4498:
1571:
45:
1253:, and surprise Pakistan by offering to build a second nuclear power plant in May 1981. On 1 March 1990, the USSR again offered its nuclear deal with Pakistan and officially stated that the Pakistan has to increase its power generation needs and the USSR Ambassador to Pakistan, V.P. Yakunin, quoted that "once the required guarantees are provided, there is no harm in supplying a nuclear power plant to Pakistan." The Pakistan Production Minister, Shahid Zafar immediately traveled to
1405:
India, the USSR and
Pakistan were able to continue the trade of their preferable machinery and technical goods, whilst also cooperated in agricultural products. However, the Soviet Union maintained its restriction to exploit its military equipment and technology to Pakistan, instead offering an economic package (restrictively based on civilian basis) to Pakistan in 1981. Instead, Pakistan went to secure the arms deal with the United States in 1981, including the acquisition of
3934:
1466:, contributed to disorder and violence there, while heroin entering from Afghanistan to pay for arms contributed to addiction problems. The Pakistan Navy coordinated the foreign weapons into Afghanistan, while some of its high-ranking admirals were responsible for storing the weapons in the Navy logistics depot, later coordinated the weapons supply to Mujaheddin, out of complete revenge of Pakistan Navy's brutal loss and defeat at the hands of the Soviet backed
4239:
1294:
75:
3160:
3350:
64:
790:, developed close relations with the Soviet Union. Soviet Union and India used the diplomacy, convincing the U.S. and Western powers to keep a ban on Pakistan's military and hardware. After the 1965 war, the arms race between India and Pakistan became even more asymmetric and India was outdistancing Pakistan by far. However, in 1968, Soviet Union and Pakistan made an arms deal.
1122:
2105:. Lahore, Punjab Province, mjad Ali, the Pakistan ambassador to the US at the time, narrated in his book "Glimpses" (Lahore: Jang Publisher's, 1992) that the personal assistant of Suhrawardy advised embassy staff of the Prime Minister's agreement to the US facility on Pakistan soil.: Jang Publishers, 1992.
839:
records, radio and television programs. During the signing ceremony of this cultural agreement, S.K. Romonovsky, the Soviet
Cultural Minister quoted that "many pacts between two countries would help towards better understanding among the people of Pakistan and the USSR." Finally, on 17 April 1968, Premier
1525:
Relations between
Pakistan and the Soviet Union fell to a low point following the Soviet Union's military involvement in Afghanistan. Pakistan supported the anti-communist and religious extremist Mujahedeen forces who fought to overthrow the communist Afghan Government, which had usurped power in the
1404:
increased from 10% to 15% after officially signing an economic cooperation agreement in 1985. The overall 1.6% of all
Pakistan's exports were accounted in 1981, which increased to 2.5% in 1985. Particularly, the Soviet material exports exceeded the imports in three-fold method in early 1980. Unlike,
1187:
in 1972. The foundation stone for this gigantic project was laid on 30 December 1973 by the then Prime
Minister Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Facing inexperience for the erection work of the integrated steel mill, Bhutto requested Soviet Union to send its experts. Soviet Union sends dozens of advisors and
1098:
had sent solid evidence of Soviet Navy's covert involvement helping the Indian Navy, and Soviet Navy's own secret operations against the
Pakistan Navy. Pakistan Navy avoided aggressive contacts with the Soviet Navy due to possible nuclear retaliation by Soviet nuclear submarines in Karachi. In 2012,
1426:
maintains that, "One can see the contours of dangerous plans aimed at
Pakistan's arch rivals— India, Soviet Union, and Afghanistan. The change of administration in 1980 and immediate verbal threat of Soviet Union to Pakistan, brought the United States and Pakistan on a five-year trade, economic and
1417:
fighter plans in that view." Another Soviet commentator "threateningly" asked
Pakistan that "If she (Pakistan) thought about where the United States was pulling it in its hostilities with Afghanistan; their aggression was taking place in the vicinity of the USSR". In February 1980, a delegation of
843:
paid a visit to
Pakistan and was welcomed by President Ayub and the Pakistan's civil society members with cordial manner. During his visit Alexi Kosygin said: "that relations between Pakistan and the Soviet Union are very good indeed and we should want more and more to strengthen and better them."
1412:
In 1980, the relationship took a dangerous turn, when Soviet press, notable "Pravda" and other Soviet commentators, began to issue threatening statements towards
Pakistan. Soviet Commentator, V Baikov, went far enough to say: The axis of United States and China, is trying to secure a base for its
562:
on May 7, 1949. To a reaction, Soviet Union extended an invitation to Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, in 1949 to visit Moscow, becoming the first Prime Minister from the Commonwealth of Nations to visit the communist country, but Soviet Union herself did not materialized the dates or the plans.
1549:
Pakistani support for the Mujahideen later brought in the involvement of the United Kingdom, the United States, Saudi Arabia and China's support for the same anti-Soviet cause. Pakistan would receive aid from other Muslim nations, China, and the US in the advent of war by the USSR according to
838:
As the result of President Khan's visit to the Soviet Union, both countries concluded another agreement for cultural exchanges that was signed on 5 June 1965. This agreement was on the basis of exchange the academicians, scholars, scientists, artists, sportsmen, and also the exchange of music
847:
The Soviet Premier's visit in April 1968 was the first of its kind state visit and was of outstanding significance. Kosygin agreed to the granting of aid for a steel mill, a nuclear power plant and also economic aid on a broad range of development projects. Quiet importantly, the first
1489:. Zia took his hand and assured him, "General Secretary, believe me, Pakistan wants nothing but very good relations with the Soviet Union". According to Gromyko, Zia's sincerity convinced them, but Zia's actions didn't live up to his words. Ironically, Zia directly dealt with the
1160:. In 1974, Bhutto paid a tiring and lengthy state visit to Soviet Union, becoming the first Prime Minister since the independence of Pakistan in 1947. Bhutto and his delegation was met with great jubilation, a warm-heated celebration took place after Bhutto was received by
503:
of Pakistan announced that "she (Pakistan) would accept aid from any source", but the Soviets did not respond to that request. In 1948, Prime Minister Ali Khan made several attempts to the Soviet Union to establish relations, but the Soviets remained quiet. In April 1948,
662:
against India. In 1958, Soviet Union agreed to give Pakistan aid in agriculture, economic, science, control of pest, flood control, desalination, soil erosion and technical assistance to Pakistan. In 1958, Pakistan and Soviet Union finally established an oil consortium,
1179:, which prompted the Soviet Union to provide funds for the billion dollar project. Prime Minister Bhutto made a deliberate attempt to warm relations with Russia as he was trying to improve relations with the Communist bloc. Bhutto sought to develop and alleviate the
1550:
General Zia. American presence in Pakistan as well as anti-Soviet/communist Mujahideen havens resulted in Soviet attempts to bombard targets in Pakistan by air that were seen as a threat to the security of Soviet forces in Afghanistan. Some of these resulted in
856:
There were many forces in the world which did not want to see friendship growing between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and Pakistan. Pakistan would achieve great success in all spheres under the leadership of President Muhammad Ayub
575:. ... Pakistan had noticed the subservience which was forced upon the allies of the Soviet Union. ... Furthermore, there was the question whether Russia could supply the aid, both material and technical, which Pakistan so urgently needed..."
643:, a left-wing Prime Minister, made deliberate attempts to improve relations. On March–April 1954, a delegation of the Soviet cultural troupe toured Pakistan and a festival of the Soviet films was held in Karachi. To reciprocate this, the
530:.... Pakistan had noticed the subservience which was forced upon the allies of the Soviet Union... Furthermore, there was the question whether Russia could supply the aid, both material and technical, which Pakistan so urgently needed...
1225:
who forcefully rejected the Soviet requests. Breznev maintained the issue of Bhutto was Pakistan's internal matter but did not wish to see him executed. When Bhutto was hanged, Brezhnev condemned the act out of "purely humane motives".
852:, sang out a poem, comparing Kosygin's visit to the coming of the dawn, which would bring self-determination and justice to the Kashmiri people. Kosygin enjoyed the amusing poetry, but remained silent on this issue. Alexei Kosygin said:
1776:
and acceptance of Kabul's terms for speedy repatriation. In 1987, calculations completed by Pakistan Institute of Public Opinions (PIPO), around ~66% of party's respondents expressed themselves against Pakistan's continuing support of
1277:, publicly announced that the USSR was ready to provide the financial and technical assistance to set up the export-oriented industries. In 1983, the USSR agreeably sold components of oil-drilled equipment for the construction of the
1594:(daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto) authorized further aggressive military operations in Afghanistan to topple the fragile communist regime and to end the Soviet influence. One of her military authorizations was a military action in
567:(PIIA), the real motives, goals and objectives, were to an economic and technical assistance. "There are important divergences of outlook between Pakistan, with its Islamic background, and the Soviet Union with its background of
1289:
in Karachi, on 15 January 1985. This project was completed at a capital cost of Rs.24,700 million; and even as today, the Steel Mills maintains a respected history and great symbol for the relations of USSR and Pakistan.
496:
484:
If the Hindus give (us) and Pakistan, then the Hindus are her best friends. If the British give it to her then the Brits are our best friends. If neither will give it to us the freedom..... Then the Russia is our best
1760:(CPSU) started its covert political activities through the Awami National Party, many of its senior leadership served Soviets intermediary and advisers. The ANP and the PPP and other leftist entities formed the
480:. Initially, Pakistan waited to see if any nation was willing to help the country to re-build its massive military and economical aid, and leading bureaucrat at this time, Sir Firoz Ali Khan had revealed that:
1606:
in Pakistan, and Pakistan's loss in 1971 war. This operation was "a defining moment for her government" to prove the loyalty to Pakistan Armed Forces. This operation planned by then-Director General of the
766:
The Soviet Union had been long associated with Pakistan to help built its technical industries and consortium since late 1950s. In 1950, Soviet Union and Pakistan established the multibillion-dollar worth
563:
Instead, Prime Minister Ali Khan went onto paid a state visit to United States, taking the largest diplomatic and military convey with him, a clear rebuff to Soviet Union. According to studies completed by
1520:
4227:
1551:
1099:
at an official press release in the Russian Consulate-General Karachi, the Russian ambassador remarked that the former Soviet stance against Pakistan in 1971 did "somewhat embarrassed our relations".
763:, former chief of army staff, wrote of the incident that, "Pakistan felt deceived because the U.S. had kept her in the dark about such clandestine spy operations launched from Pakistan’s territory".
1188:
experts, under Russian scientist Mikhail Koltokof, who supervised the construction of this integrated Steel Mills, with a number of industrial and consortium companies financing this mega-project.
518:, subjecting the diplomatic relation. During this time, Pakistan saw relations with the Soviet Union from the prism of relations with India just as these days it sees ties with the United States.
1474:
972:
1265:
of Pakistan (Prime minister at that time) rebuffed the plan and a made move to secure French deal which also went into cold storage. In April 1981, Pakistan and Soviet Union formed a joint
4054:
3338:
1385:". As for Pakistan, the Soviet war with Islamist mujaheddin was a complete revenge in retaliation for the Soviet Union's long support of regional rival, India, notably during the
933:
group, which was announced in February 1954, there was a great outcry in East-Pakistan. Many demonstrations, led by communist party were held and the 162 newly elected members of
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282:
3979:
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1997:
187:
4220:
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while campaigning for his electoral term. During 1954–58, the relations were strained and hostility against each other as time passes. In 1954, Pakistan became a member of
4066:
797:
first paid a state visit to Moscow and brought a great achievement to resolve territorial and political difference between the two countries. On April 3, 1965, President
1191:
From 1973 to 1979, Soviet Union and Pakistan enjoyed a strong relationship with each other which also benefited the Soviet Union. This interaction was short lived after
4497:
1717:
had been sympathetic to the Soviet Union, although it never allied with the Soviet Union nor the United States. The Soviet Union had extremely close relations with the
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4004:
996:
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4352:
4213:
3758:
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However, the policy was changed after Soviet Union witnessed two events particularly forcing them to respond to Pakistan when India decided to remain within the
4124:
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44:
3974:
2832:"Ambassador Says Soviets Might Sell Pakistan A Nuclear Plant," Nucleonics Week, 1 March 1990; in NTI Nuclear and Missile Database, 1 March 1990, www.nti.org.
2812:—"Ambassador Says Soviets Might Sell Pakistan A Nuclear Plant," Nucleonics Week, 1 March 1990; in NTI Nuclear and Missile Database, 1 March 1990, www.nti.org
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met with Zia there. Andropov expressed indignation over Pakistan's covert support of the Afghan resistance against the Soviet Union and its satellite state,
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576:
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However, the MRD suffered many set backs because of its pro-Leninist stance which was not the "line" of Kremlin at that time. The events that led the
4107:
3316:
1761:
1145:, the Soviet Union's ties with Pakistan began to warm and relations were quickly improved. Reviving his foreign policy, Bhutto relieved Pakistan from
4326:
1627:
4654:
4586:
1635:
1345:
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succeeded to bring full-scale Soviet investment in this project, and laid the foundations of the steel mills in 1972 with the help of Soviet Union.
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2977:
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1949:
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in 1955, which Soviet Union did not welcome, overtly opting the Pro-Indian policy and regarding the Kashmir as part of India. As a result of
469:
4387:
4377:
3487:
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visited the United States, further enhancing relations with the U.S. while at same time, trying establishing link with Soviet Union through
219:
2522:
1620:
1419:
4443:
4367:
3905:
3707:
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816:, and quoted:"Soviet Union is our next door neighbor with which Pakistan had close friendly connections in the past." During this visit,
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employed "V/o Tyaz Promexport", a USSR technical consortium, for vertically integrated steel mills in Karachi, Sindh Province. In 1971,
613:
Pakistan felt deceived because the U.S. had kept her in the dark about such clandestine spy operations launched from Pakistan’s territory
4533:
1792:
succeeded to unite the scattered leftists mass, which integrated into the PPP, and turned the radical and pro-Soviet leftists into more
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from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed to India by USS
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in 1971) to lead a specialized civil-military team to formulate a geo-strategy to counter the Soviet aggression. At this meeting, the
1250:
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522:
There are important divergences of outlook between Pakistan, with its Islamic background, and the Soviet Union with its background of
345:
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203:
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Soviet-Pakistan arms deal was made in 1968, which caused protests from India. During the time of Kosygin's reception, renowned poet
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191:
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1975:
1939:
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passed the resolution which called for establishing ties with Soviet Union. During the 1980s when the purged took place under the
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once and for all, leading the collapse of central government of Pakistan Muslim League in the federal government. The tendency of
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1501:'s own word, Zia reported to have remarked to Israeli intelligence service: "Just don't put any stars of David on the boxes".
1493:, working to build covert relations with Israel, allowing the country to actively participate in Soviet–Afghan War. Helped by
1917:
1329:
1244:
742:
591:
547:, it was a clear sign that India was leaning towards the Western countries under the U.S. auspices. The second event was the
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28:
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advocated for an idea of covert operation in Afghanistan by arming the Islamic extremist, and was loudly heard saying: "
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where Pakistan reached agreements with Soviet Union on mutual trust, cooperation, technical assistance, and friendship.
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in a view to established a strong cultural relations with the people of the USSR. Publicly, President Ayub Khan thanked
505:
338:
95:
4413:
3984:
3959:
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3612:
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was greater in West Pakistan, in contrast to East Pakistan were the tendency of communism was at its height. After the
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1378:
1112:
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648:
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removed Bhutto from power in 1977. The Soviet relations with Pakistan deteriorated on April 4, 1979, when Bhutto was
4618:
1665:
1386:
992:
964:
783:
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500:
473:
262:
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was more acceptable to India, not by Pakistan, and initially influenced Moscow to vote in favor of India in 1947.
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258:
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1273:, for which Soviet Union offered $ 20 million US dollars. In November 1981, the Soviet Ambassador to Pakistan,
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888:
508:
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3075:
4171:
4014:
1885:
1073:
918:
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signed a statement, which denounced Pakistan's government for signing a military pact with United States.
910:
828:
Soviet Union is our next door neighbor with which Pakistan had close friendly connections in the past.....
786:, emerged as the biggest supplier of military hardware to India. India on other hand, distanced from the
310:
4608:
4342:
4059:
3994:
2460:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1486:
1305:
1297:
952:
914:
735:
636:
599:
595:
477:
1454:. The siphoning off of aid weapons, in which the weapons logistics and coordination were put under the
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4566:
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2684:
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1854:
1833:
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1718:
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960:
945:
684:
461:
438:
406:
286:
195:
3111:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
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1222:
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430:
349:
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104:
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offered technical and scientific assistance to Prime Minister Suhrawardy for the peaceful uses of
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2438:
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2201:
2118:
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1333:
1309:
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768:
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1725:. The Awami National Party, since its inception, has been a staunch and loyal supporter of the
17:
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3026:
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2773:
2722:
2712:
2583:
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2209:
2106:
1991:
1945:
1913:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1778:
1773:
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visited the country, after meeting in a committee led by Deputy Foreign Minister of Pakistan,
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1450:
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1274:
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849:
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In November 1982, General Zia attended the funeral, in Moscow, of Leonid Brezhnev, the late
1365:
1353:
1214:
1035:
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in 1971. When the mutual defence treaty, following the arrival of military advsers from the
651:
647:
also sent a delegation to study the Soviet industrial and agricultural development In 1956,
551:
442:
183:
2978:"1986–1992: CIA and British Recruit and Train Militants Worldwide to Help Fight Afghan War"
238:. After Khrushchev's removal, Khan visited Moscow and negotiated peace with Soviet premier
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This article is about Pakistan and Soviet Union's relations. For post-1991 relations, see
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Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics, 1947–92 Hafeez Malik Springer, 2016
1661:, did not authorize the purchase and showed little interest in aging Soviet technology.
1285:
inaugurated the vertically integrated and the largest Steel Mill in the South Asia, the
1261:, Tanveer Ahmad, shortly visiting the country. However, after analyzing the technology,
824:
signed the agreements in the field of trade, economic cooperation and cultural exchange.
421:
did not welcome this and criticized the British for partitioning India. Soviet dictator
2721:. University of Pennsylvania, U.S.: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 19–198.
2607:
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1978:. Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016
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its troops. But the operation failed miserably and the Afghan army supported by Soviet
1591:
1579:
1478:
1262:
1168:, and strong interaction was made during Bhutto's democratic era. Bhutto also met with
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813:
738:
680:
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353:
239:
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factions in Soviet Afghanistan. During the most of 1980s, the ANP demanded the end of
658:, offering Soviet contribution after Suhrawardy submitted the plan to established the
4638:
3308:
2156:
1706:
1676:
1543:
1482:
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made an effort to improve relations with the Soviet Union, and for the first time in
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922:
900:
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787:
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322:
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2145:"Cultural Relations Between Pakistan and the Soviet Union During Ayub Khan's Period"
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1900:
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released the details and company of Soviet soldiers to the Russian government when
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1000:
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418:
357:
254:
207:
148:
140:
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1745:, the first and top level leadership was given asylum in Moscow and parts of the
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and normalized relations. This resulted in Soviet assistance for construction of
2187:
2059:"Tale of a love affair that never was: United States-Pakistan Defence Relations"
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1467:
1439:
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1043:
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1004:
980:
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394:
330:
152:
1944:. U.S. and U.K (Multiple places): Ashgate Pub Co (June 30, 2005). p. 304.
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1066:'s presence was threatening for Pakistan, with the Soviet nuclear submarines'
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884:
452:
296:
250:
2434:
2395:
2138:
2136:
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1713:, and subsequently paid visit to Soviet Union as early in 1974. Since then,
1602:
in retaliation for the Soviet Union's long unconditional support of India, a
1497:, the Mossad channeled Soviet reversed engineered weapons to Afghanistan. In
4119:
2110:
1603:
1595:
1582:
for rescuing Soviet soldiers from captivity. It was not until 1992 when the
1175:
While there, Bhutto succeeded to convince the Soviet Union to establish the
1083:
667:, and expressing interests in establishing the country's first steel mills.
326:
215:
99:
2854:
Silent soldier: the man behind the Afghan jehad General Akhtar Abdur Rahman
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
441:, the Soviet Union remained neutral and gave a non-committal attitude. The
1249:
In November 1981, the USSR financially funded and solely establishing the
1121:
3349:
1645:
At the end of years of Cold War, Soviet Union announced to establish a 1
1642:
won the battle resulting in ISI chief being sacked by the Prime Minister
1431:
1337:
1308:
are remained untouched (white region, south) from the fighting while the
1126:
956:
708:
704:
235:
144:
136:
68:
3198:
The rise of Talibans in Afghanistan§ Pakistan's leftists and the Soviets
3050:
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2442:
2418:
2403:
2379:
1257:
for such offer and discussed the issue on a visit; this was followed by
2917:
1769:
1463:
1270:
568:
523:
171:
1653:
in Pakistan, but after witnessing its aging technology Prime Minister
2888:. United States: Cambridge University Press, 1994. pp. 136–199.
2498:"1971 India Pakistan War: Role of Russia, China, America and Britain"
1490:
1254:
1213:. Earlier, Leonid Brezhnev, Alexei Kosygin, and other members of the
1130:
806:
426:
369:
175:
108:
1199:. With United States support, the CIA-sponsored operation codenamed
3201:. New York, United States: Palgrave Trademark. pp. 39, 41–74.
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
1427:
military agreement, valuing approximately ~3.2 billion US dollars.
1324:
called for a meeting of senior military members and technocrats of
944:, the Soviet relations had improved after the formation of leading
2032:
Dawn Newspaper, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs (1950)
1639:
1569:
1530:
in 1978, whereas the Soviets, ostensibly to support the communist
1292:
1150:
1146:
1120:
759:
worsened relations between the Soviet Union and Pakistan. General
270:
3989:
2454:
2452:
1646:
1414:
696:
632:
4550:
4509:
4254:
4209:
4031:
3945:
3365:
3320:
3230:
2772:. United States: Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–140.
2234:"USSR-Pakistan relations:Lost Opportunities and Future Options"
2465:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2003. p. 354.
2294:
2292:
2143:
M. Iqbal; Falak Sher; Rehmat Ullah Awan; Khalid Javed (2011).
1435:
348:
in 1989, the Soviets offered Pakistan to install a commercial
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
2798:
2796:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
1137:
The democratic socialist alliance led by then-Prime Minister
909:. The Communist Party had ensure the complete elimination of
2857:. Karachi, Sindh: Jang Publishers, 1991. pp. 106 pages.
1729:. In 1980s, the ANP had strong link that traced back to the
1475:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
979:, the socialist members escaped to the Soviet Union through
3080:. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1985. p. 136.
1521:
List of Soviet aircraft losses during the Soviet–Afghan War
1430:
The U.S. viewed the conflict in Afghanistan as an integral
1164:
in Moscow. The honorary guard of honor was bestowed by the
899:
to give national recognition to the language as compare to
771:(it was known as Pakistan-Soviet Oil Fields). In 1969, the
433:, the founder and governor-general of Pakistan. During the
293:, and Pakistan's departure from SEATO and CENTO. The brief
3019:
Hyman, Anthony; Ghayur, Muhammed; Kaushik, Naresh (1989).
2553:. Indianexpress.com (2009-12-11). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
1153:, breaking off the relations with the United States under
2851:
Yousaf, PA, Brigadier General (retired) Mohammad (1991).
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2353:
Paradoxes of War: On the Art of National Self-Entrapment
1941:
US-Pakistan Relationship: Soviet Invasion Of Afghanistan
1788:
shattered Pakistan's left. It almost disappeared, until
1741:, whilst the third and second leadership took refuge in
3014:
3012:
2718:
Inter-State Accountability of Violation of Human Rights
2674:
2672:
2670:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2267:"Strategic :Asset Pakistan Steel Mill to triple itself"
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
497:
UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Far East
341:, alleged by many to be a Soviet-backed assassination.
242:. As a result, the Soviets remained neutral during the
2568:
Consulate-General of The Russian Federation In Karachi
2227:
2225:
1316:
Shortly after the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan,
579:
noted. The relations suffered setback when members of
449:
to settle the dispute between India and Pakistan. The
3262:(in Russian). Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. 1963.
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
2052:
2050:
2048:
1683:
Political relations with Left-wing sphere of Pakistan
1281:(Multan-I). In 1985, with Soviet presence, President
1011:
during the war, recognizing that the independence of
598:
against Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan in 1950 (See
178:
officially established relations and Soviet dictator
3110:. www.sovietsdefeatinafghanistan.com. Archived from
3106:
Afghanistan – The bear trap – Defeat of a superpower
1630:, it was intended to gain a conventional victory on
294:
4467:
4401:
4335:
4304:
4268:
4138:
4080:
4042:
3898:
3872:
3736:
3503:
3450:
3379:
3025:. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. pp. 35–36.
450:
119:
114:
94:
89:
51:
4067:International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics
2350:
2805:"Nuclear Chronology: Pakistan (See 1 March 1990)"
4005:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
3044:
3042:
2588:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1996:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1328:. At this meeting, General Zia-ul-Haq asked the
997:Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation
226:severely damaged relations, with Soviet premier
991:The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the
879:The Soviet Union had far better relations with
854:
826:
693:
611:
602:case). Soon, three years after, Prime Minister
520:
482:
1300:: Map showing areas involving heavy fighting.
1082:'s submarines. The Pakistan Navy's submarines
4221:
4050:Foreign deployments of the Pakistani military
3332:
2570:. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
8:
4660:History of the foreign relations of Pakistan
1413:rapid deployment force, presumable offering
1269:to start the manufacture of the agriculture
1015:would weaken the position of its rivals—the
182:, in 1949, invited Pakistani prime minister
143:had complex and tense relations. During the
37:
2770:Soviet Policy towards South Asia since 1970
2601:
2599:
2149:Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies
1312:(north-west) inflicted with heavy fighting.
1109:Soviet Contribution to Pakistan Steel Mills
565:Pakistan Institute of International Affairs
536:Pakistan Institute of International Affairs
460:During 1947–1953, Pakistan was a member of
429:did not send any congratulatory message to
337:. Meanwhile, in 1988, Zia was killed in an
4547:
4506:
4265:
4251:
4228:
4214:
4206:
4130:Terrorist attacks on embassies of Pakistan
4039:
4028:
3990:European Organization for Nuclear Research
3942:
3376:
3362:
3339:
3325:
3317:
1574:Mothers of Soviet soldiers meeting at the
782:The Soviet Union paid back its revenge on
3260:Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3231:"The Left in Pakistan: Left in the 1980s"
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
2918:"Pakistan-US Relations: The Latest Phase"
1841:Soviet personalities with Pakistan honors
1804:Pakistan personalities with Soviet Honors
1762:Movement for the Restoration of Democracy
1733:and its entire leadership escaped to the
464:(NAM). It faced challenges involving the
3254:
3252:
2886:Soviet Policy towards South Asia in 1970
2208:. Oxford University Press. p. 395.
1532:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
1217:had sent repeated calls for clemency to
1030:On 6 December and 13 December 1971, the
999:. The Soviet Union sympathized with the
959:, Soviet relations with socialist mass,
4650:Bilateral relations of the Soviet Union
4072:Pakistan Technical Assistance Programme
2419:"Soviet Arms Aid to Pakistan and India"
2380:"Soviet Arms Aid to Pakistan and India"
1930:
3161:"Manifestos of Pakistan Peoples Party"
2581:
2116:
2028:"A recap of Soviet-Pakistan relations"
1989:
1768:alliance, who had been supporting the
983:, seeking the political asylum there.
36:
4244:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
2948:"How the CIA created Osama bin Laden"
2644:
2642:
2640:
2178:Mujtaba Haider Zaidi (June 5, 2013).
2065:. Hamid Hussain, 2002. Archived from
971:, impulsively improved. In 1972, the
875:Relations with West and East Pakistan
833:Field Marshal Ayub Khan, Cited source
186:to visit Moscow, though Khan instead
7:
3102:Yousaf, Mohammad & Adkin, Mark.
2954:. September 19, 2001. Archived from
2303:. U.S.: Discovery Publishing House.
2180:"Pak-Russia relations and terrorism"
376:have been cooperative and friendly.
147:(1947–1991), Pakistan was a part of
3980:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
2462:Liaquat Ali Khan: his life and work
2026:Ardeshir Cowasjee (13 March 2011).
1764:(MRD) that began to resisted Zia's
1758:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1657:, later followed by Prime Minister
679:approved the leasing of the secret
352:, though Pakistan's prime minister
3985:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
1756:During the period of 1977–91, the
1739:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
1566:Democratic governments (1989–1991)
1183:, as the Soviet Union established
1078:, movements were picked up by the
987:Role in Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
385:Democratic governments (1947–1958)
346:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
122:Abdul Sattar (last or second-last)
120:Ambassador: Shuaib Qureshi (first)
25:
4010:Economic Cooperation Organization
4000:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
2980:. History Commons. Archived from
2763:"The USSR and Pakistan relations"
2247:(1). University of Punjab: 79–89.
2206:Khaki Shadows: Pakistan 1947–1997
1976:"Pakistan-Soviet Union Relations"
1586:released the details of soldiers.
1517:History of the Pakistan Air Force
1383:Kabul must burn! Kabul must burn!
1103:Democratic government (1971–1977)
1042:armed with nuclear missiles from
1038:of cruisers and destroyers and a
671:Military presidencies (1958–1971)
230:officially threatening to drop a
210:in 1955. In the aftermath of the
194:, relations remained strained as
4496:
4237:
3932:
3348:
1705:had been determined to oust the
1542:, and installed Soviet loyalist
360:showed little interest in aging
220:relations with the United States
125:Ambassador: Ivan Bakulin (first)
73:
62:
43:
4655:Bilateral relations of Pakistan
4645:Pakistan–Soviet Union relations
4158:Diplomatic missions of Pakistan
2649:Review, Oriental (2011-05-25).
2564:"RUSSIAN – PAKISTANI RELATIONS"
1230:Military presidency (1977–1988)
891:after successfully staging the
447:United Nations Security Council
38:Pakistan–Soviet Union relations
18:Soviet Union-Pakistan relations
1938:Hilali, A.Z. (June 30, 2005).
1877:List of Pakistani scholars of
1245:Electricity sector in Pakistan
1195:began to take place after the
1:
3355:Foreign relations of Pakistan
3132:E. Kirichenko (10 May 2007).
2879:"USSR and Pakistan relations"
2680:"Pakistan Steel: Our History"
2459:Kazmi, Muhammad Raza (2003).
1872:Scholars exchange cooperation
1609:Inter-Services Intelligence (
1259:Foreign Secretary of Pakistan
925:, which highly benefited the
675:In July 1957, Prime Minister
490:Firoze Ali Khan, 1946, source
321:(ISI), with support from the
3237:. Socialist Pact for Renewal
2814:. Nuclear Threat Initiatives
2608:"Bhutto's arrival in Russia"
2241:Journal of Political Studies
1786:collapse of the Soviet Union
1774:backing of Afghan mujaheddin
1235:Cooperation in Energy sector
887:), and had strong ties with
474:challenges in foreign policy
273:against Pakistan. After the
257:dictator, presided over the
212:1958 Pakistani military coup
162:The Soviets had opposed the
4151:Minister of Foreign Affairs
4146:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
4060:Foreign military assistance
3975:International Monetary Fund
3195:Najom, Neamatollah (2002).
3077:Near East/South Asia Report
3049:Editorial (July 31, 2003).
2629:DOc Kazi (5 October 2016).
2063:Defence Journal of Pakistan
1723:Communist Party of Pakistan
1711:Central Intelligence Agency
1621:U.S. ambassador to Pakistan
1251:Guddo Thermal Power Station
1113:Nationalization in Pakistan
554:'s announcement to pay the
451:
319:Inter-Services Intelligence
295:
291:Guddu Thermal Power Station
96:Embassy of the Soviet Union
4676:
2651:"Warming Ties With Russia"
2631:"ZAB with Leonid Brezhnev"
2326:The Soviet Union and India
1686:
1514:
1508:
1481:and new Secretary General
1477:. Soviet Foreign Minister
1279:Multan Heavy Water Reactor
1238:
1125:Map showing distance from
1117:1977 Pakistani coup d'état
1106:
993:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
784:Indo-Pakistani war of 1965
366:Soviet Union was dissolved
263:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
26:
4599:
4557:
4546:
4519:
4505:
4494:
4264:
4250:
4177:Foreign trade of Pakistan
4093:Bangladesh Liberation War
4043:Diplomacy and initiatives
4038:
4027:
3955:
3941:
3930:
3375:
3361:
3135:Восставшие в аду Бадабера
3022:Pakistan, Zia and After--
2916:Mustafa, Zubeida (1981).
2877:Riccioppi, Linda (1994).
1576:Pakistani Embassy, Moscow
1362:Bangladesh Liberation War
1241:Nuclear power in Pakistan
1211:Supreme Court of Pakistan
897:Bengali Language Movement
374:Pakistan–Russia relations
301:came to an end after the
259:Bangladesh Liberation War
188:visited the United States
85:
72:
61:
42:
29:Pakistan–Russia relations
4055:UN peacekeeping missions
3163:. Pakistan Peoples Party
3159:Pakistan Peoples Party.
3134:
2761:Racioppi, Linda (1994).
2123:: CS1 maint: location (
2099:Ali, Syed Amjad (1992).
973:West-Pakistan Parliament
969:Pakistan Socialist Party
935:East-Pakistan Parliament
622:, Chief of Army Staff.,
364:. In December 1991, the
265:. The Soviets aided the
155:and a close ally of the
4432:Weimar and Nazi Germany
4172:Foreign aid to Pakistan
4015:Commonwealth of Nations
2417:Hasan, Zubeida (1968).
2378:Hasan, Zubeida (1968).
2232:Hussain, Nazir (2012).
1796:with the principles of
1634:after Soviet Union had
1534:, entered Afghanistan,
1438:provided assistance to
1400:In 1980–85, the Soviet
1326:his military government
965:Pakistan People's Party
919:Anti-American sentiment
699:!, Gentlemen. We have "
513:Deputy Foreign minister
417:on 14 August 1947. The
277:, leadership passed to
218:significantly improved
190:in May 1950. Following
4619:Occupations by country
3759:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2324:Duncan, Peter (1989).
1715:Pakistan Peoples Party
1587:
1448:, in a program called
1313:
1177:integrated steel mills
1134:
949:Pakistan Peoples Party
911:Pakistan Muslim League
872:
836:
728:
625:
541:
495:In April 1948, at the
493:
401:and advocated for the
4103:killing intellectuals
3995:Uniting for Consensus
2984:on September 12, 2008
1697:Rawalpindi conspiracy
1693:Socialism in Pakistan
1689:Communism in Pakistan
1573:
1552:air to air skirmishes
1487:Communist Afghanistan
1350:Joint Chiefs of Staff
1298:Communist Afghanistan
1296:
1124:
730:After commencing the
600:Rawalpindi conspiracy
478:constitutional crises
368:and succeeded by the
283:Bhutto visited Moscow
214:, military president
4572:Common European Home
4567:Peaceful coexistence
4125:Conflicts with India
3713:United Arab Emirates
3273:Lomonosov Gold Medal
2685:Pakistan Steel Mills
2301:India-USSR relations
2299:Sharma, Ram (1999).
1865:Pride of Performance
1855:Pride of Performance
1834:Lomonosov Gold Medal
1798:democratic socialism
1719:Awami National Party
1619:, with inclusion of
1360:by India during the
1306:Balochistan province
1304:: Areas adjacent to
1287:Pakistan Steel Mills
1185:Pakistan Steel Mills
1181:Soviet-Pak Relations
1046:; they trailed U.S.
1003:, and supported the
995:, first signing the
961:Awami National Party
946:democratic socialist
732:military coup d'état
685:Peshawar Air Station
545:Commonwealth Nations
462:Non-Aligned Movement
437:(1947–1948) against
287:Pakistan Steel Mills
267:Bengali nationalists
192:Khan's assassination
168:creation of Pakistan
4187:Pakistani diplomats
4113:Stranded Pakistanis
2958:on January 11, 2007
2357:. Routledge, 1990.
2328:. Routledge, 1989.
2202:Arif, Khalid Mahmud
2155:(3). Archived from
1703:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
1651:nuclear power plant
1628:Battle of Jalalabad
1442:forces through the
1379:Akhtar Abdur Rahman
1330:Chief of Army Staff
1322:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
1223:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
1166:Soviet Armed Forces
1139:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
818:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
795:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
777:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
773:Pakistan Government
750:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
645:Pakistan Government
509:Sir Zafarullah Khan
431:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
350:nuclear power plant
307:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
279:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
105:Embassy of Pakistan
39:
34:Bilateral relations
4182:Pakistani diaspora
3289:2010-05-01 at the
3051:"Tricky diplomacy"
3006:, (2002), p.143–44
2936:– via JSTOR.
2713:Kamminga, Menno T.
2655:OrientalReview.org
2502:The World Reporter
2349:Zeev, Moa (1999).
2277:on 1 February 2013
1701:As late in 1960s,
1588:
1560:Pakistan Air Force
1434:struggle, and the
1376:Lieutenant-General
1334:Khalid Mahmud Arif
1314:
1135:
1058:task force in the
951:. The tendency of
801:paid a first ever
769:Pakistan Oilfields
761:Khalid Mahmud Arif
665:Pakistan Oilfields
403:partition of India
370:Russian Federation
303:1977 military coup
244:Second Kashmir War
216:Muhammad Ayub Khan
164:partition of India
90:Diplomatic mission
4632:
4631:
4595:
4594:
4562:Brezhnev Doctrine
4542:
4541:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4120:Sir Creek dispute
4023:
4022:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3229:Farooq Sulehria.
3208:978-0-312-29402-1
2952:Green Left Weekly
2779:978-0-521-41457-9
2551:Birth of a nation
2504:. 30 October 2011
2472:978-0-19-579788-6
2215:978-0-19-579396-3
2190:on June 18, 2013.
2184:The Frontier Post
2159:on 9 January 2013
1951:978-0-7546-4220-6
1824:Lenin Peace Prize
1820:Abdul Sattar Edhi
1814:Lenin Peace Prize
1779:Afghan mujahideen
1770:Afghan mujaheddin
1751:Soviet government
1673:Alexander Rutskoy
1617:General Hamid Gul
1584:Sharif government
1580:Bhutto government
1578:appealing to the
1511:Soviet-Afghan war
1505:Soviet-Afghan war
1451:Operation Cyclone
1402:direct investment
1143:Pakistani history
1040:nuclear submarine
907:1956 constitution
868:
850:Hafeez Jullundhri
788:Western countries
724:
722:1960 U-2 incident
716:Nikita Khrushchev
695:Do not play with
641:Huseyn Suhrawardy
639:, Prime Minister
637:1954–55 elections
583:led by communist
445:was moved to the
435:First Kashmir War
425:and officials at
399:two-nation theory
391:Pakistan Movement
362:Soviet technology
325:, which fought a
315:Afghan mujahideen
313:, Zia backed the
311:Soviet–Afghan War
249:Khan's successor
228:Nikita Khrushchev
224:1960 U-2 incident
134:
133:
16:(Redirected from
4667:
4624:Foreign ministry
4577:Sinatra Doctrine
4548:
4507:
4500:
4266:
4252:
4242:
4241:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4207:
4040:
4029:
3943:
3936:
3377:
3363:
3353:
3352:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3318:
3311:
3299:
3293:
3281:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3226:
3213:
3212:
3192:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3099:
3082:
3081:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3016:
3007:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2883:
2874:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2767:
2758:
2733:
2732:
2709:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2676:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2646:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2529:. Archived from
2523:"Cold war games"
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2494:
2477:
2476:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2423:Pakistan Horizon
2414:
2408:
2407:
2384:Pakistan Horizon
2375:
2369:
2368:
2356:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2273:. Archived from
2262:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2186:. Archived from
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2140:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2114:
2096:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2054:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1974:Adnan Ali Shah.
1971:
1956:
1955:
1935:
1861:Mikhail Koltokof
1794:Social democracy
1556:Soviet Air Force
1389:, which led the
1366:Director-General
1354:Muhammad Shariff
870:
866:
834:
726:
719:
652:Nikolai Bulganin
623:
552:Jawaharlal Nehru
539:
511:held talks with
506:Foreign minister
501:foreign officers
491:
466:economic default
456:
443:Kashmir conflict
397:believed in the
317:, funded by the
300:
275:Pakistani defeat
184:Liaquat Ali Khan
77:
76:
66:
65:
47:
40:
21:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4591:
4553:
4538:
4515:
4501:
4484:
4463:
4397:
4331:
4300:
4260:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4204:
4191:
4134:
4088:Kashmir dispute
4076:
4034:
4019:
3951:
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3291:Wayback Machine
3284:Honors to Molka
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3235:Farooq Sulehria
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2922:The World Today
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2069:on 4 March 2012
2057:Hamid Hussain.
2056:
2055:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2005:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1959:
1952:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1920:, 9781349105731
1909:
1907:Further reading
1896:Khurshid Kasuri
1891:Jamsheed Marker
1882:
1874:
1851:Tamgha-i-Imtiaz
1843:
1810:Faiz Ahmed Faiz
1806:
1699:
1687:Main articles:
1685:
1590:Prime Minister
1568:
1540:Hafizullah Amin
1528:Saur revolution
1523:
1513:
1507:
1267:private company
1247:
1239:Main articles:
1237:
1232:
1170:Leonid Brezhnev
1119:
1107:Main articles:
1105:
989:
921:was greater in
889:Communist Party
877:
871:
861:
835:
832:
727:
714:
673:
624:
617:
604:Liaqat Ali Khan
587:, sponsored by
585:Faiz Ahmad Faiz
581:Communist Party
540:
534:
492:
489:
470:internal unrest
405:. Accordingly,
393:(1940–1947) in
387:
382:
170:. In May 1948,
126:
121:
78:
74:
67:
63:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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4139:Related topics
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3970:United Nations
3967:
3965:European Union
3962:
3956:
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3864:United Kingdom
3861:
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3846:
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3831:
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3811:
3806:
3801:
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3791:
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3766:
3764:Czech Republic
3761:
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3738:
3734:
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3313:
3312:
3307:2013-02-22 at
3294:
3276:
3265:
3248:
3214:
3207:
3174:
3151:
3138:(in Russian).
3124:
3083:
3067:
3038:
3031:
3008:
2995:
2969:
2939:
2928:(12): 469–75.
2908:
2894:
2882:(google books)
2860:
2834:
2825:
2792:
2778:
2766:(google books)
2734:
2727:
2697:
2666:
2636:
2621:
2595:
2555:
2543:
2527:Bharat Rakshak
2514:
2478:
2471:
2448:
2429:(4): 344–355.
2409:
2390:(4): 344–355.
2370:
2363:
2341:
2334:
2316:
2309:
2288:
2250:
2221:
2214:
2193:
2170:
2130:
2080:
2044:
2003:
1957:
1950:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1879:Soviet studies
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1805:
1802:
1790:Benazir Bhutto
1721:(ANP) and the
1684:
1681:
1666:Prime Minister
1655:Benazir Bhutto
1592:Benazir Bhutto
1567:
1564:
1509:Main article:
1506:
1503:
1499:Charlie Wilson
1479:Andrei Gromyko
1409:fighter jets.
1374:at that time,
1356:(who was made
1318:military ruler
1263:Benazir Bhutto
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1197:1977 elections
1193:popular unrest
1162:Alexei Kosygin
1104:
1101:
988:
985:
876:
873:
863:Alexei Kosygin
859:
830:
822:Andrei Gromyko
814:Alexei Kosygin
811:Soviet Premier
743:Army Commander
739:Iskander Mirza
712:
707:on the map of
683:installation,
672:
669:
656:nuclear energy
649:Soviet premier
615:
549:Indian premier
532:
516:Andrei Gromyko
487:
415:United Kingdom
386:
383:
381:
378:
372:. Since then,
354:Benazir Bhutto
339:aircraft crash
240:Alexei Kosygin
200:anti-communist
132:
131:
128:Victor Yakunin
123:
117:
116:
112:
111:
102:
92:
91:
87:
86:
83:
82:
71:
59:
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49:
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33:
24:
14:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
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4582:Foreign trade
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3488:United States
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3356:
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3322:
3319:
3310:
3309:archive.today
3306:
3303:
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3175:
3162:
3155:
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3141:
3137:
3128:
3125:
3114:on 2004-05-06
3113:
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3098:
3096:
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3092:
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3084:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3056:
3055:The Economist
3052:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3032:81-7017-253-5
3028:
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3015:
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2895:0-521-41457-1
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2728:0-8122-3176-7
2724:
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2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2533:on 2006-09-15
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2364:0-04-445113-X
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2335:0-415-00212-5
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2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
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1999:
1993:
1977:
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1953:
1947:
1943:
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1934:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
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1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:United States
1704:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1677:Shahryar Khan
1674:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:Robert Oakley
1622:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1544:Babrak Karmal
1541:
1537:
1536:staged a coup
1533:
1529:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:Yuri Andropov
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:Pakistan Navy
1453:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1424:New York City
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1395:East Pakistan
1392:
1388:
1384:
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1373:
1372:
1367:
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1355:
1351:
1347:
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1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:Pakistan Navy
1077:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:Task Force 74
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:United States
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
986:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
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938:
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923:East-Pakistan
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:East Pakistan
874:
867:Premier, 1968
864:
858:
853:
851:
845:
842:
829:
825:
823:
819:
815:
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785:
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774:
770:
764:
762:
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751:
747:
744:
740:
737:
733:
723:
717:
711:
710:
706:
702:
698:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
670:
668:
666:
661:
660:nuclear power
657:
653:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
621:
614:
610:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
589:Major-General
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
560:United States
557:
553:
550:
546:
537:
531:
529:
525:
519:
517:
514:
510:
507:
502:
499:, Pakistan's
498:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
455:
454:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:Joseph Stalin
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:British India
392:
384:
379:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Pakistan Army
320:
316:
312:
309:. During the
308:
304:
299:
298:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
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247:
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221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
180:Joseph Stalin
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
157:United States
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
129:
124:
118:
113:
110:
106:
103:
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93:
88:
84:
81:
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60:
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55:
54:
50:
46:
41:
30:
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4512:Multilateral
4437:East Germany
4372:
4281:Burkina Faso
3948:Multilateral
3911:Soviet Union
3910:
3906:East Germany
3708:Turkmenistan
3668:Saudi Arabia
3427:South Africa
3297:
3279:
3268:
3259:
3239:. Retrieved
3234:
3197:
3165:. Retrieved
3154:
3143:. Retrieved
3127:
3116:. Retrieved
3112:the original
3105:
3076:
3070:
3058:. Retrieved
3054:
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2982:the original
2972:
2960:. Retrieved
2956:the original
2942:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2885:
2853:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2811:
2783:. Retrieved
2769:
2717:
2689:. Retrieved
2683:
2658:. Retrieved
2654:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2572:. Retrieved
2567:
2558:
2546:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:the original
2526:
2517:
2506:. Retrieved
2501:
2461:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2352:
2344:
2325:
2319:
2300:
2279:. Retrieved
2275:the original
2270:
2244:
2240:
2205:
2196:
2188:the original
2183:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2157:the original
2152:
2148:
2101:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:the original
2062:
2035:. Retrieved
2031:
1980:. Retrieved
1940:
1933:
1901:Tariq Fatemi
1886:Abdul Sattar
1783:
1755:
1747:Soviet Union
1735:Soviet Union
1731:Soviet Union
1727:Soviet Union
1700:
1669:Nawaz Sharif
1663:
1659:Nawaz Sharif
1644:
1632:Soviet Union
1610:
1589:
1554:between the
1548:
1524:
1494:
1472:
1449:
1444:
1429:
1411:
1399:
1382:
1370:
1336:(veteran of
1315:
1301:
1275:V.S. Smirnov
1248:
1201:
1190:
1174:
1158:Jimmy Carter
1136:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1074:
1068:
1060:Indian Ocean
1055:
1052:Indian Ocean
1029:
1021:Saudi Arabia
1009:Mukti Bahini
1001:Bangladeshis
990:
939:
927:Soviet Union
901:
878:
855:
846:
837:
827:
792:
781:
765:
757:U-2 incident
754:
729:
720:reaction on
700:
694:
674:
626:
612:
608:assassinated
594:, hatched a
542:
521:
494:
483:
459:
419:Soviet Union
411:independence
388:
358:Nawaz Sharif
343:
329:against the
255:pro-American
248:
232:nuclear bomb
206:in 1954 and
161:
149:Western Bloc
141:Soviet Union
135:
80:Soviet Union
4587:Occupations
4414:The Baltics
4383:Philippines
4291:Ivory Coast
4162:in Pakistan
3960:Arab League
3885:New Zealand
3854:Switzerland
3824:Netherlands
3683:South Korea
3658:Philippines
3643:North Korea
3511:Afghanistan
3302:Steel Mills
2633:. DOc Kazi.
2614:26 February
2073:26 February
2037:26 February
1982:26 February
1853:(1963) and
1830:Abdus Salam
1743:Afghanistan
1649:commercial
1626:. Known as
1615:Lieutenant-
1600:Afghanistan
1546:as leader.
1468:Indian Navy
1440:anti-Soviet
1064:Soviet Navy
1044:Vladivostok
1034:dispatched
1032:Soviet Navy
1005:Indian Army
981:Afghanistan
803:state visit
596:coup d'état
556:state visit
335:Afghanistan
331:Soviet Army
281:. In 1972,
198:joined the
153:First World
4639:Categories
4459:Yugoslavia
4166:in Karachi
3916:Yugoslavia
3718:Uzbekistan
3693:Tajikistan
3603:Kyrgyzstan
3598:Kazakhstan
3531:Bangladesh
3521:Azerbaijan
3145:2007-05-10
3118:2007-07-27
3060:January 4,
2988:January 9,
2962:January 9,
2691:2022-04-26
2660:2022-04-25
2610:. DOc Kazi
2606:DOc Kazi.
2537:2009-10-20
2508:2011-10-30
2271:Rupee News
1925:References
1918:1349105732
1847:Anna Molka
1766:right-wing
1515:See also:
1344:) and the
1283:Zia-ul-Haq
1056:Enterprise
1036:two groups
1013:Bangladesh
977:Zia regime
967:, and the
885:Bangladesh
857:Khan......
701:Red marked
677:Suhrawardy
592:Akbar Khan
485:friend....
453:status quo
251:Yahya Khan
202:alliances
4604:Diplomats
4552:Diplomacy
4514:relations
4388:Sri Lanka
4378:Palestine
4259:relations
4257:Bilateral
4033:Diplomacy
3950:relations
3880:Australia
3678:Sri Lanka
3673:Singapore
3653:Palestine
3568:Indonesia
3556:Hong Kong
3458:Argentina
3407:Mauritius
3370:relations
3368:Bilateral
3241:21 August
3167:21 August
2901:19 August
2818:20 August
2785:20 August
2574:19 August
2435:0030-980X
2396:0030-980X
2281:20 August
2265:Unknown.
2163:21 August
2119:cite book
1664:In 1992,
1636:withdrawn
1604:proxy war
1596:Jalalabad
1538:, killed
1470:in 1971.
1460:port city
1215:Politburo
1202:Fair Play
1155:President
1050:into the
953:socialism
915:democracy
799:Ayub Khan
793:In 1965,
746:Ayub Khan
736:President
620:K.M. Arif
573:atheistic
571:which is
528:atheistic
526:which is
413:from the
409:achieved
356:and then
327:proxy war
100:Islamabad
4614:Treaties
4444:Holy See
4428:Germany
4373:Pakistan
4368:Malaysia
4305:Americas
4098:genocide
4081:Disputes
3794:Holy See
3698:Thailand
3628:Malaysia
3623:Maldives
3546:Cambodia
3493:military
3451:Americas
3442:Zimbabwe
3305:Archived
3287:Archived
2934:40395255
2715:(1992).
2584:cite web
2443:41392937
2404:41392937
2204:(2001).
2111:29955219
2102:Glimpses
1992:cite web
1737:and the
1709:and the
1558:and the
1432:Cold War
1387:1971 war
1352:Admiral
1346:Chairman
1342:1971 war
1332:General
1320:General
1271:tractors
1221:General
1207:executed
1127:Peshawar
957:1965 war
917:and the
869:, source
860:—
831:—
734:against
725:, source
713:—
709:Pakistan
705:Peshawar
618:General
616:—
538:, 1950,
533:—
488:—
407:Pakistan
269:and the
261:and the
236:Peshawar
196:Pakistan
166:and the
145:Cold War
139:and the
137:Pakistan
69:Pakistan
4529:Comecon
4480:Vanuatu
4468:Oceania
4449:Hungary
4419:Denmark
4409:Austria
4322:Grenada
4296:Liberia
3873:Oceania
3859:Ukraine
3804:Ireland
3799:Hungary
3784:Germany
3774:Finland
3769:Denmark
3754:Belgium
3749:Belarus
3744:Austria
3723:Vietnam
3633:Myanmar
3618:Lebanon
3526:Bahrain
3516:Armenia
3437:Tunisia
3422:Somalia
3417:Nigeria
3412:Morocco
3387:Algeria
3002:Kepel,
1749:by the
1562:(PAF).
1464:Karachi
1458:in the
1368:of the
1348:of the
1209:by the
1075:Charlie
893:protest
841:Kosygin
569:Marxism
558:to the
524:Marxism
380:History
297:détente
172:Karachi
151:of the
4524:Africa
4454:Norway
4424:France
4402:Europe
4393:Turkey
4353:Israel
4312:Canada
4286:Guinea
4276:Angola
4269:Africa
3899:Former
3844:Serbia
3839:Russia
3834:Poland
3829:Norway
3814:Kosovo
3789:Greece
3779:France
3737:Europe
3703:Turkey
3608:Kuwait
3593:Jordan
3583:Israel
3541:Brunei
3536:Bhutan
3483:Mexico
3468:Canada
3463:Brazil
3380:Africa
3205:
3029:
2932:
2892:
2776:
2725:
2469:
2441:
2433:
2402:
2394:
2361:
2332:
2307:
2212:
2109:
1948:
1916:
1867:(1987)
1857:(1969)
1836:(1983)
1826:(1988)
1816:(1962)
1695:, and
1491:Israel
1255:Moscow
1131:Moscow
1115:, and
1096:Mangor
1094:, and
1091:Hangor
1062:. The
1023:, and
807:Moscow
427:Moscow
344:After
222:. The
176:Moscow
130:(last)
109:Moscow
4609:Spies
4475:Tonga
4358:Japan
4348:India
4343:China
3890:Samoa
3849:Spain
3819:Malta
3809:Italy
3728:Yemen
3688:Syria
3663:Qatar
3638:Nepal
3588:Japan
3563:India
3551:China
3473:Chile
3432:Sudan
3402:Libya
3397:Kenya
3392:Egypt
3004:Jihad
2930:JSTOR
2808:(PDF)
2803:NTI.
2439:JSTOR
2400:JSTOR
2237:(PDF)
1640:scuds
1151:CENTO
1147:SEATO
1085:Ghazi
1069:K-320
1025:China
883:(Now
687:, to
629:SEATO
439:India
271:India
208:CENTO
204:SEATO
115:Envoy
4363:Laos
4336:Asia
4317:Cuba
4108:Rape
3648:Oman
3613:Laos
3578:Iraq
3573:Iran
3504:Asia
3478:Cuba
3243:2012
3203:ISBN
3169:2012
3140:Trud
3062:2012
3027:ISBN
2990:2007
2964:2007
2903:2012
2890:ISBN
2820:2012
2787:2012
2774:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2616:2012
2590:link
2576:2012
2467:ISBN
2431:ISSN
2392:ISSN
2359:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2283:2012
2210:ISBN
2165:2012
2125:link
2107:OCLC
2075:2012
2039:2012
1998:link
1984:2012
1946:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1519:and
1420:TASS
1415:F-16
1407:F-16
1391:loss
1340:and
1338:1965
1310:NWFP
1302:Note
1243:and
1219:CMLA
1149:and
1072:and
1007:and
931:MAAG
902:Urdu
820:and
755:The
697:Fire
633:METO
631:and
606:was
577:PIIA
476:and
389:The
289:and
253:, a
174:and
1849:—
1611:ISI
1598:of
1495:ISI
1462:of
1445:ISI
1436:CIA
1422:in
1393:of
1371:ISI
1358:POW
1129:to
940:In
905:in
895:of
805:to
689:CIA
681:ISI
333:in
305:by
234:on
4641::
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31:.
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