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volume, ordinarily occurring on either
Sundays or Thursdays (except during times of total lock-down of exchanges). Every piece of paper given to the prisoners was recorded and tracked, so secret notes were most often written by other means, where the supply went officially unmonitored for the entire duration of the prison's existence. Many inmates took full advantage of this. Albert Speer, after having his official request to write his memoirs denied, finally began setting down his experiences and perspectives of his time with the Nazi regime, which were smuggled out and later released as a bestselling book,
917:, were often teamed together for various tasks. Raeder, with a liking for rigid systems and organization, designated himself as chief librarian of the prison library, with Dönitz as his assistant. Each designed their own sleeve insignia for both chief librarian (a silver book) and assistant chief librarian (a gold book) which were woven with the appropriate colored thread. Both men often withheld themselves from the other prisoners, with Dönitz claiming for his entire ten years in prison that he was still the rightful head of the German state (he also got one vote in the
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occasionally wailed in pain at night, affecting the sleep of the other prisoners. The prison's medical officer would inject Hess with what was described as a "sedative", but was in reality distilled water, and succeeded in putting Hess to sleep. The fact that Hess repeatedly shirked duties the others had to bear and received other preferential treatment because of his illness irked the other prisoners, and earned him the title of "His imprisoned
Lordship" by the admirals, who often mocked him and played mean-spirited pranks on him.
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provided by soldiers including Royal
Military Police Close Protection personnel. External security was provided by one of the British infantry battalions then stationed in Berlin. On some unusual occasions, the Soviets relaxed their strict regulations; during these times, Hess was allowed to spend extra time in the prison garden, and one of the warders from the superpowers took Hess outside the prison walls for a stroll, and sometimes dinner, at a nearby Berlin restaurant, in a private room.
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beans, Funk tomatoes and Speer daisies, although the Soviet director subsequently banned flowers for a time. By regulation, all of the produce was to be put toward use in the prison kitchen, but prisoners and guards alike often skirted this rule and indulged in the garden's offerings. As prison regulations slackened and as prisoners became either apathetic or too ill to maintain their plots, the garden was consolidated into one large workable area. This suited the former
738:, which housed hundreds of former officers and other lower-ranking Nazi men who were under a comparatively lax regime. However, a more contemporary consideration was that the continued incarceration of even one Nazi (i.e. Hess) in Spandau ensured a conduit that guaranteed the Soviets access to West Berlin would remain open, and Western commentators frequently accused the Russians of keeping Spandau prison in operation chiefly as a centre for Soviet espionage operations.
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959:, he repeatedly complained of all forms of illness, mostly stomach pains, and was suspicious of all food given to him, always taking the dish placed farthest away from him as a means of avoiding being poisoned. His alleged stomach pains often caused wild and excessive moans and cries of pain throughout the day and night, and their authenticity was repeatedly the subject of debate between the prisoners and the prison directors.
955:, sentenced to life but not released due to ill health (as were Raeder, Funk, or Neurath), served the longest sentence out of the seven and was by far the most demanding of the prisoners. Regarded as being the 'laziest man in Spandau', Hess avoided all forms of work that he deemed below his dignity, such as pulling weeds. He was the only one of the seven who almost never attended the prison's Sunday church service. A paranoid
921:), and Raeder having contempt for the insolence and lack of discipline endemic in his nonmilitary fellow prisoners. Despite preferring to stay together, the two of them continued their wartime feud and argued most of the time over whether Raeder's battleships or Dönitz's U-boats were responsible for losing the war. This feud often resulted in fights. After Dönitz's release in 1956, he wrote two books, one on his early life,
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prisoners returned to their cells. Lights out was at 10 p.m. Prisoners received a shave and a haircut, if necessary, on
Mondays, Wednesdays, or Fridays; they did their own laundry every Monday. This routine, except the time allowed in the garden, changed very little throughout the years, although each of the controlling nations made their own interpretation of the prison regulations.
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four prison directors and their deputies, four army medical officers, cooks, translators, waiters, porters and others. This was perceived as a drastic misallocation of resources and became a serious point of contention among the prison directors, politicians from their respective countries, and especially the
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nature of the illness, were more accommodating to Hess. Speer, in a move that invoked the ire of his fellow prisoners, would often tend to Hess's needs, bringing him his coat when he was cold and coming to his defence when a director or guard was attempting to coax Hess out of bed and into work. Hess
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government, who were left to foot the bill for
Spandau yet suffered from a lack of space in their own prison system. The debate surrounding the imprisonment of seven war criminals in such a large space, with numerous and expensive complementary staff, was only heightened as time went on and prisoners
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The highlight of the prison, from the inmates' perspective, was the garden. Very spacious given the small number of prisoners using it, the garden space was initially divided into small personal plots that were used by each prisoner in various ways, usually to grow vegetables. Dönitz favoured growing
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that required treatment at a hospital outside the prison. Fearing for his mental health now that he was the sole remaining inmate, and assuming that his death was imminent, the prison directors agreed to slacken most of the remaining regulations, moving Hess to the more spacious former chapel space,
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Acrimony reached its peak after the release of Speer and
Schirach in 1966, leaving only one inmate, Hess, remaining in an otherwise under-utilized prison. Various proposals were made to remedy this situation over the years, ranging from moving the prisoners to an appropriately sized wing of another
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The Allied powers originally requisitioned the prison in
November 1946, expecting it to accommodate a hundred or more war criminals. Besides the sixty or so soldiers on duty in or around the prison at any given time, there were teams of professional civilian warders from each of the four countries,
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The directors and guards of the
Western powers (France, Britain, and the United States) repeatedly voiced opposition to many of the stricter measures and made near-constant protest about them to their superiors throughout the prison's existence, but they were invariably vetoed by the Soviet Union,
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Every day, prisoners were ordered to rise at 6 a.m., wash, clean their cells and the corridor together, eat breakfast, stay in the garden until lunch-time at noon (weather permitting), have a post-lunch rest in their cells, and then return to the garden. Dinner followed at 5 p.m., after which the
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Of the seven, three were released after serving their full sentences, while three others (including Raeder and Funk, who were given life sentences) were released earlier due to ill health. Between 1966 and 1987, Rudolf Hess was the only inmate in the prison, and his only companion was the warden,
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Within a few years of their arrival at the prison, all sorts of illicit lines of communication with the outside world were opened for the inmates by sympathetic staff. These supplementary lines were free of the censorship placed on authorised communications, and were also virtually unlimited in
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Hess was frequently moved from room to room every night for security reasons. He was often taken to the
British Military Hospital not far from the prison, where the entire second floor of the hospital was cordoned off for him. He remained under heavy guard while in hospital. Ward security was
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for the execution of all the current inmates, was unwilling to compromise with the
Western powers in this regard, both because of the harsher punishment that they felt was justified, and to stress the Communist propaganda line that the capitalist powers had supposedly never been serious about
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Despite the length of time they spent with each other, remarkably little progress was made in the way of reconciliation. A notable example was Dönitz's dislike of Speer being steadfastly maintained for his entire 10-year sentence, with it only coming to a head during the last few days of his
475:. The four occupying powers of Berlin alternated control of the prison on a monthly basis, each having the responsibility for a total of three months out of the year. Observing the Four-Power flags that flew at the Allied Control Authority building could determine who controlled the prison.
823:. Dönitz wrote letters to his former deputy regarding the protection of his prestige in the outside world. When his release was near, he gave instructions to his wife on how best she could help ease his transition back into politics, which he intended, but never actually accomplished.
713:. Compared with other established prison regulations at the time, Spandau's rules were quite strict. The prisoners' outgoing letters to families were at first limited to one page every month, talking with fellow prisoners was prohibited, newspapers were banned, diaries and
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The prison, initially designed for a population in the hundreds, was an old brick building enclosed by one wall 4.5 m (15 ft) high, another of 9 m (30 ft), a 3 m (10 ft) high wall topped with electrified wire, followed by a wall of
629:. In addition, some of the sixty soldiers on guard duty manned six machine-gun armed guard towers 24 hours a day. Due to the number of cells available, an empty cell was left between the prisoners' cells, to avoid the possibility of prisoners' communicating in
633:. Other remaining cells in the wing were designated for other purposes, with one used for the prison library and another for a chapel. The cells were approximately 3 m (9.8 ft) long by 2.7 m (8.9 ft) wide and 4 m (13 ft) high.
996:, saw the words 'Spandau Ballet' scrawled on the wall of a nightclub lavatory during a visit to Berlin. The graffiti referred to the way a condemned individual would twitch and "dance" at the end of the rope due to the standard drop method of
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was also considered. Nevertheless, an official refraining order went into effect, forbidding the approaching of unsettled prisoners, and so the prison remained exclusively for the seven war criminals for the remainder of its existence.
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Hess was also unique among the prisoners in that, as a matter of dignity, he refused all visitors for more than twenty years, finally consenting to see his adult son and wife in 1969 after suffering from a
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giving him a water heater to allow the making of tea or coffee when he liked, and permanently unlocking his cell so that he could freely access the prison's bathing facilities and library.
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imprisonment. Dönitz always believed that Hitler had named him as his successor due to Speer's recommendation, which had led to Dönitz being tried at Nuremberg (Speer always denied this).
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were forbidden, visits by families were limited to fifteen minutes every two months, and lights were flashed into the prisoners' cells every fifteen minutes during the night as a form of
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1286:, p. 67: The inevitable gossip from the prison guards about the 'twitching' of those dying soon became well-known across Berlin, and gave rise to the expression 'Spandau Ballet'.
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Speer, who, being one of the youngest and liveliest of the inmates, later took up the task of refashioning the entire plot of land into a large complex garden, complete with paths,
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Raeder, Dönitz, and Schirach were contemptuous of this behaviour, and viewed it as cries for attention or as a means to avoid work. Speer and Funk, acutely aware of the likely
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and floral displays. On days without access to the garden, for instance when it was raining, the prisoners occupied their time making envelopes together in the main corridor.
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There is also a collection of medical reports concerning Baldur von Schirach, Albert Speer, and Rudolf Hess made during their confinement at Spandau, which have survived.
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shrine, after the death of Hess, its final remaining prisoner. To further ensure its erasure, the site was made into a parking facility and a shopping center, named
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871:, stayed together, despite their heated mutual dislike. This situation had come about when Dönitz replaced Raeder as Commander in Chief of the German navy in 1943.
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The prisoners, still subject to the petty personal rivalries and battles for prestige that characterized Nazi party politics, divided themselves into groups:
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tortured and abused its inmates, as Kisch recalled in his memories of the prison. By the end of 1933, the first Nazi concentration camps had been erected (at
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Every facet of life in the prison was strictly set out by an intricate prison regulation scheme designed before the prisoners' arrival by the Four Powers –
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watch. A considerable portion of the stricter regulations was either later revised toward the more lenient, or deliberately ignored by prison staff.
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which favored a tougher approach. The Soviet Union, which suffered between 10 and 19 million civilian deaths during the war and had pressed at the
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The British Garrison Berlin 1945 - 1994: nowhere to go ... a pictorial historiography of the British Military occupation / presence in Berlin
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Released early due to ill health on 6 November 1954 after serving a 15-year sentence scheduled for release on 30 September 1961.
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released from Spandau Prison, 26 September 1955, with his wife at the Bürger-Hospital in Berlin-Charlottenburg
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Only seven prisoners were finally imprisoned there. Arriving from Nuremberg on 18 July 1947, they were:
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Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Dorofeev (Soviet Union), MG John E. Rogers (USA), West Berlin, 1 April 1981
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airbase, with the exception of a single set of keys now exhibited in the regimental museum of the
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A first hand account from a serving British officer of guarding Rudolf Hess in Spandau Prison
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A first-hand account from a serving British soldier while he guarded Rudolf Hess in 1980.
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1235:"Minutes of the meetings of the physicians of the Spandau Allied Prison 1947–1987"
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Albert Speer – Escaping the Gallows: Secret Conversations with Hitler's Top Nazi
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The prison was demolished in August 1987, largely to prevent it from becoming a
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Released due to ill health on 26 September 1955 after receiving a life sentence.
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1148:. Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security (PHP), www.php.isn.ethz.ch.
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Committed suicide by hanging on 17 August 1987 while serving a life sentence.
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Released due to ill health on 16 May 1957 after receiving a life sentence.
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552: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Changing the guard (US troops left and British right) at Spandau Prison
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1112:"Hess's body exhumed and grave destroyed to stop neo-Nazi pilgrimages"
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was, being a former diplomat, amiable and amenable to all the others.
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Down, Dirty and Divine: A Spiritual Ride Through London's Underground
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The United States Garrison Berlin 1945–1994 Mission Accomplished
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got their name after a friend of the band, journalist and DJ
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personality and perceived mental instability. The two former
93:). Built in 1876, it became a proto-concentration camp under
136:. It initially served as a military detention center of the
109:, in August 1987, the prison was demolished and replaced by
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used at Spandau Prison and was in the tradition of similar
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Served a 10-year sentence; released on 30 September 1956.
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Served a 20-year sentence; released on 30 September 1966.
1388:
Long Knives and Short Memories: The Spandau Prison Story
1086:(Extensive footage of the prison recreated in a studio)
210:, the prison fell in the British Sector of what became
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Served a 20-year sentence; released on 1 October 1966.
167:. Spandau Prison became a predecessor of sorts of the
909:"The Admiralty", as the other prisoners referred to
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Tales from Spandau. Nazi Criminals and the Cold War
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101:, it held seven top Nazi leaders convicted in the
827:managed to obtain a seemingly constant supply of
1143:BRIXMIS in the 1980s: The Cold War's 'Great Game
1493:Spandau Prison on Western Allies Berlin Website
948:in 1945, was the last inmate of Spandau Prison
1566:Demolished buildings and structures in Berlin
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855:at the Nuremberg trials, the latter for his
668:larger, occupied prison, to releasing them;
1531:Buildings and structures demolished in 1987
780:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1190:"World War II: Combatants and Casualties"
800:Learn how and when to remove this message
612:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:German prison which held top Nazi leaders
1461:(New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007).
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171:. While it was formally operated by the
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1526:Government buildings completed in 1876
1434:True: The Autobiography of Martin Kemp
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919:1954 West German presidential election
1011:The prison featured in the 1985 film
925:, and one on his time as an admiral,
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778:adding citations to reliable sources
550:adding citations to reliable sources
132:Spandau Prison was built in 1876 on
1541:Buildings and structures in Spandau
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1556:1987 disestablishments in Germany
1004:expressions such as "dancing the
879:were described as "inseparable".
225:sentenced to imprisonment at the
1359:. Berlin: Vergangenheitsverlag (
900:Albert Speer § Imprisonment
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526:
1237:. National Library of Medicine.
1123:from the original on 2022-05-24
1109:Paterson, Tony (22 July 2011).
537:needs additional citations for
199:and the marshland camps around
163:, were held there in so-called
1521:1876 establishments in Germany
462:The Loneliest Man in the World
120:to prevent it from becoming a
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508:King's Own Scottish Borderers
214:, but it was operated by the
1546:Allied occupation of Germany
1319:. Troubador Publishing Ltd.
905:Erich Raeder and Karl Dönitz
492:The Britannia Centre Spandau
173:Prussian Ministry of Justice
1334:Durie, William (Aug 2014).
1158:Goda, Norman J. W. (2006).
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1536:Defunct prisons in Germany
1313:Clarke, Stephanie (2012).
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502:, or buried at the former
1164:. University of Florida.
944:, seen here in prison in
927:Ten Years and Twenty Days
1415:Pen & Sword Military
1405:Greaves, Adrian (2021).
1252:Prisoner #7: Rudolf Hess
1141:Williams, Peter (2006).
473:Berlin Air Safety Center
169:Nazi concentration camps
143:In the aftermath of the
1353:Durie, William (2012).
734:. This contrasted with
1465:Speer, Albert (1976).
1438:Orion Publishing Group
1386:Fishman, Jack (1986).
1207:Speer, Albert (1976).
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881:Konstantin von Neurath
820:Inside the Third Reich
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469:Allied Control Council
318:Konstantin von Neurath
216:Four-Power Authorities
147:of 1933, opponents of
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55:Spandau Prison in 1951
1432:Kemp, Martin (2000).
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923:My Ever-Changing Life
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37:52.52111°N 13.18528°E
1390:. Breakwater Books.
1196:on 25 December 2010.
774:improve this section
546:improve this article
471:; the other was the
118:stationed in Germany
1468:The Spandau Diaries
1210:The Spandau Diaries
1188:O'Brien, Joseph V.
1025:), and in the book
873:Baldur von Schirach
262:Baldur von Schirach
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1561:Demolished prisons
1161:Tales from Spandau
984:In popular culture
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682:Prison regulations
677:Life in the prison
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165:protective custody
161:Carl von Ossietzky
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42:52.52111; 13.18528
1455:Goda, Norman J.W.
1447:978-0-75-283769-7
1424:978-1-39900-956-0
1370:978-3-86408-068-5
1345:978-1-63068-540-9
1326:978-1-78088-299-4
1260:978-0-670-57831-3
1171:978-0-521-86720-7
1044:Land of the Blind
988:The British band
835:The Spandau Seven
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877:Walther Funk
865:Erich Raeder
841:Albert Speer
838:
825:Walther Funk
818:
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772:Please help
760:
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707:Soviet Union
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691:Erich Raeder
670:house arrest
666:
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648:rock gardens
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544:Please help
539:verification
536:
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402:Walther Funk
374:Albert Speer
346:Erich Raeder
231:
208:World War II
205:
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131:
97:. After the
95:Nazi Germany
67:
66:
18:
1571:Karl Dönitz
1551:Rudolf Hess
1413:, England:
1296:Clarke 2012
1021:(played by
1019:Rudolf Hess
994:Robert Elms
953:Rudolf Hess
942:Rudolf Hess
933:Rudolf Hess
869:Karl Dönitz
845:Rudolf Hess
736:Werl Prison
661:West Berlin
627:barbed wire
602:August 2018
430:Rudolf Hess
418:31 May 1960
290:Karl Dönitz
212:West Berlin
197:Lichtenburg
189:Oranienburg
153:journalists
107:Rudolf Hess
83:West Berlin
40: /
1515:Categories
1436:. London:
1091:References
857:antisocial
742:Daily life
709:, and the
631:Morse code
572:newspapers
518:The prison
275:9 May 1907
201:Esterwegen
193:Sonnenburg
157:Egon Kisch
28:13°11′07″E
25:52°31′16″N
1379:978161722
1272:Kemp 2000
1127:29 August
1031:Greg Iles
946:Nuremberg
847:were the
761:does not
644:architect
504:RAF Gatow
500:North Sea
1411:Barnsley
1254:p. 234,
1121:Archived
1050:Cold War
1037:See also
998:hangings
488:neo-Nazi
185:Osthofen
155:such as
124:shrine.
122:neo-Nazi
113:for the
1250:(1974)
1059:Bavaria
782:removed
767:sources
719:suicide
715:memoirs
703:Britain
586:scholar
244:Status
177:Gestapo
128:History
91:Germany
79:borough
76:Spandau
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915:Raeder
911:Dönitz
853:Hitler
849:loners
829:cognac
705:, the
699:France
637:Garden
588:
581:
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567:
559:
206:After
181:Dachau
175:, the
151:, and
149:Hitler
87:Berlin
1145:'
1096:Notes
1077:Japan
1073:Tokyo
593:JSTOR
579:books
496:Tesco
250:Died
247:Born
238:Name
1473:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1392:ISBN
1375:OCLC
1365:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1129:2018
913:and
875:and
867:and
843:and
765:any
763:cite
565:news
253:Age
241:No.
220:Nazi
159:and
1363:).
1071:in
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548:by
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449:93
421:69
393:76
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81:of
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269:1
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