1346:, the deportations were swift and efficient and came in the middle of the night. Deportees were given an hour or less to get ready to leave. They were allowed to take with them their belongings not exceeding 100 kg in weight (money, food for a month, cooking appliances, clothing). The families would then be taken to the railway station. That was when they discovered that the men were to be separated from the women and children: "In view of the fact that a large number of deportees must be arrested and distributed in special camps and that their families must proceed to special settlements in distant regions, it is essential that the operation of removal of both the members of the deportee's family and its head shall be carried out simultaneously, without notifying them of the separation confronting them ... The convoy of the entire family to the station shall be affected in one vehicle and only at the station of departure shall the head of the family be placed separately from his family in a car specially intended for heads of families".
654:
1598:
3302:
789:
1192:
1696:, the occupation of Latvia by the USSR in 1940, and its subsequent re-incorporation in the Soviet Union in 1944, was illegal. According to this account, the lawful government of Latvia was overthrown in 1940 and Soviet rule was imposed by force. Subsequently, the Soviet Union conducted large-scale and systematic actions including murder and mass deportations against the Latvian population. Rigged elections were organized in which only Soviet-supported candidates were permitted to run; results were accidentally released to the Western press in London before the elections were even complete. As reported by
1092:
2360:, 25 December 1918: "Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are directly on the road from Russia to Western Europe and are therefore a hindrance to our revolution because they separate Soviet Russia from Revolutionary Germany. ... This separating wall must be destroyed. The Russian red proletariat should find an opportunity to influence Germany. The conquest of the Baltic Sea would make it possible for Soviet Russia to agitate in favor of the social revolution in the Scandinavian countries so that the Baltic Sea would be transformed into the Sea of Social Revolution."
1072:
824:, had also suggested to Molotov that various changes in the borders of the Lithuanian territory wait until the "Soviet Union incorporates Lithuania, an idea on which, I believe, the arrangement concerning Lithuania was originally based". Subsequently, the Soviet Union further agreed to compensate Nazi Germany 7,500,000 gold dollars (or 31,500,000 Reichsmarks) for the Reich renouncing its "claims" on the Lithuanian territory it was to originally possess based on the September 28th agreement.
1084:
962:
1638:, the Latvian workers held demonstrations, and on that day, the fascist government was overthrown, and a People's Government formed. Elections for the Latvian Parliament were held shortly thereafter in July 1940. The "Working People's Union", created by an initiative of the Latvian Communist Party, received the vast majority of the votes. The Parliament adopted the declaration of the restoration of Soviet power in Latvia and proclaimed the
84:
717:
781:
September, which France was then forced to follow, issuing its own ultimatum. Nevertheless, despite declarations that a state of war now existed with
Germany, the inter-Allied military conferences of 4-6 September determined there was no possibility of supporting an eastern front in Poland. France subsequently requested Britain not bomb Germany, fearing military retaliation against the French populace. It was determined to
1308:
37:
1586:
1651:
1064:
434:
2151:. 1982. Stockholm. "Having learned that Germany after the defeat of the Polish army planned to create the State of Little Poland, Stalin suggested the exchange of Lithuania for two Polish voyevodstva (provinces) with the view of immediately 'solving the Baltic problem' with Hitler's consent. Thus, the second secret protocol, which was signed on 28 September in Moscow, came into being."
1614:
1634:" and political orientation towards Nazi Germany led to a revolutionary situation culminating in June 1940. To guarantee fulfillment of the Pact, additional Soviet military units entered Latvia, welcomed by the Latvian workers who demanded the resignation of the bourgeoisie Latvian government and its fascist leader, KÄrlis Ulmanis. That same June, under the leadership of the
1374:
1160:
Mutual
Assistance; (2) the free passage of Soviet troops into Estonia and Latvia in order to place them in the most important centers and to avoid possible provocative acts against Soviet garrisons. Unable to resist on their own, with no external assistance available, under threat of the bombing of cities and heavily outnumbered, Latvia and Estonia capitulated.
1220:
along with the other Baltic nations, including
Finland, will have to join the glorious family of the Soviet Union. Therefore you should begin now to initiate your people into the Soviet system, which in the future shall reign everywhere, throughout all Europe; put into practice earlier in some places, as in the Baltic nations, later in others."
1327:. Immediate confiscation of property and execution within 24 hours was decreed for diplomats abroad who refused to recognize the new regimes and return to Latvia. Later orders expanded the list of repressions, including anyone related to someone in hiding from the government or who had fled abroadâwhich act made them a traitor to the state.
1558:
took place. Approximately two million people joined their hands to form an over 600 kilometre long human chain across the three Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania).This demonstration was organized to draw the world's attention to the common historical fate which these three countries suffered.
1385:
The Soviet-German war cut short this first year of Soviet occupation. The Nazi offensive, launched 22 June 1941, just over a week after the mass deportations were executed, entered Riga on 1 July 1941. This disrupted documented NKVD plans to deport several hundred thousand more from the Baltic states
1031:
With Soviet failure in
Finland sealed for the moment, it was little more than a month after Munters' positive expressions that Molotov, speaking on 25 March 1940, essentially announced Soviet intentions to annex the Baltic States, stating, "... the execution of the pacts progressed satisfactorily and
946:
Publicly, on 31 October 1939, the Soviet
Supreme Council called fears of Baltic Sovietization "all nonsense". Privately, this stationing of Soviet troops in Latvia under the terms of the mutual assistance pact marked the beginning of the fruition of long-standing Soviet desires to gain control of the
854:
and the nearby countryside. USSR then violated the air space of all three Baltic states, flying massive intelligence gathering operations on 25 September. Moscow demanded that Baltic countries allow the USSR to establish military bases and station troops on their soil for the duration of the
European
1543:
According to approximate estimates, as a result of World War II the population of Latvia decreased by half a million (25% less than in 1939). In comparison with 1939 the
Latvian population had diminished by about 300,000. The war also inflicted heavy losses on the economy â many historic cities were
1250:
the election closed. Soviet electoral documents found later substantiated that the results were completely fabricated. Tribunals were set up to punish "traitors to the people". those who had fallen short of the "political duty" of voting Latvia into the USSR. Those who failed to have their passports
780:
Nazi
Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. France and Britain, which were obligated by treaty to protect Poland, responded with notes of protest requesting the Germans withdraw. Following French-British indecision, Britain acted alone moving forward with a two-hour ultimatum at 9:00 a.m. on 3
1338:
took place on 13-14 June 1941, estimated at 15,600 men, women, and children, and including 20% of Latvia's last legal government. Approximately 35,000 total (1.8% of Latvia's population) were deported during the first Soviet occupation. Stalin's deportations also included thousands of
Latvian Jews
1219:
30 June 1940: the
Lithuanian Foreign Minister, Vincas Kreve-Mickevicius, meets with Molotov. Molotov is blunt in communicating the Soviet intent to occupy the entire region: "You must take a good look at reality and understand that in the future small nations will have to disappear. Your Lithuania
1159:
16 June 1940: the Soviet Union invades Latvia and Estonia. Soviets delivered ultimatums to Estonia and Latvia, to be answered within 6 hours, demanding: (1) the establishment of pro-Soviet Governments which, under the protection of the Red Army, would be better capable of carrying out the Pacts of
993:
The initial period of the war proved disastrous for the Soviet military, taking severe losses while making little headway. On 29 January 1940, the Soviets put an end to their Finnish Democratic Republic puppet government and recognized the government in Helsinki as the legal government of Finland,
931:
At face value, this pact did not impinge upon Latvian sovereignty. Section 5 of the Pact reads as follows: "The carrying into effect of the present pact must in no way affect the sovereign rights of the contracting parties, in particular their political structure, their economic and social system,
572:
and remained a member until the formal dissolution of the League in 1946. On 5 February 1932, a Non-Aggression Treaty with the Soviet Union was signed, based on the 11 August 1920 treaty whose basic agreements inalterably and for all time form the firm basis of the relationship of the two states.
1298:
is also a title of an openly antisemitic, false account of the events of the year penned by Pauls Kovalevskis, a Nazi sympathiser, in 1942). Further mass deportations and killing were planned, however the German invasion of Soviet territory brought a halt to this. A Lithuanian government official
1293:
Accurate numbers for the losses the Soviets inflicted on Latvia are not available. They have been estimated at 35,000 dead from military action, executions, or deportation. Many more found refuge abroad. These losses all began during the first Soviet occupation. This has also been referred to, in
1565:
On 4 May 1990, the Latvian Council declared its intention to restore full Latvian independence. Soviet political and military forces tried unsuccessfully to overthrow the Latvian government. On 21 August 1991, Latvia claimed de facto independence. International recognition, including that of the
1330:
On 22 June 1940, all three Baltic parliaments passed initial resolutions on the nationalization of land, followed in Latvia by a Bill of Land Reform a week later. Initially, a maximum of 30 hectares of land could be used by a family, reduced during the second Soviet occupation to 15â20 hectares.
1103:
On 28 May 1940, the Lithuanian Minister in Moscow received a note from Molotov which dealt with the alleged kidnapping of two Soviet soldiers in Vilna. The Lithuanian government sought to clear up this matter by a Soviet-Lithuanian commission under the terms of the mutual assistance pact. Moscow
761:
fell into the German sphere of interest. The Soviet Union did not officially admit the existence of these protocols until, under pressure from the Baltic SSRs, on 24 December 1989, the Congress of the USSR People's Deputies officially recognized the secret deals and condemned them as illegal and
708:
received the Estonian and Latvian envoys, and in course of these interviews stressed maintaining and strengthening commercial links between Germany and Baltic states. Ratifications of the German-Latvian pact were exchanged in Berlin on 24 July 1939 and it became effective on the same day. It was
1626:
Government of the Republic of Latvia that they conclude a treaty of mutual assistance between the two countries. Pressure from the Latvian working peoples forced the Latvian government to accept this offer. A Pact of Mutual Assistance was signed allowing the USSR to station a limited number of
1349:
The trains were escorted by a NKVD officer and military convoy. Packed into barred cattle cars, with holes in the floor for sanitation, the deportees were taken to Siberia. Many died before even reaching their final destination because of harsh conditions. Many more perished during their first
1625:
Up to the reassessment of Soviet history that began during the Perestroika, which led to the official condemnation of the 1939 secret protocol by the Soviet government, the Soviet position on the events of 1939â1940 is summarised as follows: the Government of the Soviet Union suggested to the
1254:
21 July 1940: the fraudulently installed Saeima meets for the first time. It has only one piece of businessâa petition to join the Soviet Union (the consideration of such an action was denied throughout the election). The petition carried unanimously. However, it was illegal under the Latvian
1702:
in 1940, those who had failed to have their passports stamped for voting Latvia into the USSR were allowed to be shot in the back of the head by Soviet NKVD, The country remained occupied by the Soviet Union until restoration of its independence in 1991. The 48 years of Soviet occupation and
1027:
on 12 February 1940, stated, "We have every reason to describe the relations existing between Latvia and the Soviet Union as very satisfactory. There are people who will say that these favourable conditions are of a temporary nature only, and that sooner or later we shall have to reckon with
827:
The Soviet Union now occupied just over half of all Polish territory, and the Allied powers had demonstrated themselves incapable of military intervention on the Eastern front. There were no impediments remaining to Stalin, in concert with Hitler, achieving his aims in the Baltics.
530:, and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Latvia's sovereignty was fully restored in 1991. On 22 August 1996, the Latvian parliament adopted a declaration which stated that the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 was a military occupation and an illegal incorporation.
1123:
for the establishment of a government the Soviets approve of. On the same day, the Soviet blockade of Estonia went into effect. According to eyewitness accounts pieced together by Estonian and Finnish investigators, two Soviet bombers downed Finnish passenger airplane
869:
The government of Estonia accepted the ultimatum signing the corresponding agreement on 28 September 1939; Latvia following on 5 October 1939; and Lithuania shortly thereafter, on 10 October 1939. In Latvia's case it was signed by Latvian Minister of Foreign Affairs
815:
in the territory of Poland, which Soviets argued "ceased to exist" in the wake of German successes. Stalin then suggested a "trade" to Hitler to solve the "Baltic problem". On 28 September 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union having partitioned Poland signed a
1282:
5 August 1940: the Soviet Union grants the petitions of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, respectively, to join. Latvia was incorporated as the 15th Republic of the Soviet Union. Aside from Germany, no Western nation recognizes the annexation as legitimate
1028:
internal-political and foreign-political pressure on the part of the Soviet Union. The foundation on which they base these prophesies is a secret of the prophets themselves. The experience of our Government certainly does not justify such forebodings."
1676:
The issue of the Soviet occupation, its motives and consequences, remains a bone of contention between the Baltic states and Russia. At the core lie different versions of the historical events during World War II and after: the Latvian (shared also by
943:. Latvia entered into agreement with Nazi Germany on the repatriation of citizens of German nationality on 30 October 1939. In spring 1940, 51,000 left Latvia for resettlement in Poland. A second call a year later brought out another 10,500.
1315:
The Soviet authorities, having gained control over Latvia, immediately imposed a regime of terror. Hundreds of men were arrested, including many leaders of the Republic of Latvia. Tribunals were set up to punish "traitors to the people".
1642:. The parliament then declared Latvia's wish to freely and willingly join the USSR, adopting a resolution to that effect. That request was approved by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and Latvia became a constituent republic of the USSR.
1353:
A number of Latvians who managed to avoid deportations decided to hide in the forests, where anti-Soviet units were organized. When Nazi Germany attacked Soviet Union, those rebels immediately went into collaboration with Nazi Germany.
1463:
was drawn up by Nazi Germany covering eastern countries. As regards Latvia, it was determined that the population of around 2,000,000 should be reduced by 50%, those remaining being considered worthy of "Germanisation". Accordingly,
1410:. Latvians did not only desert en masse from regular Red Army units, they also escaped from military training camps, which were part of the Soviet mobilization plan. Among other battles with retreating Soviet units, Bellamy mentions
973:
that Finland cede or lease parts of its territory, as well as the destruction of Finnish defenses along the Karelian Isthmus. After the Finns rejected these demands, the Soviets responded with military force. The USSR launched the
1437:. On 8 July the Germans announced that wearing of non-German uniforms was banned. Also, rebel units were ordered to disarm. Jewish fears of the Nazisâwhich had led some to look upon the Soviet occupation as a measure of securityâ
563:
Soviet Russia "unreservedly recognises the independence and sovereignty of the Latvian State and voluntarily and forever renounces all sovereign rights (...) to the Latvian people and territory". The independence of Latvia was
1762:
1207:
Soviet orchestration of events continued following the invasion, complete with protestors, who had arrived with the Red Army troops, organizing mass marches and meetings in order to create the impression of popular unrest:
1230:, the Soviet-appointed Minister of Internal Affairs, orders the National Committee shut down, its most prominent members deported. Deportations are already taking place from territory not (yet) part of the Soviet Union.
1043:
orchestrated a series of strikes in Riga and LiepÄja. When those failed to develop into a general strike, the Soviets blamed that failure on the "irresponsible element which spoils the good neighbourly relations".
1389:
With memories of the mass deportations of a week before still fresh, the German troops were widely greeted at their arrival by the Latvians as liberators. The Latvian national anthem played on the radio, and, as
817:
1869:
1757:
1245:
must be deposited in the ballot box. The ballot must be deposited without any changes." The alleged voter activity index was 97.6%. Most notably, the complete election results were published in Moscow 12 hours
692:, during their negotiations for an alliance with the Western Powers. The Latvian and Estonian governments, ever suspicious of Soviet intentions, decided to accept a mutual non-aggression pact with Germany. The
1215:
20 June 1940: Ulmanis forced to approve pro-Soviet government which takes office. Jailed members of the formerly illegal communist party released. Public "processions of thanksgiving" organized in honour of
866:, the Latvian foreign minister: "I tell you frankly, a division of spheres of interest has already taken place. As far as Germany is concerned we could occupy you." The Baltics took this threat seriously.
1255:
Constitution, still in effect, which required a plebiscite referendum for approving such an action: two-thirds of all eligible participating and a plain majority approving. Ulmanis is forced to resign.
1002:. Fighting ended the following day. The Finns had retained their independence, but ceded 9% of Finnish territory to the Soviet Union. In June 1941, hostilities between Finland and USSR resumed in the
527:
406:
785:, so as to not provoke a transfer of German forces to the western front. Chamberlain declared on 12 September "There is no hurry as time is on our side". The abandonment of Poland was complete.
568:
by the Allied Supreme Council (France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Belgium) on January 26, 1921. Other states followed the suit. On 22 September 1921 Latvia was admitted to membership in the
820:, including a second secret protocol, handing Lithuania to Stalin in exchange for two Polish provinces. Shortly thereafter, on 3 October 1939, the German ambassador to the Soviet Union,
1772:
3395:
1597:
1493:
1525:
Latvia was again occupied by the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1991. Under the Soviet occupation thousands of Latvians were deported to Siberian camps, executed or forced into exile.
3226:
1476:
all found themselves being rounded up. Further reductions in the civilian population would be achieved through the creation of food shortages, resulting in mass starvation.
792:
2761:
1566:
USSR, followed. The United States, which had never recognized Latvia's forcible annexation by the USSR, resumed full diplomatic relations with Latvia on 2 September 1991.
994:
informing it that they were willing to negotiate peace. The Soviets reorganized their forces and launched a new offensive along the Karelian Isthmus in February 1940. As
807:
Stalin then moved forward with his part of the Pact, ordering the Red Army on 17 September to cross the Soviet-Polish frontier under the claimed necessity to protect the
3279:
1294:
Latvian, as "Baigais Gads" (Year of Terror) (this term was also used in anti-Soviet propaganda of the periodâthese two uses should not be confused or allied in purpose.
3301:
2724:
The resolution passed 24 December 1989, stated the annexation had been "in conflict with the sovereignty and independence of a number of third countries." Kohen, M.
1456:). Anyone who was disobedient to the German occupation regime as well as those who had co-operated with the Soviet regime were killed or sent to concentration camps.
1710:
While the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union condemned the annexation of Latvia and the other Baltic states prior to the dissolution of the USSR, the
1266:
the political independence and territorial integrity of the three small Baltic republics were to be deliberately annihilated by one of their more powerful neighbours
1714:, the legal successor state of the USSR, does not recognize the forcible occupation of Latvia by the Soviet Union. Specifically in reference to Latvia, the Russian
653:
845:
1212:
19 June 1940: Vishinski visits Ulmanis again, this time, to deliver the list, pre-approved by Moscow, of the new members of the cabinet of the Latvian government.
31:
841:
986:, was created by the Soviets to govern Finland after Soviet conquest. Because the Soviet attack was judged as illegal, the Soviet Union was expelled from the
1551:, the Latvian Supreme Soviet adopted a "Declaration of Sovereignty" and amended the Constitution to assert the supremacy of its laws over those of the USSR.
552:
1562:
In March 1990 candidates from the pro-independence party Latvian Popular Front gained a two-thirds majority in the Supreme Council in democratic elections.
837:
736:
3174:
462:
3410:
3390:
901:
Article 6 dealt with ratification, and stipulated that the treaty shall remain in force for ten years, with an option to extend it for further ten years.
1112:
is given: according to the director of the Russian State Archive of the Naval Department Pavel Petrov (C. Phil.) referring to the records in the archive
850:
On 24 September 1939, warships of the Red Navy appeared off Latvia's northern neighbour, Estonian ports, Soviet bombers began a threatening patrol over
745:, signed 23 August 1939 contained secret protocols to split up territories between Germany and the Soviet Union. According to these protocols, Finland,
1032:
created conditions favourable for a further improvement of the relations between Soviet Russia and these States". Improvement of the relations being a
1579:
radar station, which was the last active Russian military radar in the Baltics. The last Russian troops withdrew from the station the following year.
688:
on 7 June 1939. In light of the German advance in the east, the Soviet government demanded an Anglo–French guarantee of the independence of the
1223:
5 July 1940: decree issued announcing new elections; the Latvian democratic parties organize under the National Committee and attempt to participate.
1019:
Apparent escape from Finland's fate may have led to a false sense of security for Latvia. Four months before the arrival of Soviet troops in Latvia,
3405:
3380:
3183:
2647:
1703:
annexation of the Baltic States was never recognized as legal by the Western democracies. The United States especially applied the earlier-adopted
693:
3284:
2741:
on Friday 19 November 1999. This declaration states the incorporation of Latvia into the USSR was legal according to the laws of the Soviet Union
1685:
and widely espoused by Western historical scholarship) and the Soviet, which continues to be supported and defended by the government of Russia.
679:
1394:
wrote: "the rebellion broke out immediately after the news of Barbarossa". The majority of ethnic Latvians who had been forced to serve in the
3238:
2549:
2430:
1777:
1735:
1234:
386:
3050:
2989:
2940:
2919:
2898:
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1171:
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1156:, killing three border guards and two civilians, as well as taking 10 border guards and 27 civilians as hostages to the Soviet Union.
1039:
In March and April 1940, immediately after Molotov's speech, the Soviet press commenced attacks on the Latvian government. Next, the
898:
Article 5 stipulated that the political and economic systems and the sovereignty of both parties shall not be affected by the treaty.
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3214:
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1639:
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512:
391:
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deserted from their units, and soon afterwards attacked the NKVD. On 2 July 1941, a unit of Latvian deserters captured the town of
1175:
2135:
Moscow dispatched a telegram of congratulations to Berlin on the premature news that Warsaw had fallen to the Nazis. Karski, Jan.
1047:
Fearing Soviet action, on 17 May 1940, the Latvian government secretly issued emergency powers to the Latvian minister in London,
500:
2022:
1242:
878:. Ratifications were exchanged in Riga on 11 October 1939, and the treaty became effective on the same day. It was registered in
280:
2619:
1048:
3204:
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520:
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2339:
2256:
519:. In 1989, the USSR also condemned the 1939 secret protocol between Nazi Germany and herself that had led to the invasion and
3329:
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2489:
2007:
1689:
504:
194:
932:
and their military measures. The areas set aside for the bases and airfields remain the territory of the Latvian Republic."
627:
There shall be recognized as an aggressor that State which shall be the first to have committed one of the following actions
366:
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raged and the hope of foreign intervention faded, the Finns accepted peace terms on 12 March 1940 with the signing of the
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in Tallinn on 1 December 1924, which, should it succeed, would lead to the proclamation of the Estonian Soviet Republic.
970:
742:
724:
492:
3335:
3250:
3119:
1585:
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22 July 1940: Ulmanis deported to the Soviet Union, dying in captivity in 1942. Land is nationalized (see also below).
1091:
995:
983:
548:
422:
361:
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17 June 1940: Soviet troops invade Latvia and occupied bridges, post/telephone, telegraph, and broadcasting offices.
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1854:
1818:
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63:
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Article 4 obliged the Soviet and Latvian governments not to engage in military alliances against the other party.
775:
3400:
1726:". The government of Russia further maintains that the Soviet Union liberated Latvia from the Germans in 1944.
696:
and German–Latvian Non-aggression pacts were signed in Berlin on 7 June 1939 by Latvian foreign minister
597:
262:
1429:
Nazi Germany, however, had no plan or desire to restore autonomy to Latvia, even though they ordered Colonel
1067:
Schematics of the Soviet naval military blockade of Estonia and Latvia in 1940 (Russian State Naval Archives)
3375:
3198:
1575:
Russia officially ended its military presence in Latvia in August 1998 following the decommissioning of the
615:
396:
381:
179:
174:
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1237:(and the other Baltic states). Only one pre-approved list of candidates was allowed for elections for the "
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Die russische Politik gegenĂŒber der baltischen Region als PrĂŒfstein fĂŒr das VerhĂ€ltnis Russlands zu Europa
2932:
Experiencing Totalitarianism: The Invasion and Occupation of Latvia by the USSR and Nazi Germany 1939â1991
1707:
to the issue of the Baltic states, leading to its becoming an established precedent in International Law.
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285:
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was defined in a binding treaty signed at the Soviet Embassy in London by USSR and among others, Latvia.
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204:
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Per Hitler's request, the Soviets transmitted coded messages to support the invading German airforce.
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Article 1 provided for military cooperation between the parties in case of an attack by a third party.
1511:
1182:'s show trials in 1937â1938), introduces himself to President KÄrlis Ulmanis as Soviet special envoy.
1143:
1024:
892:
Article 3 permitted the Soviet government to establish military and naval bases on Latvian territory.
636:
Second: invasion by armed forces of the territory of another State even without a declaration of war.
508:
308:
252:
2634:
2004:
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23 July 1940: the US Undersecretary of State Sumner Welles condemns the "devious processes" by which
1104:
rejected this proposal and cut off further discussion, soon showing and rapidly playing their hand:
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Article 2 obliged the Soviet government to assist the Latvian government in providing armaments.
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a day earlier, Molotov accuses the Baltic countries of conspiracy against the Soviet Union and
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units in Latvia. Economic difficulties, dissatisfaction with the Latvian government policies "
1617:"The Spirit of Great Lenin and his victorious banner inspire us for the Great Patriotic War" (
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and Germany, from where until 1951 they drifted to various parts of the Western world (mostly
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flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from the U.S. legations in
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Karski, pages 373â392; Chamberlain quote confirmed in two original sources cited in Karski.
1813:
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Signing of GermanâEstonian and German-Latvian nonaggression pacts. Sitting from the left:
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Die Aussenpolitik der baltischen Staaten und die internationalen Beziehungen im Ostseeraum
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126:
2706:
2354:, introduction by Senator Thomas J. Dodd, (1963), New York, Speller & Sons. quoting
2273:
1963:
716:
3085:
3075:
1928:
1693:
1373:
1307:
1276:
1227:
1116:
940:
796:
516:
219:
199:
83:
2019:
36:
3364:
2882:
2765:
1909:
1658:
1618:
1537:
1469:
1179:
979:
936:
859:
689:
438:
214:
103:
98:
47:
3141:
1849:
2622:
2607:
1548:
1515:
1473:
1109:
705:
556:
496:
488:
237:
156:
122:
2650:. Embassy of the Republic of Latvia in Copenhagen. 21 October 1999. Archived from
2486:
1650:
1149:
15 June 1940: Soviet troops invade Lithuania and position troops to invade Latvia.
1108:
On 12 June 1940, the order for a total military blockade on Estonia to the Soviet
1063:
2979:
2951:
2930:
1657:, condemning the 1940 occupation by the Soviet Union of Latvia and the two other
1299:
claims to have seen a document envisaging the removal of 700,000 from Lithuania.
547:
of 1917, Latvia declared its independence on 18 November 1918. After a prolonged
808:
666:
323:
2675:
2527:
1448:
had occupied all of Latvia's territory. Latvia became a part of Nazi Germany's
1422:(9 July). All these locations were captured by Latvian rebels before the first
2099:
1666:
1613:
1555:
1419:
1411:
1196:
975:
956:
910:
812:
782:
754:
619:
141:
113:
1572:
In August 1994 the last Russian troops withdrew from the Republic of Latvia.
1569:
In February 1992, Russia agreed to start withdrawing its troops from Latvia.
2172:
Secret Protocol, signed Moscow, 10 January 1941 by Schulenburg and Molotov.
1682:
1576:
1533:
1445:
1423:
1033:
914:
758:
151:
146:
184:
978:
on 30 November 1939, with the goal of annexing Finland. Simultaneously, a
927:
grant the stationing of Soviet military garrisons totalling 30,000 troops.
3232:
2356:
1627:
1403:
1395:
1139:
346:
40:
3144:, an overview of atrocities committed during the first Soviet occupation
1945:"The International Practice of the European Communities: Current Survey"
1763:
United States resolution on the 90th anniversary of the Latvian Republic
1722:
that Latvia's being a part of the Soviet Union was grounded by fact and
905:
As Latvian National Foundation says the agreement called for Latvia to:
3349:
indicate countries occupied while the Soviet Union was a member of the
2887:
Miten Suomi valloitetaan: Puna-armeijan operaatiosuunnitelmat 1939â1944
1678:
1518:. It took place late in 1944, and drove German forces from the city of
1402:, and three days later, Latvian rebels took control over another town,
1399:
1285:
1131:
918:
851:
795:
at the end of the invasion of Poland. On the tribune are Major General
746:
3069:
These Names Accuse: Nominal List of Latvians Deported to Soviet Russia
1319:
Under arrest and liable to prompt liquidation were Latvia's President
1251:
stamped for so voting were allowed to be shot in the back of the head.
3152:
1767:
1719:
1632:
that had sabotaged fulfillment of the Pact and the Latvian government
1529:
1415:
750:
685:
3147:
2981:
The Case for Latvia: Disinformation Campaigns Against a Small Nation
2038:
League of Nations Treaty Series, 1934, No. 3408, pp. 123â125 and 127
1944:
3120:"The First Months of the War: Mr. Munters Speaks at the University"
2891:
How to Conquer Finland: Operational Plans of the Red Army 1939â1944
1870:
European Court of Human Rights cases on Occupation of Baltic States
1758:
European Court of Human Rights cases on Occupation of Baltic States
1612:
1407:
1372:
1306:
1241:". The ballots held following instructions: "Only the list of the
1190:
1090:
1082:
1070:
1062:
960:
787:
715:
652:
555:(the predecessor of the Soviet Union), the two countries signed a
503:
signed in August 1939. The occupation took place according to the
136:
130:
117:
2843:
Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture
1540:). Approximately 150,000 Latvians ended up in exile in the West.
1311:
Plaque commemorating the Victims of Soviet NKVD in Bauska, Latvia
27:
Military occupation of the Republic of Latvia by the Soviet Union
1715:
1519:
1465:
1378:
1135:
1076:
1040:
586:
51:
43:
3156:
2648:"Latvia takes over the territory of the Skrunda Radar Station"
3126:, No. 2 (18). Riga: Latvian Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
3001:
The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939â1940, Volume 312
641:
Fourth: a naval blockade of coasts or ports of another State.
2174:
Documents presented to U.N. General Assembly, September 1948
2162:
Documents presented to U.N. General Assembly, September 1948
1339:(the mass deportation totalled 131,500 across the Baltics).
3080:
Die Sowjetunion, die baltischen Staaten und das Völkerrecht
3072:, Stockholm: Latvian National Foundation, 2nd edition, 1982
2474:
April 1940. Latvian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Riga.
1988:"Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania"
1910:"U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship"
1718:
passed a resolution to "remind the deputies of the Latvian
1275:
and family deported to Soviet Union (order hand-written by
2369:
Stalin ordered the Estonian Communist party to organize a
757:
were within the Soviet sphere of interest, and Poland and
2707:
A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups; p238
2583:
2581:
2579:
1055:, the Latvian minister in Washington, as his substitute.
3010:
A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939â1940
1897:
at Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia
1773:
Latvian fleet that fought for the Allies in World War II
2589:
The Absolute War. Soviet Russia in the Second World War
1692:, the Government of Latvia, the United States, and the
1544:
destroyed, as well as industry and the infrastructure.
969:
Similar demands were forwarded to Finland. The Soviets
1115:
14 June 1940: while world attention is focused on the
1724:
by law from the international juridical point of view
1528:
Many Latvians fled in fishermen's boats and ships to
684:
The GermanâLatvian non-aggression pact was signed in
3082:. Köln: Verl. fĂŒr Politik u. Wirtschaft. XI, 377 pp.
1472:, communists, army officers, politicians, and other
924:
build special airfields for Soviet requirements; and
614:
On 3 July 1933 for the first time in the history of
3309:
3190:
1925:
Motion for a resolution on the Situation in Estonia
1850:"The Soviet occupation and incorporation of Latvia"
2084:Jerzy W. Borejsza, Klaus Ziemer, Magdalena HuĆas.
1494:Occupation of Latvia by the Soviet Union 1944â1945
601:renouncing war as an instrument of national policy
3148:Losses during the occupations from 1939 till 1991
882:on 6 November 1939. Articles of the treaty were:
793:A joint parade of Wehrmacht and Red Army in Brest
589:had both signed and ratified following treaties:
528:began the process of restoring their independence
3022:The Winter War: The RussoâFinnish War of 1939â40
2867:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 113â145.
2203:The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
2139:. 1985. University Press of America. Lanham, MD.
2086:Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe
2063:League of Nations Treaty Series, 1934, No. 3391.
1547:In July 1989, following the dramatic events in
611:The Convention for the Definition of Aggression
3396:Military history of Latvia during World War II
3106:, Stockholm: Latvian National Foundation, 1967
2545:
2543:
1363:Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany 1941â1944
3168:
2804:. University of Michigan Press. p. 596.
1738:â17 Juneâbecame a remembrance day in Latvia.
456:
32:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
8:
3099:, Hamburg: Bibliotheka Baltica. pp. 466â504.
3039:Wyman, David; Charles H. Rosenzveig (1996).
2676:1939 USSR-Latvia Mutual Aid Pact (full text)
2625:. 3 February 1992. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
1992:Official Journal of the European Communities
1154:attack the Latvian border guards at MasÄŒenki
2566:
2564:
2562:
2248:
2246:
2244:
858:During talks in Moscow, on 2 October 1939,
649:1939â1940: the road to loss of independence
3175:
3161:
3153:
2591:, page 196. Vintage Books, New York 2008.
2573:at Time magazine on Monday, 19 August 1940
2518:from the State Archive of the Russian Navy
1554:On 23 August 1989 political demonstration
846:SovietâLithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty
463:
449:
57:
3115:. Stockholm: Latvian National Foundation.
2726:Secession: International Law Perspectives
1201:We demand the full accession to the USSR!
577:Relevant treaties between USSR and Latvia
3112:The Story of Latvia: A Historical Survey
2620:RUSSIA, LATVIA AGREE ON TROOP WITHDRAWAL
2224:The Story of Latvia: The Tragedy of 1940
1981:
1979:
1814:"Soviet occupation of the Baltic States"
1649:
1603:Soviet propaganda poster in Latvia, 1945
874:and Soviet Commissar of Foreign Affairs
842:SovietâEstonian Mutual Assistance Treaty
625:Article II defines forms of aggression.
521:occupation of the three Baltic countries
35:
3003:. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
2686:Concise Encyclopedia of the Latvian SSR
2537:at American Foreign Service Association
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
1986:European Parliament (13 January 1983).
1938:
1936:
1920:
1918:
1905:
1903:
1865:
1863:
1788:
1581:
1178:of the Soviet Union (and prosecutor of
838:SovietâLatvian Mutual Assistance Treaty
737:Timeline of the MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
71:
60:
2010:. 17 May 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
1778:Occupation of the Latvian Republic Day
1406:, also blocking the strategic road to
1010:1940â1941: the first Soviet occupation
832:BalticâSoviet relations in autumn 1939
3336:Northern half of the Korean Peninsula
2160:Telegram transmitted 3 October 1939.
2137:The Great Powers and Poland 1919â1945
2104:The Great Powers and Poland 1919â1945
1952:European Journal of International Law
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1439:were to prove tragically well founded
7:
2437:magazine on Monday, 25 December 1939
1753:Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany
1369:Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany
822:Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg
319:The First Latvian National Awakening
3118:Zalts, Alberts (ed.) (April 1940).
2496:at Finnish Defence Forces home page
1964:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035821
1609:Historical Soviet version of events
1591:Soviet troops in Riga, October 1944
1381:welcome the arrival of Nazi troops.
1195:Soviet propaganda demonstration in
477:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
2914:. Hoover Press. pp. 143â166.
2728:, Cambridge University Press, 2006
2472:Latvian Economic Review, No. 2(18)
1480:Second Soviet occupation 1944â1991
1452:â the Province General of Latvia (
1271:31 July 1940: Minister of Defense
1142:. The US Foreign Service employee
1121:delivers an ultimatum to Lithuania
909:lend bases to the Soviet Union at
680:GermanâLatvian Non-Aggression Pact
674:GermanâLatvian non-aggression pact
25:
3411:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
3391:World War II occupied territories
3042:The World Reacts to the Holocaust
2382:
2088:. Berghahn Books, 2006. Page 521.
1640:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
1498:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
965:Winter War: Finland's concessions
731:GermanâSoviet non-aggression pact
513:United States Department of State
491:under the provisions of the 1939
392:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
357:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
3300:
3227:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
2864:The History of the Baltic States
2745:according to international law (
2556:magazine on Monday, 24 June 1940
2446:
1831:The History of the Baltic States
1596:
1584:
1199:, 1940. Posters in Russian say:
1087:Parade in Riga. 7 November 1940.
1023:, addressing an audience at the
725:German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
539:1918â1939: historical background
432:
281:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
82:
3406:1940 in international relations
3381:Occupation of the Baltic states
3137:The Soviet Occupation 1940â1941
3045:. JHU Press. pp. 365â381.
2340:Historical Introduction, Part 3
2257:Historical Introduction, Part 2
2236:League of Nations Treaty Series
2106:. University Press of America.
2073:League of Nations Treaty Series
1748:Occupation of the Baltic states
1646:Conflicting versions of history
1235:rigged elections held in Latvia
941:a "call home" to ethnic Germans
880:League of Nations Treaty Series
711:League of Nations Treaty Series
608:Latvia, USSR on 5 February 1932
2956:. Princeton University Press.
2458:
2008:European Court of Human Rights
1690:European Court of Human Rights
1176:Council of People's Commissars
762:invalid from their inception.
505:European Court of Human Rights
195:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1:
3066:Latvian National Foundation,
3024:(5th ed.). Aurum Press.
2911:The Latvians: A Short History
1243:Latvian Working People's Bloc
1117:fall of Paris to Nazi Germany
412:2008 Latvian financial crisis
3104:Latvia: Country & People
2935:. AuthorHouse. p. 596.
2528:The Last Flight from Tallinn
2470:Zalts, Alberts Zalts (ed.).
2418:
2311:Buttar, Prit (21 May 2013).
2274:"A Brief History of Estonia"
2205:by David J. Smith, Page 24,
1433:to oversee formation of the
1426:units appeared in the area.
1152:15 June 1940: Soviet troops
18:Soviet occupations of Latvia
3386:Soviet military occupations
2893:] (in Finnish). Edita.
2759:Latvia still occupied today
2406:
2394:
1796:The World Book Encyclopedia
984:Finnish Democratic Republic
407:Restoration of Independence
3427:
1483:
1450:Reichskommissariat Ostland
1366:
1075:Soviet-organized rally in
954:
951:Soviet invasion of Finland
835:
769:
734:
677:
559:on 11 August 1920. In its
526:In July 1989, the country
501:Secret Additional Protocol
29:
3344:
3298:
3008:Trotter, William (2013).
2929:Plakans, Andrejs (2007).
2908:Plakans, Andrejs (1995).
2846:. ABC-CLIO. p. 132.
2825:(in Finnish). Readme.fi.
2821:Enkenberg, Ilkka (2020).
2696:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2610:at US Department of State
2005:CASE OF KONONOV v. LATVIA
1943:Dehousse, Renaud (1993).
776:Soviet invasion of Poland
581:Before World War II, the
566:diplomatically recognised
387:1944 Soviet re-occupation
3371:1940 in the Soviet Union
3142:Horrible year, 1940â1941
2978:Rislakki, Jukka (2008).
2861:O'Connor, Kevin (2003).
2840:Frucht, Richard (2005).
2635:Baltic Military District
2385:, pp. 37, 42, 43, 46, 49
2238:, vol. 198, pp. 382-387.
2193:on Monday 9 October 1939
2075:, vol. 198, pp. 106-109.
1888:The Occupation of Latvia
1146:was killed in the crash.
939:imminent, Hitler issued
543:In the aftermath of the
367:1934 Latvian coup d'Ă©tat
3124:Latvian Economic Review
3102:Rutkis, JÄnis, editor,
2608:Background Note: Latvia
1855:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1819:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1636:Latvian Communist Party
1506:was part of the larger
1095:Soviet-organized first
1049:KÄrlis Reinholds ZariĆĆĄ
799:(centre) and Brigadier
743:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
616:international relations
493:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
397:Popular Front of Latvia
382:The Holocaust in Latvia
180:Principality of Koknese
175:Principality of Jersika
3351:Allies of World War II
3109:Ć vÄbe, Arveds 1(949).
2999:Tanner, VÀinö (1956).
1673:
1622:
1454:Generalbezirk Lettland
1435:Latvian Defence Forces
1382:
1312:
1204:
1100:
1088:
1080:
1068:
966:
804:
727:
702:Joachim von Ribbentrop
670:
663:Joachim von Ribbentrop
372:1940 Soviet occupation
304:Governorate of Livonia
286:Couronian colonization
55:
2571:Justice in The Baltic
2269:Central Europe Review
1736:Soviet Occupation Day
1653:
1616:
1486:Riga Offensive (1944)
1376:
1323:and Foreign Minister
1310:
1194:
1094:
1086:
1074:
1066:
1036:for Soviet takeover.
964:
791:
719:
694:German–Estonian
656:
605:Non-aggression treaty
523:, including Latvia.
210:Bishopric of Courland
205:Archbishopric of Riga
39:
2950:Reiter, Dan (2009).
2352:The Unpunished Crime
1386:on 27-28 July 1941.
1187:Loss of independence
1144:Henry W. Antheil Jr.
1025:University of Latvia
1015:Political background
509:Government of Latvia
309:Courland Governorate
263:PolishâSwedish Wars
253:Inflanty Voivodeship
3018:Trotter, William R.
2796:Jonathan Wilkenfeld
2654:on 29 February 2012
2550:Five Years of Dates
2509:documents published
2020:Kellogg-Briand Pact
1446:German armed forces
1239:People's Parliament
1099:rally in Riga, 1941
1000:Moscow Peace Treaty
996:fighting in Viipuri
713:on 24 August 1939.
632:Relevant chapters:
598:KelloggâBriand Pact
593:KelloggâBriand Pact
549:War of Independence
481:military occupation
362:War of Independence
352:United Baltic Duchy
314:Vitebsk Governorate
271:Second Northern War
232:Early modern period
109:Corded Ware culture
3285:Western Belorussia
3184:Soviet occupations
3012:. Algonquin Books.
2823:Talvisota VÀreissÀ
2785:General references
2637:globalsecurity.org
2533:2009-03-25 at the
2514:2005-02-19 at the
2492:2009-08-21 at the
2350:Berzins, Alfreds.
2336:These Names Accuse
2279:2019-03-10 at the
2253:These Names Accuse
2149:These Names Accuse
2048:Aggression Defined
2029:at Yale University
2025:2007-07-03 at the
1893:2007-11-23 at the
1833:by Kevin O'Connor
1712:Russian Federation
1674:
1661:, and refusing to
1655:Welles Declaration
1623:
1431:Alexander Plesners
1383:
1344:Serov Instructions
1313:
1205:
1101:
1089:
1081:
1069:
967:
876:Vyacheslav Molotov
805:
772:Invasion of Poland
766:Invasion of Poland
728:
704:. On the next day
671:
665:, German MFA; and
583:Republic of Latvia
545:October Revolution
485:Republic of Latvia
402:Singing Revolution
298:National Awakening
276:Great Northern War
243:Kingdom of Livonia
56:
3358:
3357:
3052:978-0-8018-4969-5
2991:978-90-420-2424-3
2942:978-1-4343-1573-1
2921:978-0-8179-9302-3
2900:978-951-37-5278-1
2874:978-0-313-32355-3
2853:978-1-57607-800-6
2832:978-952-373-053-3
2801:A Study of Crisis
2597:978-0-375-72471-8
1688:According to the
1444:By 10 July 1941,
1342:According to the
1233:14-15 July 1940:
988:League of Nations
801:Semyon Krivoshein
570:League of Nations
473:
472:
439:Latvia portal
347:German occupation
266:
265:(1600–1629)
16:(Redirected from
3418:
3304:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3154:
3094:
3056:
3035:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2946:
2925:
2904:
2878:
2857:
2836:
2815:
2792:Brecher, Michael
2779:
2774:
2768:
2756:
2750:
2735:
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2497:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2459:Enkenberg (2020)
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2431:"Minus a Member"
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2367:
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2030:
2017:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1898:
1885:
1872:
1867:
1858:
1847:
1841:
1828:
1822:
1811:
1805:
1793:
1705:Stimson Doctrine
1671:Soviet Republics
1600:
1588:
1508:Baltic Offensive
1490:Baltic Offensive
1336:June deportation
1325:Vilhelms Munters
1168:Andrey Vyshinsky
1053:Alfreds Bilmanis
1021:Vilhelms Munters
1004:Continuation War
990:on 14 December.
872:Vilhelms Munters
864:Vilhelms Munters
818:border agreement
698:Vilhelms Munters
659:Vilhelms Munters
465:
458:
451:
437:
436:
435:
342:Latvian Riflemen
264:
248:Duchy of Livonia
190:Livonian Crusade
86:
76:
58:
21:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3401:1940s in Europe
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3340:
3305:
3296:
3280:Western Ukraine
3186:
3181:
3133:
3092:
3086:Meissner, Boris
3076:Meissner, Boris
3063:
3061:Further reading
3053:
3038:
3032:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2992:
2977:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2949:
2943:
2928:
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2907:
2901:
2881:
2875:
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2833:
2820:
2812:
2790:
2787:
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2771:
2757:
2753:
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2694:
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2685:
2681:
2672:
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2667:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2587:Chris Bellamy.
2586:
2577:
2569:
2560:
2548:
2541:
2535:Wayback Machine
2526:
2522:
2516:Wayback Machine
2505:
2504:
2500:
2494:Wayback Machine
2483:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2429:
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2967:. Retrieved
2953:How Wars End
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2777:NetÄ«rÄ diena
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2737:Reported in
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2673:(in Russian)
2668:
2656:. Retrieved
2652:the original
2642:
2630:
2623:Deseret News
2615:
2603:
2588:
2553:
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2506:(in Russian)
2501:
2487:Pavel Petrov
2484:(in Finnish)
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1967:. Retrieved
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1912:at state.gov
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1318:
1314:
1296:Baigais Gads
1295:
1292:
1284:
1265:
1261:
1247:
1206:
1200:
1125:
1110:Baltic Fleet
1102:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1018:
992:
968:
945:
935:With Baltic
934:
930:
904:
879:
868:
857:
849:
826:
806:
779:
740:
723:signing the
710:
706:Adolf Hitler
683:
640:
635:
626:
600:
580:
560:
557:peace treaty
542:
525:
497:Nazi Germany
489:Soviet Union
476:
474:
423:
371:
238:Livonian War
157:Semigallians
123:Baltic Finns
3317:Afghanistan
2421:, p. 58, 61
2100:Karski, Jan
1277:Vilis LÄcis
1228:Vilis LÄcis
921:until 1949;
809:Belarusians
667:Karl Selter
324:New Current
169:Middle Ages
73:History of
3365:Categories
2984:. Rodopi.
2969:29 October
2811:0472108069
1994:. C 42/78.
1969:2011-01-28
1958:(1): 141.
1667:annexation
1556:Baltic Way
1414:(4 July),
976:Winter War
957:Winter War
813:Ukrainians
783:do nothing
755:Bessarabia
620:aggression
534:Background
515:, and the
424:Chronology
142:Latgalians
114:Amber Road
30:See also:
3330:Manchuria
3220:Lithuania
3088:(1994). "
3020:(2002) .
2285:Mel Huang
1784:Citations
1734:In 2000,
1683:Lithuania
1663:recognize
1577:Skrunda-1
1534:Australia
1424:Wehrmacht
1358:Aftermath
1034:euphemism
947:Baltics.
915:Ventspils
759:Lithuania
561:Article 2
152:Selonians
147:Curonians
127:Livonians
50:truck in
46:tank and
3233:Bornholm
3078:(1956).
2885:(2008).
2798:(1997).
2762:Archived
2531:Archived
2512:Archived
2490:Archived
2409:, p. 114
2397:, p. 124
2357:Izvestia
2277:Archived
2102:(1985).
2054:magazine
2023:Archived
1891:Archived
1742:See also
1628:Red Army
1459:In 1939
1404:Smiltene
1396:Red Army
1350:winter.
1140:Helsinki
971:demanded
803:(right).
551:against
499:and its
64:a series
62:Part of
41:Red Army
3347:Italics
3292:Romania
3270:Hungary
3257:Germany
3251:Finland
3210:Estonia
3199:Austria
2747:de jure
2658:15 June
2461:, p.215
1679:Estonia
1514:during
1510:on the
1420:Alƫksne
1412:LimbaĆŸi
1400:Sigulda
1286:de jure
1216:Stalin.
1197:LiepÄja
1174:of the
1132:Tallinn
1097:May Day
919:Pitrags
911:LiepÄja
852:Tallinn
747:Estonia
721:Molotov
487:by the
483:of the
3275:Poland
3215:Latvia
3191:Europe
3049:
3028:
2988:
2960:
2939:
2918:
2897:
2871:
2850:
2829:
2808:
2739:Pravda
2712:
2595:
2371:putsch
2319:
2209:
2110:
1837:
1801:
1768:Litene
1730:Legacy
1720:Saeima
1665:their
1619:Stalin
1530:Sweden
1496:, and
1416:Olaine
1248:before
1127:Kaleva
1079:, 1940
917:, and
860:Stalin
844:, and
751:Latvia
686:Berlin
511:, the
507:, the
185:TÄlava
75:Latvia
66:on the
54:(1940)
3095:. In
2889:[
1948:(PDF)
1408:Pskov
862:told
855:war.
495:with
137:Balts
131:Vends
118:Aesti
48:ZIS-5
3310:Asia
3047:ISBN
3026:ISBN
2986:ISBN
2971:2010
2958:ISBN
2937:ISBN
2916:ISBN
2895:ISBN
2869:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2827:ISBN
2806:ISBN
2710:ISBN
2660:2013
2593:ISBN
2554:Time
2435:Time
2317:ISBN
2207:ISBN
2190:Time
2108:ISBN
2052:Time
1835:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1716:Duma
1699:Time
1681:and
1536:and
1520:Riga
1502:The
1466:Jews
1379:Riga
1334:The
1138:and
1136:Riga
1077:Riga
1041:NKVD
811:and
774:and
753:and
741:The
700:and
587:USSR
585:and
475:The
52:Riga
44:BT-7
2743:and
2552:at
2433:at
2283:by
2187:at
2050:at
1960:doi
1927:by
1852:at
1816:at
1669:as
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2794:;
2749:).
2578:^
2561:^
2542:^
2338::
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2291:^
2272::
2255::
2243:^
1990:.
1978:^
1954:.
1950:.
1935:^
1929:EU
1917:^
1902:^
1876:^
1862:^
1522:.
1492:,
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1468:,
1441:.
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2325:.
2116:.
1972:.
1962::
1956:4
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1203:.
629::
464:e
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450:v
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125:(
20:)
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