412:. By the time Josselson joined the Congress of Cultural Freedom in 1950 he was "undoubtedly a CIA officer". A polyglot able to converse fluently in four languages (English, Russian, German and French), Josselson was heavily involved in the CCF's growing range of activities – its periodicals, worldwide conferences and international seminars – until his resignation in 1967, following the exposure of funding by the CIA.
616:
Problems, Impact, and Image in the World" (December 1968) where unsuccessful attempts were made to engage with the New Left. From 1968 onwards national committees and magazines (see CCF/IACF Publications below) shut down one after another. In 1977 the Paris office closed and two years later the
Association voted to dissolve itself.
2708:
This is the
American way of doing things, to expect to solve all the world's problems in four days", complained Sulak Sivaraksa, editor of Bangkok's Social Science Review. Crumped U.S. Economist Carl Kaysen: "Everyone wants to talk and no one wants to listen." The occasion for their disgruntlement
420:
At its height, the CCF had offices in 35 countries, employed dozens of personnel, and published over twenty prestigious magazines. It held art exhibitions, owned a news and features service, organized high-profile international conferences, and rewarded musicians and artists with prizes and public
615:
the dominant policy of the new
Association shifted from positions held by its predecessor. No "public anti-Soviet protests" were issued, "not even in support of the harassed Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov". The culmination of this approach was a vast seminar at Princeton on "The United States: Its
604:. It inherited "the remaining magazines and national committees, the practice of international seminars, the regional programs, and the ideal of a worldwide community of intellectuals." There was also, until 1970, "some continuity of personnel".
236:. Anti-communist opponents to the conference took up residence in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in an attempt to discredit the peace conference. The anti-communists attempted to enlist a range of international supporters for their cause, including
163:
writes (1999): "Whether they liked it or not, whether they knew it or not, there were few writers, poets, artists, historians, scientists, or critics in postwar Europe whose names were not in some way linked to this covert enterprise."
552:
reported on the CIA's funding of a number of anti-communist cultural organizations aimed at winning the support of supposedly Soviet-sympathizing liberals worldwide. These reports were lent credence by a statement made by a former CIA
348:
proclaimed: "With this
Congress we must build a war organization". The Manifesto of the Congress was drafted by Arthur Koestler, with amendments added on a motion proposed by historian Hugh Trevor-Roper and philosopher A. J. Ayer.
263:
The founding conference of the
Congress for Cultural Freedom was attended by leading intellectuals from the U.S. and Western Europe. Among those who came to Berlin in June 1950 were writers, philosophers, critics and historians:
821:
Became a leading journal on
Communist China (and also Taiwan) by reason of its lack of rivals in the field and the scholarly standard of its articles. When its IACF subsidy ceased in 1968 it found other sources of funding.
990:
One of the most heavily subsidized of all the CFF magazines. Edited by Hoki
Ishihara. The chief editor Isihara found other sources of funding when subsidies from Paris and the national committee ceased to exist.
1409:. Sales reached 12,000 in early 1960s (a quarter of them in the US) but the arrest, detention and subsequent emigration of editor Neogy in 1968 marked the end of this controversial literary-political magazine.
1498:
619:
Certain of the publications that began as CCF-supported vehicles secured a readership and ongoing relevance that, with other sources of funding, enabled them to long outlast the parent organisation.
3075:
561:
financing and operation of the CCF. The CIA website states that "the
Congress for Cultural Freedom is widely considered one of the CIA's more daring and effective Cold War covert operations."
3095:
3090:
3085:
2847:
1969:"The C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool? Agency Raises Questions Around World; Survey Discloses Strict Controls But Reputation of Agency Is Found to Make It a Burden on U.S. Action"
1512:
185:
2192:
GUILHOT, NICOLAS (2006-01-01). "A Network of
Influential Friendships: The Fondation Pour Une Entraide Intellectuelle Européenne and East–West Cultural Dialogue, 1957–1991".
1161:(Association for Freedom and Culture), the CCF's Danish counterpart, in 1956. Directly funded by the CCF from at least 1960, when the organization established an office in
424:
Between 1950 and 1966 the
Congress sponsored numerous conferences. A selective list describes 16 conferences in the 1950s held principally in Western Europe, but also in
515:(USIA) which "may help finance a scholarly inquiry and publication, or the agency may channel research money through foundations – legitimate ones or dummy fronts." The
3105:
2709:
was a four-day meeting last week in Princeton of some 90 international intellectuals assembled for a look at "The U.S.—Its Problems, Impact and Image in the World.
1814:
672:. The records of the International Association for Cultural Freedom and its predecessor the Congress for Cultural Freedom are today stored at the Library of the
1726:
2840:
3080:
2085:
1997:
3031:
1568:
2679:
664:) set up to support intellectuals in Central Europe, began life as an affiliate of the Congress for Cultural Freedom. In 1991 it merged with the
3070:
2833:
3100:
2663:
2419:
600:
In 1967, the organization was renamed the International Association for Cultural Freedom (IACF) and continued to exist with funding from the
526:
569:
530:
2525:
1185:
A cultural, intellectual and literary monthly magazine. CCF's first magazine. Preuves means "proof" or "evidence" in French. Edited by
2815:
2247:"What Filters Through the Curtain. Reconsidering Indian Modernisms, Travelling Literatures, and Little Magazines in a Cold War Context"
1490:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. Addresses the effects of CCF's activities on the visibility and canonization of writers.
1425:, who was affiliated with the CCF, the magazine was reportedly a cover for Matthiessen, and not part of the CCF's operations. However,
1448:
715:
Produced by the Latin American Institute for International Relations (ILARI), established in 1966, which was closed by IACF in 1972.
2317:
1893:
TWERASER, FELIX W. (2005). "Paris Calling Vienna: The Congress for Cultural Freedom and Friedrich Torberg's Editorship of "Forum"".
1536:
1507:
508:
152:
was instrumental in the establishment and funding of the group. The congress aimed to enlist intellectuals and opinion makers in a
883:. By 1963 its circulation had risen to 34,000 and that year the magazine secured independent funding. Edited from 1958 onwards by
684:
The Congress founded, sponsored or encouraged a number of publications to disseminate its ideas. Some of them are the following:
512:
374:
2133:
1325:
A cultural, intellectual and literary monthly magazine. After its IACF subsidy ended in 1971 it found other sources of funding.
357:
An Executive Committee was elected in 1950 at the founding conference in Berlin, with seven members and six alternate members:
1743:
2040:
1787:
1521:
2102:
340:. There were conservatives among the participants, but non-Communist (or former Communist) left-wingers were more numerous.
2362:
2068:
2052:
1548:
1486:
639:
survive to this day. While the revelation of CIA funding led to some resignations, notably that of Stephen Spender from
586:, defending the activities of his unit within the CIA. For more than ten years, Braden admitted, the CIA had subsidized
2772:
503:
ran a series of five articles on the purposes and methods of the CIA. The third of these 1966 articles began to detail
558:
149:
72:
1944:
801:
became a bimonthly journalistic enterprise. After its IACF subsidy ended in 1971 it found other sources of funding.
444:: the Founding Conference in Berlin was followed in 1951 by the First Asian Conference on Cultural Freedom, held in
2939:
1039:
1598:
548:
534:
460:
2293:
1057:
to address issues relating the "worldwide intellectual community", and particularly the growth in universities.
344:, who would become known as the "godfather of neoconservatism," was also present. During the Berlin conference,
2897:
2800:
2461:
721:
665:
1617:""I Am Afraid Americans Cannot Understand": The Congress for Cultural Freedom in France and Italy, 1950–1957"
1459:
America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe. Shepard Stone between Philanthropy, Academy, and Diplomacy.
168:
argues that the CCF was a participant in a struggle for the mind "of Postwar Europe" and the world at large.
2988:
2309:
1493:
1222:
448:. A further 21 conferences over an even wider geographical area are listed for the first half of the 1960s.
293:
160:
1357:, focused on Soviet bloc. IACF subsidy ceased in early 1970s; the magazine found other sources of funding.
3026:
1700:
1469:
The Liberal Conspiracy: The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe,
1209:
A literary journal published by the Australian Association for Cultural Freedom, edited by Catholic poet
2808:
2575:
1030:
852:
673:
653:
582:
213:
1284:. Biannual bulletin with "a tiny readership" of 3,000. In 1961 the Congress Executive replaced it with
577:
3047:
2695:
2597:
2086:"Institutions, Culture, and America's 'Cold War Years': The Making of Greenberg's 'Modernist Painting"
1554:
1150:
848:
459:, an ardent communist. The campaign intensified when it appeared that Neruda was a candidate for the
2918:
2439:
1697:
The Liberal Conspiracy: The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for Mind of Postwar Europe
1026:
861:
588:
521:
481:
who was becoming increasingly pro-Soviet. From 1950 to 1969, the CCF financed German writers such as
321:
184:. Formation of the CCF came in response to a series of events orchestrated by the Soviet Union: the
3036:
3009:
2981:
2904:
2359:
Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura: anticomunismo y guerra frĂa en AmĂ©rica Latina
1391:
1237:
English only. In 1971 IACF stopped supporting New Delhi and Calcutta offices. Originally edited by
1195:
939:
807:
629:
542:
504:
229:
201:
117:
2723:
1154:
1146:
2974:
2268:
2217:
2209:
1926:
1918:
1808:
1646:
1382:
1171:
953:
A bi-monthly literary and cultural magazine published in Beirut, and focusing on the Arab world.
657:
magazine, arrested and imprisoned. After Neogy left Uganda in 1968 the magazine ceased to exist.
499:
474:
402:
390:
329:
209:
1115:(see above). It published established and political writers, holding a variety of views such as
592:
through the CCF, which it also funded; one of the magazine's staff, he added, was a CIA agent.
148:. At its height, the CCF was active in thirty-five countries. In 1966 it was revealed that the
2875:
2687:
2659:
2533:
2313:
2036:
1910:
1783:
1638:
1532:
1517:
1503:
1444:
1422:
1186:
1120:
1022:
926:
554:
409:
289:
110:
2013:
1968:
2960:
2932:
2258:
2201:
1902:
1628:
1529:
Music on the Frontline: Nicolas Nabokov's Struggle against Communism and Middlebrow Culture.
1417:
1018:
844:
759:
A quarterly (until 1963), later bi-monthly, literary magazine. ICAF subsidy ceased in 1971.
482:
470:
297:
281:
253:
249:
205:
1682:
Frances Stonor Saunders, The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters,
3041:
2967:
2945:
2870:
2366:
2137:
1945:"Frances Stonor Saunders: Wer die Zeche zahlt .... Der CIA und die Kultur im Kalten Krieg"
1574:
1281:
1082:
1078:
1063:
884:
876:
635:
612:
601:
394:
345:
325:
317:
313:
257:
237:
181:
123:
106:
102:
775:
Edited by Murray Mindlin the six issues dealt with censorship around the world. (In 1972
741:
has been described as a powerful catalyst for artistic awakening throughout West Africa.
1764:
2995:
2746:
2628:
2466:
1378:
1363:
1354:
1346:
1238:
1045:
880:
867:
813:
486:
452:
386:
382:
341:
277:
265:
141:
1441:
Weimar on the Pacific: German Exile Culture in Los Angeles and the Crisis of Modernism
200:, the World Congress of Peace Partisans; and their culmination in the creation of the
3064:
2880:
2570:
2272:
2227:
2221:
2130:
1984:"How C.I.A Put an 'Instant Air Force' Into Congo to Carry Out United States Policy",
1930:
1650:
1464:
1262:
1210:
1103:
608:
565:
469:, a CCF-sponsored periodical. Other prominent intellectuals targeted by the CCF were
441:
378:
285:
233:
165:
2014:"C.I.A Operations: Man at Helm, Not the System, Viewed as Key to Control of Agency"
1116:
1054:
669:
644:
456:
366:
358:
333:
305:
301:
269:
245:
153:
2820:
2263:
2246:
2653:
2053:"C.I.A Is Spying From 100 Miles Up; Satellites Probe Secrets of the Soviet Union"
2030:
1998:"C.I.A. Operations: A Plot Scuttled, or, How Kennedy in '62 Undid Sugar Sabotage"
1476:
Freiheit in der Offensive? Der KongreĂź fĂĽr kulturelle Freiheit und die Deutschen,
2953:
2825:
2356:
1561:
1406:
1317:
1253:
1097:
1014:
648:
478:
465:
429:
398:
370:
337:
241:
177:
145:
2801:"Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978"
2610:
1461:
Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001. Addresses links between Ford Foundation and CCF.
2205:
1162:
734:
362:
309:
273:
217:
2691:
2306:
Intelectuales y anticomunismo: la revista "Cuadernos brasileiros" (1959–1970)
1914:
1712:
Milorad Popov, "The World Council of Peace," in Witold S. Sworakowski (ed.),
1642:
519:
cited, among others, the CIA's funding of the Congress for Cultural Freedom,
212:
in March 1949: the Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace at the
17:
2911:
1201:
963:
828:
228:
who called for peace with the Soviet Union. Prominent participants included
779:, a publication covering the same themes, was founded by Stephen Spender.)
2652:
Franke, Anselm; Ghouse, Nida; Guevara, Paz; Majaca, Antonia (2021-08-24).
1906:
1633:
1616:
1247:
1213:, had an "anticommunist thrust". ICAF subsidy of the Association and of
1087:
225:
2369:
en "El Argonauta español ", Numéro 3, 2006 – retrieved October 19, 2009.
2234:(Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.)
2213:
1922:
3002:
1133:
1091:. ICAF subsidy ceased in 1968. It continued as a quarterly until 1987.
1069:
945:
917:
425:
221:
189:
408:
The management of the CCF was entrusted to its secretariat, headed by
2494:
1397:
1350:
1177:
1001:
897:
751:
445:
437:
193:
1478:
MĂĽnchen, 1998 (comprising academic study on the origins, in German).
643:, outside Europe the impact was more dramatic: in Uganda, President
929:
and others. In 1965 it was taken over by Gunter Nenning and became
2925:
2489:
1766:
History And Hope: Tradition, Ideology And Change In Modern Society
1369:
1229:
982:
911:
834:
789:
433:
197:
58:
1429:
often sold interviews it conducted to CCF-established magazines.
196:) in August 1948; a similar event in April the following year in
2420:
Freedom's War: The US Crusade Against the Soviet Union, 1945–56.
1499:
The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters
2829:
1481:
971:
Set up to provide Latin America with information about China.
2032:
The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune?
84:
Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, Latin America, Australia
2251:
Interventions. International Journal of Postcolonial Studies
1728:
The Defence of Peace and the Struggle Against the Warmongers
1077:
A German-language journal airlifted into Berlin during the
451:
In the early 1960s, the CCF mounted a campaign against the
208:. As part of this campaign there had also been an event in
1831:, Appendix A, pp. 249–251, for the text of this Manifesto.
1013:(Swedish Committee for Cultural Freedom). Publishers were
507:
and the secret transfer of CIA funds to, for example, the
933:, a publication devoted to Christian-Communist dialogue.
855:– a cultural quarterly magazine that reached 100 issues.
2294:
Archives of Authority: Empire, Culture, and the Cold War
1487:
Archives of Authority: Empire, Culture, and the Cold War
1009:
Bimonthly political and cultural magazine, published by
47:
1979 (as International Association for Cultural Freedom)
668:, set up and supported by financier and philanthropist
1744:
Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-50
1716:
Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1973, p. 488.
797:
Established at the New Delhi bureau of the Congress,
662:
Fondation pour une Entraide Intellectuelle Européenne
829:
Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura
533:, and a foreign-aid project in South Vietnam run by
3019:
2889:
2863:
2178:
2176:
2174:
1780:
They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons,
1578:- Received funding from the CCF in the early 1960's
1353:. After 1964 became a quarterly journal, edited by
1123:, ceasing to exit when IACF funding ended in 1971.
186:
World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace
116:
96:
88:
78:
68:
51:
43:
35:
3076:Political organizations based in the United States
2747:"The Burgeoning Rebirth of a Bygone Literary Star"
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
1879:
1877:
1513:Who Paid the Piper?: CIA and the Cultural Cold War
525:magazine, "several American book publishers", the
144:cultural organization founded on June 26, 1950 in
3096:Anti-communist organizations in the United States
3091:United States government propaganda organizations
2462:"USA paid for propaganda in Sweden in the 1950s?"
2773:"How the CIA Infiltrated the World's Literature"
2557:The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe, 1945–60
925:A political and cultural magazine in founded by
733:Founded by German expatriate editor and scholar
3086:Central Intelligence Agency front organizations
2655:Parapolitics: Cultural Freedom and the Cold War
2600:at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center.
27:CIA-funded anti-communist cultural organization
1471:New York: Free Press, Collier Macmillan, 1989.
1143:"a magazine for politics, science and culture"
2841:
2559:. London: Frank Cass Publishers. p. 245.
2555:Scott-Smith, Giles; Krabbendam, Hans (2003).
2398:Diccionario de escritores mexicanos, Siglo XX
2103:"What was the Congress for Cultural Freedom?"
1421:was co-founded by novelist and CIA operative
837:, intended for distribution in Latin America
8:
676:in its Special Collections Research Center.
30:
660:The European Intellectual Mutual Aid Fund (
2848:
2834:
2826:
2400:, UNAM, Mexico, 2000 (Volume V, p. xviii).
2035:Studies in Intelligence; Routledge, 2013.
1813:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
686:
29:
2262:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1632:
875:A literary-political magazine founded by
1769:, (1962); reprinted 1970, Praeger Press.
1593:
1591:
1345:At first a monthly newsletter edited by
623:continued publishing until 1991, as did
3106:American propaganda during the Cold War
3032:American Committee for Cultural Freedom
1714:World Communism: A Handbook, 1918–1965.
1587:
1569:American Committee for Cultural Freedom
1349:, the CCF's official representative in
405:who became President of the committee.
176:The CCF was founded on 26 June 1950 in
2719:
2717:
2121:, Free Press, Collier Macmillan, 1989.
1806:
1011:Svenska kommittén för kulturens frihet
1739:
1737:
1510:). Originally published in the UK as
1085:until 1978, when it was purchased by
527:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
463:in 1964 but he was also published in
7:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
570:International Organizations Division
568:, head of the CCF's parent body the
216:was attended by many prominent U.S.
1053:A quarterly started by sociologist
353:Executive Committee and Secretariat
180:, which had just endured months of
1565:— initially part-funded by the CCF
1443:. University of California Press.
25:
3081:Organizations established in 1950
2771:von Aue, Mary (January 4, 2017).
2680:"Opinion: Pondering the Problems"
2092:Vol. 26, No. 1 (2003), pp. 71–97.
1303:ICAF subsidy ceased in 1971; the
204:, which in March 1950 issued the
2745:Celia McGee (January 13, 2007).
1803:(in French). Paris. p. 603.
1307:found other sources of funding.
651:, the editor of the flourishing
531:Center for International Studies
513:United States Information Agency
2108:, Volume 8, January 1990, p. 7.
578:"I'm Glad the CIA is 'Immoral'"
92:conferences, journals, seminars
1615:Scionti, Andrea (2020-02-01).
1159:Selskabet for Frihet og Kultur
576:report in an article entitled
493:CIA involvement revealed, 1966
1:
3071:Congress for Cultural Freedom
2857:Congress for Cultural Freedom
2264:10.1080/1369801X.2019.1649183
1599:"Modern Art was CIA 'weapon'"
1549:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
1157:. Entered a partnership with
134:Congress for Cultural Freedom
31:Congress for Cultural Freedom
3101:Anti-communist organizations
2598:The Michael Josselson Papers
1801:Le Siècle des intellectuels
1621:Journal of Cold War Studies
695:
150:Central Intelligence Agency
73:Central Intelligence Agency
3122:
2245:Laetitia Zecchini (2020).
2136:September 3, 2009, at the
1388:
1360:
1328:
1310:
1291:
1268:
1244:
1220:
1192:
1168:
1126:
1094:
1060:
1036:
994:
974:
956:
936:
908:
890:
858:
825:
804:
782:
762:
744:
718:
702:
540:In 1967, the US magazines
2821:The Ghostwriter et la CIA
2611:"CIA as Culture Vultures"
2526:"Historiske tidsskrifter"
2396:Ocampo, Aurora M. (ed.),
2206:10.1007/s11024-006-9014-y
2069:"M.I.T. Cuts Agency Ties"
1597:Frances Stonor Saunders,
1474:Michael Hochgeschwender,
549:The Saturday Evening Post
535:Michigan State University
505:false-front organizations
461:Nobel Prize in Literature
2304:Kristine Vanden Berghe:
1782:Random House LLC, 2009.
1502:, 2000, The New Press, (
666:Open Society Foundations
2310:Leuven University Press
1975:, April 25, 1966, p. 1.
1799:Winock, Michel (1999).
1754:Stonor Saunders, p. 48.
1494:Frances Stonor Saunders
627:, while the Australian
564:That same year in May,
294:Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.
161:Frances Stonor Saunders
3027:Abstract expressionism
2629:"The Bequest of Quest"
2119:The Liberal Conspiracy
2059:April 27, 1966, p. 28.
2020:April 29, 1966, p. 18.
2004:April 28, 1966, p. 28.
1988:April 26, 1966, p. 30.
1869:The Liberal Conspiracy
1829:The Liberal Conspiracy
1439:Bahr, Ehrhard (2008).
557:director admitting to
2816:The Cultural Cold War
2809:University of Chicago
2576:Dagbladet Information
2357:Ruiz Galvete, Marta:
2148:Coleman, pp. 235–240.
1907:10.1353/aus.2005.0002
1527:Wellens, Ian (2002).
1457:Berghahn, Volker R.:
1294:Social Science Review
1021:(1957–60). Edited by
905:A cultural magazine.
674:University of Chicago
583:Saturday Evening Post
416:Activities, 1950–1966
214:Waldorf-Astoria Hotel
2724:The Salisbury Review
2686:. 13 December 1968.
1949:www.perlentaucher.de
1634:10.1162/jcws_a_00927
1531:Aldershot: Ashgate.
1141:Described itself as
1079:1948 Soviet blockade
747:Cadernos Brasileiros
365:), Arthur Koestler (
3048:Who Paid the Piper?
3037:Anti-Stalinist left
3010:Transition Magazine
2090:Oxford Art Journal,
2018:The New York Times,
2002:The New York Times,
1986:The New York Times,
1840:Coleman, pp. 37–40.
1605:, October 22, 1995.
1555:Who Paid the Piper?
1392:Transition Magazine
1271:Science and Freedom
808:The China Quarterly
777:Index on Censorship
572:, responded to the
509:US State Department
230:Dmitri Shostakovich
202:World Peace Council
156:against communism.
32:
2751:The New York Times
2609:Pybus, Cassandra,
2365:2006-02-14 at the
2084:Francis Frascina,
1973:The New York Times
1731:, Cominform, 1950.
1383:Nicola Chiaromonte
1322:1960s & 1970s
1189:, a Swiss writer.
1031:Bengt Alexanderson
927:Friederich Torberg
853:Luis Mercier Verga
500:The New York Times
475:Simone de Beauvoir
403:Denis de Rougemont
391:Nicola Chiaromonte
330:Tennessee Williams
172:Origins, 1948–1950
3058:
3057:
2876:Michael Josselson
2665:978-3-95679-508-4
2571:"Kold kulturkamp"
2530:litteraturlink.dk
2292:Andrew N. Rubin,
2226: – via
2106:The New Criterion
1778:Jacob Heilbrunn,
1703:: New York, 1989.
1423:Peter Matthiessen
1413:
1412:
1121:Jorge Luis Borges
1023:Birgitta Stenberg
959:Informes de China
555:covert operations
410:Michael Josselson
322:Richard Löwenthal
290:Hugh Trevor-Roper
130:
129:
111:Michael Josselson
16:(Redirected from
3113:
2890:Magazines funded
2850:
2843:
2836:
2827:
2812:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2735:Coleman, p. 192.
2733:
2727:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2694:. Archived from
2676:
2670:
2669:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2624:
2618:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2579:. 25 August 1999
2567:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2532:. Archived from
2522:
2516:
2515:Coleman, p. 197.
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2458:
2452:
2451:Coleman, p. 188.
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2394:
2388:
2387:Coleman, p. 221.
2385:
2379:
2378:Coleman, p. 185.
2376:
2370:
2354:
2348:
2347:Coleman, p. 195.
2345:
2339:
2338:Coleman, p. 196.
2336:
2330:
2329:Coleman, p. 193.
2327:
2321:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2225:
2189:
2183:
2182:Coleman, p. 240.
2180:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2128:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2099:
2093:
2082:
2076:
2066:
2060:
2050:
2044:
2027:
2021:
2011:
2005:
1995:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1895:Austrian Studies
1890:
1884:
1883:Coleman, p. 194.
1881:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1858:Coleman, p. 232.
1856:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1790:
1776:
1770:
1763:K. A. Jelenski,
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1693:
1687:
1680:
1655:
1654:
1636:
1612:
1606:
1595:
1516:, 1999, Granta,
1454:
1427:The Paris Review
1418:The Paris Review
1402:1961–1968
1374:1956–1967
1342:1955–1989
1277:1954–1961
1258:1953–1970
1234:1955–1958
1217:ceased in 1972.
1206:1956 to present
1182:1951–1975
1151:Henning Fonsmark
1108:1966–1971
1074:1948–1987
1050:1962 to present
1019:Ingemar Hedenius
1006:1954–1960
987:1960 to present
950:1962–1967
849:Ignacio Iglesias
818:1960 to present
772:1964–1967
730:1957–1975
687:
471:Jean-Paul Sartre
298:Bertrand Russell
282:Jacques Maritain
254:Bertrand Russell
206:Stockholm Appeal
33:
21:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3042:Neoconservatism
3015:
2968:Partisan Review
2905:China Quarterly
2885:
2871:Pierre Emmanuel
2859:
2854:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:, Volumes 9–10.
2722:
2715:
2701:
2699:
2698:on 11 July 2014
2678:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2490:"Kulturkontakt"
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2430:Coleman, p. 196
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2409:Coleman, p. 186
2408:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2367:Wayback Machine
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2280:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2138:Wayback Machine
2129:
2125:
2117:Peter Coleman,
2116:
2112:
2101:Hilton Kramer,
2100:
2096:
2083:
2079:
2075:April 26, 1966.
2073:New York Times,
2067:
2063:
2057:New York Times,
2051:
2047:
2028:
2024:
2012:
2008:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:Coleman, p. 41.
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1805:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1777:
1773:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1695:Peter Coleman,
1694:
1690:
1681:
1658:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1603:The Independent
1596:
1589:
1585:
1575:Partisan Review
1545:
1482:Andrew N. Rubin
1451:
1438:
1435:
1282:Michael Polanyi
1145:. Published by
1083:Melvin J. Lasky
1027:Kurt Salomonson
885:Melvin J. Lasky
877:Stephen Spender
769:United Kingdom
682:
636:China Quarterly
613:Pierre Emmanuel
602:Ford Foundation
598:
497:In April 1966,
495:
418:
395:Stephen Spender
355:
346:Nicolas Nabokov
326:Melvin J. Lasky
318:Arthur Koestler
314:Benedetto Croce
258:Igor Stravinsky
238:Benedetto Croce
182:Soviet blockade
174:
124:Ford Foundation
107:Nikolai Nabokov
103:Melvin J. Lasky
99:
81:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3119:
3117:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2996:Tempo Presente
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2795:
2794:External links
2792:
2790:
2789:
2763:
2737:
2728:
2713:
2671:
2664:
2644:
2619:
2617:July 12, 2000.
2602:
2590:
2562:
2547:
2536:on 3 June 2017
2517:
2508:
2481:
2470:. 4 March 2013
2467:Sveriges Radio
2453:
2444:
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2423:
2411:
2402:
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2340:
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2278:
2237:
2200:(4): 379–409.
2184:
2150:
2141:
2123:
2110:
2094:
2077:
2061:
2045:
2029:Hugh Wilford,
2022:
2006:
1990:
1977:
1961:
1936:
1885:
1873:
1871:, pp. 253–257.
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1820:
1791:
1771:
1756:
1747:
1733:
1718:
1705:
1701:The Free Press
1688:
1656:
1607:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1525:
1491:
1479:
1472:
1465:Coleman, Peter
1462:
1455:
1450:978-0520257955
1449:
1434:
1431:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1379:Ignazio Silone
1375:
1372:
1367:
1364:Tempo Presente
1359:
1358:
1355:Leopold Labedz
1347:Walter Laqueur
1343:
1340:
1338:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1315:
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1296:
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1289:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1239:Nissim Ezekiel
1235:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1187:François Bondy
1183:
1180:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1081:and edited by
1075:
1072:
1067:
1059:
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1048:
1046:United Kingdom
1043:
1035:
1034:
1017:(1954–57) and
1007:
1004:
999:
993:
992:
988:
985:
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923:
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907:
906:
903:
900:
895:
889:
888:
881:Irving Kristol
873:
870:
868:United Kingdom
865:
857:
856:
847:, assisted by
841:
838:
832:
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823:
819:
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814:United Kingdom
811:
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795:
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773:
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710:
709:Latin America
707:
701:
700:
697:
694:
691:
681:
678:
597:
594:
517:New York Times
494:
491:
487:Siegfried Lenz
440:(Nigeria) and
421:performances.
417:
414:
387:Ignazio Silone
383:Georges Altman
354:
351:
342:Irving Kristol
278:Ignazio Silone
266:Franz Borkenau
173:
170:
142:anti-communist
128:
127:
120:
114:
113:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
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62:
55:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3107:
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3087:
3084:
3082:
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3049:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:Miscellaneous
3018:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
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2993:
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2990:
2986:
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2937:
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2927:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2898:Black Orpheus
2895:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2881:Shepard Stone
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2822:
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2817:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2658:. MIT Press.
2657:
2656:
2648:
2645:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:Scott Lucas,
2415:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2318:90-6186-803-3
2315:
2311:
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2301:
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2279:
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2265:
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2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2229:
2228:ScienceDirect
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2175:
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2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:Thomas Braden
2127:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1846:
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1837:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1802:
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1792:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:The New Press
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1627:(1): 89–124.
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:0-7546-0635-X
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1508:1-56584-596-X
1505:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:Soviet Survey
1329:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1288:(see above).
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1263:Chang Chun-ha
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1211:James McAuley
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:Successor to
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:Latin America
1102:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:Kulturkontakt
995:
989:
986:
984:
981:
978:
975:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
941:
937:
932:
928:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
913:
909:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:
859:
854:
850:
846:
845:Julián Gorkin
842:
839:
836:
833:
831:
830:
826:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
809:
805:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
778:
774:
771:
768:
766:
763:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
740:
739:Black Orpheus
736:
732:
729:
726:
724:
723:
722:Black Orpheus
719:
714:
711:
708:
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2782:December 24,
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2756:December 24,
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2696:the original
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2534:the original
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1155:H.C. Branner
1149:, edited by
1147:Hans Reitzel
1142:
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1117:Pablo Neruda
1112:
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1055:Edward Shils
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799:China Report
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712:closed 1972
704:
683:
680:Publications
670:George Soros
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645:Milton Obote
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450:
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375:Carlo Schmid
367:Raymond Aron
359:Irving Brown
356:
334:Irving Brown
306:Raymond Aron
302:Ernst Reuter
270:Karl Jaspers
262:
246:Karl Jaspers
175:
158:
154:war of ideas
137:
133:
131:
80:Area served
39:26 June 1950
2954:Mundo Nuevo
2583:22 November
2540:22 November
2501:22 November
2474:22 November
1951:(in German)
1901:: 158–172.
1562:New African
1407:Rajat Neogy
1318:Philippines
1261:Founded by
1254:South Korea
1098:Mundo Nuevo
1015:Ture Nerman
931:Neues Forum
794:1964–1970s
649:Rajat Neogy
479:Thomas Mann
466:Mundo Nuevo
430:Mexico City
399:Tosco Fyvel
371:Eugen Kogon
338:Sidney Hook
242:T. S. Eliot
178:West Berlin
146:West Berlin
3065:Categories
2864:Key people
2638:2023-10-05
2442:, Volume 9
2440:Solidarity
2257:(2): 176.
2041:1135294704
1955:2022-04-08
1788:0307472485
1583:References
1522:1862070296
1433:Literature
1377:Edited by
1313:Solidarity
1280:Edited by
1163:Copenhagen
1129:Perspektiv
979:(Freedom)
922:1954–1995
902:1958–1962
872:1953–1991
843:Edited by
840:1953–1965
765:Censorship
756:1959–1971
735:Ulli Beier
654:Transition
511:or to the
363:Haakon Lie
310:A. J. Ayer
274:John Dewey
159:Historian
98:Key people
2947:Der Monat
2919:Encounter
2912:Cuadernos
2692:0040-781X
2273:201380822
2222:144219865
1931:245850463
1915:1350-7532
1867:Coleman,
1809:cite book
1651:211147094
1643:1520-3972
1415:Although
1298:Thailand
1248:Sasanggye
1202:Australia
1113:Cuadernos
1064:Der Monat
964:Argentina
862:Encounter
641:Encounter
621:Encounter
589:Encounter
580:, in the
522:Encounter
226:pacifists
140:) was an
118:Endowment
44:Dissolved
2982:Quadrant
2702:10 April
2627:Bidoun.
2363:Archived
2312:, 1997.
2214:41821373
2134:Archived
1923:27944766
1543:See also
1333:(became
1215:Quadrant
1196:Quadrant
1138:1953–69
1088:Die Zeit
727:Nigeria
633:and the
630:Quadrant
574:Ramparts
543:Ramparts
222:leftists
218:liberals
61:, France
52:Location
3003:Tilanne
2975:Preuves
2940:Minerva
2805:Library
2615:Jacket,
2194:Minerva
1686:, 1999.
1405:Editor
1286:Minerva
1172:Preuves
1134:Denmark
1070:Germany
1040:Minerva
946:Lebanon
918:Austria
705:Aportes
453:Chilean
426:Rangoon
190:Wroclaw
126:to 1979
69:Origins
36:Founded
3051:(1999)
2690:
2662:
2633:Bidoun
2495:Libris
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1447:
1398:Uganda
1351:Israel
1335:Survey
1305:Review
1178:France
1002:Sweden
968:1960s
898:Mexico
893:Examen
752:Brazil
699:Notes
693:Region
625:Survey
607:Under
596:Legacy
446:Bombay
438:Ibadan
401:) and
194:Poland
89:Method
2989:Quest
2933:Hiwar
2926:FORVM
2269:S2CID
2218:S2CID
2210:JSTOR
1927:S2CID
1919:JSTOR
1647:S2CID
1370:Italy
1230:India
1224:Quest
983:Japan
940:Hiwar
912:Forvm
835:Paris
790:India
455:poet
434:Tokyo
198:Paris
59:Paris
2784:2022
2777:Vice
2758:2022
2704:2021
2688:ISSN
2684:Time
2660:ISBN
2585:2016
2542:2016
2503:2016
2476:2016
2314:ISBN
2037:ISBN
1911:ISSN
1827:See
1815:link
1784:ISBN
1639:ISSN
1533:ISBN
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1445:ISBN
1381:and
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690:Name
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