard Measurements
510:North American beavers
270:
642:thickets, especially
497:was purchased by the
445:Santa Margarita River
429:South Fork Kern River
418:South Fork Kern River
414:Santa Margarita River
325:Thomas Stewart Traill
264:
1234:"Empidonax traillii"
1149:10.1093/auk/105.1.17
684:. The call is a dry
1047:Sibley, David Allen
1033:The Birds of Canada
974:2008ResEc..16..146S
962:Restoration Ecology
927:2012BioCo..57..331D
846:"Willow flycatcher"
534:) was described by
485:Tamarix ramosissima
317:Traill's flycatcher
73:Conservation status
1666:Muscicapa traillii
1654:Empidonax-traillii
1374:empidonax-traillii
1361:Empidonax_traillii
1336:Empidonax traillii
1306:Empidonax traillii
1277:IUCN Red List maps
1272:Empidonax traillii
1227:Empidonax traillii
737:Empidonax traillii
499:Nature Conservancy
437:San Luis Rey River
422:San Luis Rey River
280:Empidonax traillii
271:
254: Non-breeding
212:Empidonax traillii
59:Empidonax traillii
35:Willow flycatcher
1705:
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1636:Open Tree of Life
1628:willow-flycatcher
1485:willow-flycatcher
1298:Taxon identifiers
1192:978-1-4000-4386-6
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514:Castor canadensis
407:) is a federally
313:Empidonax alnorum
295:family native to
293:tyrant flycatcher
275:willow flycatcher
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1584:Neotropical
1558:NatureServe
1506:iNaturalist
1330:Wikispecies
1093:17 February
859:16 February
830:16 February
764:12 November
546:Description
503:NatureServe
433:Kern County
378:Inyo County
285:neotropical
1712:Categories
1681:Q109563361
1649:Xeno-canto
1286:Xeno-canto
1110:The Condor
1017:2023-06-23
921:(2): 331.
915:BioControl
788:The Condor
720:References
714:snakeflies
507:Imperiled.
473:Costa Rica
409:endangered
390:Oberholser
356:Oberholser
331:Subspecies
170:Tyrannidae
1723:Empidonax
1143:: 17–28.
640:deciduous
469:Guatemala
392:in 1932.
188:Species:
181:Empidonax
126:Kingdom:
120:Eukaryota
1695:11353191
1675:Wikidata
1563:2.103270
1550:22699848
1524:10763460
1400:22699848
1395:BirdLife
1315:Wikidata
1049:(2000).
990:56042221
943:16497604
900:35498749
810:59414997
710:mayflies
682:fitz-bew
652:cup nest
583:wingspan
528:nominate
321:binomial
303:Taxonomy
287:migrant
166:Family:
140:Chordata
136:Phylum:
130:Animalia
116:Domain:
93:IUCN 3.1
1615:1484436
1475:2482786
1382:Avibase
1321:Q903847
1238:Avibase
1137:The Auk
970:Bibcode
923:Bibcode
699:Diptera
671:Ecuador
659:migrate
644:willows
536:Audubon
459:and at
291:of the
222:, 1828)
220:Audubon
176:Genus:
156:Order:
146:Class:
91: (
1589:wilfly
1576:164674
1537:178341
1482:GNAB:
1457:EURING
1449:wilfly
1423:wilfly
1369:ARKive
1349:wilfly
1189:
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712:, and
663:Mexico
648:Canada
623:tarsus
613:culmen
573:weight
563:length
443:, the
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246:
240:
1641:67288
1602:73964
1519:IRMNG
1511:16611
1444:eBird
1436:39HWN
1420:BOW:
1087:(PDF)
986:S2CID
939:S2CID
896:S2CID
806:S2CID
439:, at
1690:GBIF
1623:ODNR
1610:OBIS
1571:NCBI
1545:IUCN
1532:ITIS
1470:GBIF
1462:9220
1413:9856
1408:BOLD
1218:USGS
1187:ISBN
1095:2012
1063:ISBN
861:2013
832:2013
766:2021
749:2016
686:whit
665:and
603:tail
593:wing
493:The
289:bird
273:The
267:USGS
150:Aves
61:call
1493:IBC
1431:CoL
1356:ADW
1345:ABA
1284:on
1275:at
1145:doi
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1118:doi
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