948:
718:
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of the
Khalifa, the regime of the cities in which the consuls acted as controllers, to dictate the general policy and to approve or direct, where appropriate, military operations. The Indigenous services department was entrusted with the General Secretariat and advising on all matters relating to relations with the Kabyles, the inspection of the Islamic Justice Administration, relations with the Consular Jurisdiction for the protection of the natives and with the Sheriff for everything related to real estate and the vindication of property, the inspection of schools and health care centers and the Spanish missions in educational work.
214:
1304:. Spain entrusted the task of educating the population to the Delegation of Indigenous Affairs, which depended on a Board of Education that was created on 3 April 1913. This Board was born with the purpose of training the personnel who would be dedicated to this task and as an instrument to learn about geography, literature, history and the Moroccan law. To this end, a Center for Moroccan Studies was organized in the Free Institute of Diplomatic and Consular Careers and Arabic chairs were created in some business schools and an Arabic board was created in the Board for the Extension of Studies.
197:
645:
234:
1292:
assisted by various departments (Indigenous
Affairs Development and Finance). There was a territorial controller in each of the regions, directly represented to the Delegation of Indigenous Affairs. Subordinate to him, there was a next level, with regional auditors and, finally, local auditors. The maintenance of order was in charge of the Regulares (forces of the Spanish army with "indigenous" Rif people) and the Indigenous Police. On the military side, the high commissioner was assisted by three commanders based in Ceuta, Melilla and Larache.
527:
183:
872:
1213:
1078:
1228:
860:
1334:
556:
38:
1146:(the southern part of the protectorate) and reduced the Spanish control of the Ifni territory to the perimeter of the city itself. Morocco and Spain negotiated for over a year over Ifni, with Morocco also wanting control of Ceuta and Melilla, while Spain was only willing to give up control of Ifni. On 5 January 1969 Morocco and Spain signed the treaty ceding Ifni to Morocco.
1348:
664:, Spain eyed expansion in northern Morocco, despite an overall lack of enthusiasm for new colonial enterprises. During the last decades of the 19th century, Spain nervously watched the increasing influence of its European rivals in the Maghreb. Thus, ensuring Spanish security offered the most compelling reason to intervene. For example, Liberal leader
630:
Since France already held a protectorate over most of the country and had controlled
Morocco's foreign affairs since 30 March 1912, it also held the power to delegate a zone to Spanish protection. The surface area of the zone was about 20,948 km (8,088 sq mi), which represents 4.69% of
1295:
The administrative organization was arranged, at a general level, in this way: The High
Commissioner was responsible for the direction of the Spanish action in the entire area and all the authorities (including the military) were subordinate to him. Among its activities were to intervene in the acts
1291:
The
Spanish administration was led by a High Commissioner, formally accredited to the Khalifa but in fact the highest authority in the Protectorate. The High Commissary directed the political action of Spain in the Protectorate, and orders and instructions emanated from it. The high commissioner was
763:
in a convention with Italy in 1903, it felt entitled to a greater share of
Morocco. On 3 October 1904, France and Spain concluded a treaty that defined their precise zones. Spain received a zone of influence consisting of a northern strip of territory and a southern strip. The northern strip did not
712:
The two
Governments, inspired by their feeling of sincere friendship for Spain, take into special consideration the interests which that country derives from her geographical position and from her territorial possessions on the Moorish coast of the Mediterranean. In regard to these interests the
676:, as it was the one area in which it could claim sufficient interest to generate some diplomatic strength with respect to the European powers. There was also the then-widespread belief in Europe that colonies increased a nation's prestige. Those beliefs encouraged Spanish politicians to adopt a
1299:
In
Morocco, there was no prior organization to ensure public health, except in Tangier, and the Spanish tried to remedy this deficiency, creating in 1916 the Health Inspectorate, within the Office of Indigenous Affairs. The Spanish had to overcome the distrust that Moroccans felt towards their
1300:
healers and home remedies, carrying out large vaccination campaigns that contributed to the prestige of the protecting country. Along with health action, culture was the other pending subject for
Moroccans, since teaching was closely linked to religion and consisted of memorizing the
1287:
took office in
Tetouan on 27 April 1913. Only two Khalifas held office until the independence of Morocco, Muley el Mehdi (between 1913 and 1923) and his son Muley el Hassán bin el Mehdi (who took office at the age of thirteen, ruling between 1925 and 1941 and 1945 and 1956).
1417:
750:
should, whenever the Sultan ceases to exercise authority over it, come within the sphere of influence of Spain, and that the administration of the coast from Melilla as far as, but not including, the heights on the right bank of the Sebou shall be entrusted to
668:
argued that if northwestern Morocco were to come under French control, Spain would be vulnerable to France from both north and south. Furthermore, the discovery of iron ore near Melilla convinced many that Morocco contained vast mineral wealth.
741:
What exactly "special consideration" meant was dealt with in the secret third and fourth articles, specifying that Spain would be required to recognize Articles 4 and 7 of the treaty but could decline the "special consideration" if it wished:
824:. The consideration of the southern strip as part of the protectorate back in 1912 eventually gave Morocco a solid legal claim to the territory in the 1950s. While the sparsely populated Cape Juby was administered as a single entity with
947:
700:, but Spain declined in the belief that such a division would offend Britain. The British and French, without any Spanish insistence, acknowledged Spain's right to a zone of influence in Morocco in Article 8 of the
213:
713:
French Government will come to an understanding with the Spanish Government. The agreement which may be come to on the subject between France and Spain shall be communicated to His Britannic Majesty's Government.
1235:
The administrative regime of the Protectorate is derived from the concept of protectorate itself, with a formal duality of authorities. On the one hand, there is a Moroccan administration, headed by a
759:
in return for Britain ceding all their influence in Morocco. France began negotiating with Spain at once, but the offer of 1902 was no longer on the table. Since France had given up its ambitions in
2186:
1307:
Subsequently, Indigenous Affairs offices were created in Melilla and Ceuta that exercised surveillance functions, somewhat similar, in the occupied regions. In 1937, in the middle of the
2679:
1032:
to support the independence of Spanish Morocco, intending to create a rebellion at Franco's back and cause disaffection among his Moroccan troops. The government – then led by the
692:), France and Spain agreed to recognize separate zones of influence in Morocco, but did not specify their boundaries. In 1902, France offered Spain all of Morocco north of the
1311:, the territorial organization of Spanish Morocco was in charge of the High Commissioner of the Territory and a Lieutenant Colonel responsible for civil and military affairs.
2699:
2580:
734:
577:
428:
962:
Before 1934, the southern part of the protectorate (Tekna) had been governed from Cape Juby (within the same southern strip) since 1912; Cape Juby was also the seat of
2179:
55:
1200:
signed in April 1906, where the northern part of Morocco was placed under Spanish administration, the Spanish started to develop this mineral-rich area, and numerous
1187:
925:
772:, soon to be internationalized. The southern strip represented the southernmost part of Morocco as recognized by the European powers: the territory to its south,
1052:
467:
1361:
1039:
Because the locally recruited Muslim regulares had been among Franco's most effective troops, the protectorate enjoyed more political freedom and autonomy than
368:
2172:
1892:
1043:-proper after Franco's victory. The area held competing political parties and a Moroccan nationalist press, which often criticized the Spanish government.
656:
with the United States stripped Spain of its few overseas provinces and exposed an inferior military. Yet, due to Morocco's proximity and the presence of
1036:(PSOE) — rejected that course of action as it would have likely resulted in conflict with France, the colonial ruler of the other portion of Morocco.
672:
The key motivation for intervention, although less openly stated, was the belief that Morocco was Spain's last chance to maintain its position in the
2615:
1366:
817:, guaranteed the attending powers equal commercial rights in Morocco and created a native Moroccan police force led by French and Spanish officers.
196:
1013:
717:
1004:
stationed there, although within a day uprisings in Spain itself broke out. This force, which included a considerable number of Moroccan troops (
233:
2129:"Min Khalifa Marrakesh Ila Mu’tamar Maghreb El Arabi." (From the caliph of the king of Morocco to the Conference of the Maghreb). (April 1947).
454:
102:
1859:
2694:
2474:
2232:
1279:
was Mohammed Mehedi Ould Ben Ismael. Ishmael was the brother of Sultan Hassan I and later Sultan Hassan I was the great-uncle of the second
74:
2674:
1191:
652:
At a time when other European nations were acquiring or expanding their colonial empires, Spain's had generally gained independence. Its
1033:
81:
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924:
in July–August 1921. Controversy in Spain over the early conduct in the war was a driving factor behind the military coup by General
801:, a city of international character in northern Morocco. There he loudly touted Germany's economic interests in Morocco and assured
182:
121:
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2664:
2090:
88:
755:
The British goal in these negotiations with France was to ensure that a weaker power (Spain) held the strategic coast opposite
2206:
1105:
608:
59:
2684:
1918:
1066:
970:(in the northern part of the protectorate) and the seat of Spanish West Africa was moved from Cape Juby to the territory of
70:
2669:
2484:
1097:
1108:, Spain discontinued the protectorate and retroceded the territory to the newly independent kingdom, while retaining the
2427:
1702:
1247:), who exercised, by delegation of the Sultan, all his powers, mainly the legislative, which he exercised through the
1127:
644:
1271:(minister of Finance). It had an advisory council made up of two representatives from each of the five regions. The
1178:
The iron mines in the Rif were one of the sources of income. Their exploitation led to an economic boom in Melilla.
1165:. Spain considers both cities integral parts of the Spanish geography, since they were part of Spain for centuries.
2242:
2195:
1319:
1221:
794:
624:
401:
299:
48:
2469:
2293:
2278:
997:
612:
326:
2570:
1884:
653:
2545:
2247:
1318:, which following Morocco's independence in 1956 have been merged into a single compound and repurposed as the
1251:(decree). He was also the highest religious authority. This government led by the Khalifa received the name of
1017:
2494:
1087:
95:
2654:
2237:
1029:
665:
202:
1255:
and was divided into departments, like ministries, coordinated by the Grand Vizier. The ministers were the
746:
The two Governments agree that a certain extent of Moorish territory adjacent to Melilla, Ceuta, and other
2555:
2499:
2346:
2341:
2273:
1110:
1001:
910:
726:
689:
2596:
2437:
2283:
828:, the northern territories were administered, separately, as a Spanish protectorate with its capital at
814:
357:
2021:"El mapa topográfico del Protectorado de Marruecos en su contexto político e institucional (1923–1940)"
871:
805:
of financial assistance in the event of a threat to Moroccan independence. At Wilhelm's urging, Sultan
623:
was excluded from the Spanish protectorate and received a special internationally controlled status as
2560:
1991:
1950:
1201:
1197:
1082:
810:
806:
388:
648:
Moment of the signing of the Treaty by which the Spanish Protectorate was created, November 27, 1912
2489:
2479:
2422:
2356:
2227:
1891:, 77–78, Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Estudios Africanos,
1158:
1093:
963:
951:
894:
820:
The final Spanish zone of influence consisted of a northern strip and a southern strip centered on
592:
532:
1263:(inalienable patrimony whose income is destined to a pious or religious work or institution), the
776:, was recognized by France as an exclusively Spanish zone. The treaty also recognized the Spanish
2303:
2298:
2164:
2056:
2020:
2007:
1966:
1629:
1621:
1560:
1552:
1466:
1458:
1314:
The High Commissioner and the Khalifa had their respective residences in two adjacent palaces in
2432:
17:
2565:
2550:
2336:
2313:
2094:
1865:
1855:
1544:
1308:
1212:
1077:
993:
983:
936:
929:
879:
802:
722:
673:
313:
2078:
2509:
2504:
2371:
2308:
2048:
1999:
1958:
1710:
1613:
1536:
1450:
1410:
1240:
1025:
1009:
921:
730:
703:
345:
294:
272:
267:
149:
2525:
2453:
2381:
1040:
890:
773:
415:
188:
163:
1995:
1954:
1000:
against the Republican Government, which began in Spanish Morocco by an uprising of the
939:, the French–Spanish alliance ended up achieving victory and putting an end to the war.
2417:
2412:
2288:
1339:
1123:
883:
825:
789:
765:
677:
600:
498:
280:
974:(not a part of the protectorate), which had been occupied by the Spaniards that year.
2648:
2601:
2575:
2396:
2366:
1633:
1564:
1470:
1139:
760:
303:
1227:
859:
591:
The Spanish protectorate consisted of a northern strip on the Mediterranean and the
2361:
2351:
1353:
1275:
was chosen by the Sultan from a pair proposed by the Spanish government. The first
1062:
850:
585:
318:
247:
2386:
2376:
898:
864:
693:
37:
1713:; 1st ed.; New York: International Publishers; 1975; pp. 189–92; retrieved 2015
1540:
1869:
1823:
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1748:
1329:
1315:
1217:
829:
697:
257:
2630:
2617:
2098:
1548:
835:
The Protectorate system was established in 1912. The Islamic legal system of
721:
Spanish territorial boundary changes in Northwest Africa per the treaties of
2252:
1372:
1162:
1135:
1115:
1005:
987:
821:
756:
596:
223:
1849:
967:
2159:
Cartographie et contrôle au Maroc sous le protectorat espagnol (1912–1956)
1157:
as integral parts of the country, and considers them to be under foreign
1131:
616:
2060:
1885:"Las residencias de S.A.I. el Jalifa y S.E. el Alto Comisario en Tetuán"
966:. Then, in 1934, the southern part began to being managed directly from
2391:
2257:
2011:
1970:
1625:
1462:
1154:
1143:
1058:
955:
914:
906:
875:
854:
798:
777:
769:
661:
620:
604:
581:
547:
480:
441:
284:
1674:; MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History; (2006); 18#2; pp. 28–37.
1556:
1524:
2147:(To you my dear friend). Tetuan, Morocco: Hassania Publishing Company
2052:
276:
2124:
Colonial al-Andalus: Spain and the making of modern Moroccan culture
2003:
1979:
1962:
1938:
1617:
1454:
2019:
Nadal, Francesc; Urteaga, Luis; Muro Morales, José Ignacio (2000).
1301:
1226:
1211:
1150:
946:
870:
858:
716:
657:
643:
1231:
French and Spanish protectorates in Morocco from 1912 until 1956
1119:
1021:
971:
836:
781:
2168:
902:
901:, was a breakaway state that existed from 1921 to 1926 in the
31:
809:
called for an international conference. The final act of the
2138:
Les Secrets du Maroc Espagnol: L’epopee D’Abdelkhalaq Torres
1012:(who spent much time in Morocco) and became the core of the
2039:
Pélissier, René (1965). "Spain's Discreet Decolonization".
1498:
1081:
1920 map of the "Spanish zone in Morocco", with images of
1587:
1585:
1583:
688:
In a convention dated 27 June 1900 (at the same time as
1682:
1680:
1114:
which were part of Spain prior to the colonial period,
1604:"Treaty Between France and Spain Concerning Morocco".
1482:
1480:
1917:
Gangas Geisse, Mónica; Santis Arenas, Hernán (2011).
1441:"Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco".
954:'s traveling companions playing ball on the beach of
878:
carrying captured rifles during Rif war, including a
2108:
Rebels in the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion
1126:) outside of Morocco. Unwilling to accept this, the
611:. Spain finally ceded its southern zone through the
2589:
2538:
2518:
2462:
2446:
2405:
2329:
2322:
2266:
2220:
494:
477:
464:
451:
438:
425:
411:
395:
381:
367:
351:
339:
325:
309:
290:
263:
253:
243:
136:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1130:waged war against the Spanish forces. In the 1958
580:that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in
2079:"Franquismo y descolonización española en África"
1525:"Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898 - 1927"
595:, and a southern part of the protectorate around
1220:, ca. 1920; absorbed in the late 1950s into the
1926:Nadir: Revista Electrónica de Geografía Austral
1188:Narrow gauge railways in former Spanish Morocco
744:
710:
603:. The northern zone became part of independent
2196:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934)
1646:
1259:(chief or judge of judges), the Vizier of the
1216:Residence of the Spanish High Commissioner in
920:The Spanish lost more than 13,000 soldiers at
2680:States and territories disestablished in 1956
2180:
1824:"Wisconsin State Journal 05 Jan 1969, page 7"
1799:"The Des Moines Register 03 Jan 1969, page 5"
1362:List of Spanish high commissioners in Morocco
141:
8:
1774:"The Morning News 05 Mar 1958, page Page 11"
1396:
701:
155:
2700:States and territories established in 1912
2326:
2187:
2173:
2165:
2110:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
1980:"The Spanish Zones in Morocco (Continued)"
1411:[pɾoteɣtoˈɾaðoespaˈɲoldemaˈrwekos]
133:
27:1912–1956 protectorate in northwest Africa
1749:"The Berkshire Eagle 18 Apr 1958, page 2"
1606:The American Journal of International Law
1443:The American Journal of International Law
1053:Spanish occupation of Tangier (1940–1945)
218:Map of the protectorate's northern zone (
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1367:List of Spanish colonial wars in Morocco
1076:
2154:. Madrid: Instituto Jalifiano de Tetuan
1735:
1658:
1591:
1510:
1433:
1385:
576:was established on 27 November 1912 by
1499:Gangas Geisse & Santis Arenas 2011
1057:Spanish troops provisionally occupied
607:on 7 April 1956, shortly after France
2140:. Morocco: Balland Publishing Company
1895:from the original on 19 February 2022
1686:
1486:
1409:
1022:Workers' Party of Marxist Unification
476:
463:
450:
437:
424:
420:
394:
380:
376:
366:
350:
338:
334:
324:
7:
2243:Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12)
1919:"El conflicto del Sáhara Occidental"
1724:El Colonialismo español en Marruecos
1192:History of rail transport in Morocco
1161:, comparing their status to that of
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1393:
156:
25:
1403:Protectorado español de Marruecos
1149:As of 2024, Morocco still claims
615:on 1 April 1958, after the short
578:a treaty between France and Spain
143:Protectorado español en Marruecos
71:"Spanish protectorate in Morocco"
2294:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)
2279:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
2228:First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
2091:University of the Basque Country
1978:Merry del Val, Alfonso (1920b).
1937:Merry del Val, Alfonso (1920a).
1707:Spain! The Unfinished Revolution
1346:
1332:
1034:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
554:
525:
238:Map of the northern zone in 1956
232:
212:
195:
181:
36:
2212:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
1726:. Spain: Ruedo Iberico p. 24-26
1529:Journal of Contemporary History
1104:In 1956, when France ended its
928:in 1923 which foreshadowed the
574:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
138:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
47:needs additional citations for
18:Spanish Protectorate of Morocco
2233:Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)
2207:French protectorate in Morocco
2028:Documents d'Anàlisi Geogràfica
1939:"The Spanish Zones in Morocco"
1122:, and other colonies (such as
958:, image between 1930 and 1931.
897:, led by the guerrilla leader
1:
2157:Villanova, José-Luis (2010).
2143:Ben Brahim, Mohammed (1949).
2070:Morocco since 1830: A History
913:and French forces during the
909:by a joint expedition of the
863:Ruins of a Spanish camp near
609:relinquished its protectorate
2581:Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)
2284:Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)
1398:Ḥimāyat Isbāniyā fi-l-Mağrib
1028:policies, and pressured the
1008:), was under the command of
2675:Colonial history of Morocco
2571:Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911)
2561:Algeciras Conference (1906)
2238:First Melilla War (1893–94)
1523:Chandler, James A. (1975).
1397:
1128:Moroccan Army of Liberation
813:(7 April 1906) created the
784:and delimited its borders.
222:proper) and southern zone (
157:الحماية الإسبانية في المغرب
2716:
2485:Manuel Fernández Silvestre
2274:Bombardment of Salé (1851)
2126:. Harvard University Press
2106:Woolman, David S. (1968).
1577:James A. Chandler, p. 302.
1541:10.1177/002200947501000205
1185:
1050:
981:
935:After the successful 1925
848:
787:In March 1905, the German
625:Tangier International Zone
2660:Former colonies in Africa
2428:Joseph-François Poeymirau
2304:Battle of El Herri (1914)
2299:Battle of El Ksiba (1913)
2289:Bloody Days of Fes (1912)
2248:Second Melilla War (1909)
2202:
1848:LEVIE, HOWARD S. (2021).
1672:Spain's African Nightmare
1106:protectorate over Morocco
1065:, on the pretext that an
998:partially successful coup
996:started in 1936 with the
841:was formally maintained.
613:Treaty of Angra de Cintra
504:
490:
421:
407:
377:
363:
335:
231:
211:
177:
172:
2597:Tangier Crisis (1905–06)
2566:Pact of Cartagena (1907)
2551:Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)
2546:Treaty of Tangier (1844)
2314:Alhucemas Landing (1925)
2122:Calderwood, Eric. 2018.
1984:The Geographical Journal
1943:The Geographical Journal
1018:Communist Party of Spain
1014:Spanish Nationalist Army
473:June 1940 – October 1945
397:• 1951–1956 (last)
2695:Morocco–Spain relations
2690:20th century in Morocco
2665:Former Spanish colonies
2475:Arsenio Martínez-Campos
2309:Battle of Annual (1921)
2077:Vilar, Juan B. (2005).
2068:Pennell, C. R. (2001).
1394:حماية إسبانيا في المغرب
1320:Royal Palace of Tétouan
1222:Royal Palace of Tétouan
1073:Retrocession to Morocco
1069:invasion was imminent.
943:Second Spanish Republic
764:reach to the border of
2500:Miguel Primo de Rivera
2470:Juan García y Margallo
2347:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
2342:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni
2150:Benumaya, Gil (1940).
2083:Historia Contemporánea
1407:Spanish pronunciation:
1402:
1244:
1232:
1224:
1101:
1002:Spanish Army of Africa
959:
926:Miguel Primo de Rivera
911:Spanish Army of Africa
886:
868:
753:
738:
715:
702:
690:Treaty of Paris (1900)
649:
142:
2145:Ilayka Ya Ni Ma Sadiq
1722:Marin Miguel (1973).
1230:
1215:
1202:narrow gauge railways
1080:
1051:Further information:
1030:Republican government
982:Further information:
950:
907:subdued and dissolved
874:
862:
849:Further information:
815:State Bank of Morocco
768:, nor did it include
720:
647:
479:• Retroceded to
468:Occupation of Tangier
264:Common languages
2670:Former protectorates
2602:Agadir Crisis (1911)
2576:Treaty of Fes (1912)
2556:Treaty of Fes (1894)
1883:Juan Arrate (1948),
1612:(2 ): 116–20. 1912.
1134:, which spread from
905:region, when it was
811:Algeciras Conference
631:modern-day Morocco.
455:Nationalist uprising
447:June 1921 – May 1926
402:Rafael García Valiño
389:Felipe Alfau Mendoza
383:• 1913 (first)
56:improve this article
2627: /
2423:Paul Prosper Henrys
2253:Zaian War (1914–21)
2161:. MappeMonde vol.98
2152:El Jalifa en Tanger
2136:Wolf, Jean (1994).
1996:1920GeogJ..55..409D
1955:1920GeogJ..55..329D
1851:STATUS OF GIBRALTAR
1705:; p. 343; cited in
1647:Merry del Val 1920a
1449:(2 ): 81–99. 1913.
1198:Treaty of Algeciras
1111:plazas de soberanía
964:Spanish West Africa
952:Walter Mittelholzer
895:Republic of the Rif
654:disastrous 1898 war
593:Strait of Gibraltar
534:Republic of the Rif
2685:History of Tétouan
2631:35.0000°N 4.5000°W
2495:José Millán-Astray
2438:Henry de Bournazel
2367:Sidi Ahmed El Hiba
1699:Tres años de lucha
1649:, pp. 330–31.
1233:
1225:
1102:
1024:(POUM), advocated
960:
887:
869:
739:
650:
549:Kingdom of Morocco
2610:
2609:
2534:
2533:
2337:Mohammed Ameziane
2258:Rif War (1921–26)
1861:978-0-367-31182-7
1513:, pp. 14–16.
1309:Spanish Civil War
1142:, Morocco gained
994:Spanish Civil War
984:Spanish Civil War
978:Spanish Civil War
937:Alhucemas landing
930:Spanish Civil War
708:of 8 April 1904:
696:and south of the
674:Concert of Europe
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
540:
539:
369:High Commissioner
353:• 1927–1956
341:• 1912–1927
314:Absolute monarchy
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
2707:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:35.0000; -4.5000
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2510:Francisco Franco
2490:Dámaso Berenguer
2480:José Marina Vega
2357:Mhand n'Ifrutant
2327:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2166:
2111:
2102:
2073:
2072:. London: Hurst.
2064:
2053:10.2307/20039116
2035:
2025:
2015:
1974:
1933:
1923:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
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1795:
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1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1711:Landis, Arthur H
1696:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1670:Porch, Douglas;
1668:
1662:
1661:, p. 10–11.
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1438:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1098:Manuel Fernández
1094:Dámaso Berenguer
1091:
1010:Francisco Franco
884:Berthier carbine
707:
704:Entente cordiale
599:, bordering the
558:
557:
550:
544:
543:
535:
529:
528:
522:
521:
506:
505:
434:27 November 1912
429:Treaty of Madrid
391:
236:
216:
199:
185:
167:
159:
158:
153:
145:
134:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2645:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2585:
2530:
2526:Mohamed Meziane
2514:
2458:
2454:Thami El Glaoui
2442:
2433:Philippe Pétain
2401:
2382:Assou Oubasslam
2318:
2262:
2216:
2198:
2193:
2119:
2117:Further reading
2114:
2105:
2076:
2067:
2041:Foreign Affairs
2038:
2023:
2018:
2004:10.2307/1780966
1977:
1963:10.2307/1780445
1936:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1862:
1854:. : ROUTLEDGE.
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1767:
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1755:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1717:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1618:10.2307/2212123
1603:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1478:
1455:10.2307/2212275
1440:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1210:
1194:
1186:Main articles:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1085:
1083:Santiago Tablas
1075:
1055:
1049:
1041:Francoist Spain
990:
980:
945:
891:First World War
857:
847:
774:Saguia el-Hamra
686:
642:
637:
555:
548:
533:
526:
483:
470:
457:
444:
431:
416:Interwar period
398:
387:
384:
354:
342:
316:
302:
298:
279:
275:
271:
239:
227:
220:Spanish Morocco
207:
206:
205:
200:
192:
191:
189:Merchant Ensign
186:
168:
161:
154:
147:
139:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2713:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:Spanish Africa
2647:
2646:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2519:Spanish allies
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:Hubert Lyautey
2415:
2413:Charles Mangin
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2397:Beni Ouryaghel
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2103:
2074:
2065:
2036:
2016:
1975:
1934:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1875:
1860:
1840:
1828:Newspapers.com
1815:
1803:Newspapers.com
1790:
1778:Newspapers.com
1765:
1753:Newspapers.com
1740:
1728:
1715:
1691:
1689:, p. 145.
1676:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1596:
1594:, p. 7–8.
1579:
1570:
1535:(2): 301–322.
1515:
1503:
1491:
1489:, p. 143.
1476:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1343:
1340:Morocco portal
1327:
1324:
1209:
1208:Administration
1206:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1124:Spanish Sahara
1074:
1071:
1048:
1045:
979:
976:
944:
941:
889:Following the
846:
843:
826:Spanish Sahara
766:French Algeria
685:
682:
678:forward policy
641:
638:
636:
633:
619:. The city of
601:Spanish Sahara
584:into a formal
568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
552:
541:
538:
537:
530:
518:
517:
512:
502:
501:
499:Spanish peseta
496:
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
478:
475:
474:
471:
465:
462:
461:
458:
452:
449:
448:
445:
439:
436:
435:
432:
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
413:
412:Historical era
409:
408:
405:
404:
399:
396:
393:
392:
385:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
371:
365:
364:
361:
360:
355:
352:
349:
348:
343:
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
323:
322:
311:
307:
306:
292:
288:
287:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
237:
229:
228:
217:
209:
208:
201:
194:
193:
187:
180:
179:
178:
175:
174:
170:
169:
140:
137:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2712:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:José Sanjurjo
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:French allies
2445:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Ma al-'Aynayn
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:(3): 519–27.
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:(6): 409–19.
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:(5): 329–49.
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1841:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1418:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1389:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1344:
1341:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:amin al-umana
1266:
1265:amin al-amlak
1262:
1258:
1257:qadi al-qudat
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:anti-colonial
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
989:
985:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
957:
953:
949:
942:
940:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:
882:and a French
881:
877:
873:
866:
861:
856:
852:
844:
842:
840:
839:
833:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
761:Ottoman Libya
758:
752:
749:
743:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
714:
709:
706:
705:
699:
695:
691:
683:
681:
679:
675:
670:
667:
663:
659:
655:
646:
639:
634:
632:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
553:
551:
546:
545:
542:
536:
531:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
500:
497:
493:
489:
485:
482:
472:
469:
459:
456:
446:
443:
433:
430:
417:
414:
410:
406:
403:
400:
390:
386:
372:
370:
362:
359:
356:
347:
344:
330:
328:
320:
315:
312:
308:
305:
301:
296:
293:
289:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
266:
262:
259:
256:
252:
249:
246:
242:
235:
230:
225:
221:
215:
210:
204:
198:
190:
184:
176:
171:
165:
151:
144:
135:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2612:
2362:Ali Amhaouch
2352:Moha ou Said
2211:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2107:
2086:
2082:
2069:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2027:
1987:
1983:
1946:
1942:
1929:
1925:
1897:, retrieved
1888:
1878:
1850:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:
1743:
1736:Pennell 2001
1731:
1723:
1718:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1671:
1666:
1659:Woolman 1968
1654:
1642:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1592:Woolman 1968
1573:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1511:Woolman 1968
1506:
1501:, p. 3.
1494:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1388:
1371:
1354:Spain portal
1313:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1283:. The first
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1236:
1234:
1204:were built.
1195:
1177:
1148:
1109:
1103:
1063:World War II
1056:
1047:World War II
1038:
991:
961:
934:
932:of 1936–39.
919:
888:
851:Rif Republic
837:
834:
819:
788:
786:
754:
747:
745:
740:
711:
687:
680:in Morocco.
671:
666:Montero Ríos
651:
629:
590:
586:protectorate
573:
571:
515:Succeeded by
514:
509:
486:7 April 1956
319:protectorate
248:Protectorate
219:
203:Coat of arms
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2634: /
2377:Abd el-Krim
2093:: 129–158.
1899:19 February
1401:; Spanish:
1086: [
899:Abd el-Krim
880:Mauser 1893
865:Chefchaouen
807:Abd el Aziz
694:Sebou River
510:Preceded by
300:Catholicism
2649:Categories
2619:35°00′00″N
2323:Key people
2089:. Bilbao:
1932:(1): 1–15.
1870:1246285593
1833:13 January
1808:13 January
1783:13 January
1758:13 January
1687:Vilar 2005
1487:Vilar 2005
1429:References
1196:After the
1159:occupation
1140:Río de Oro
803:the Sultan
797:, visited
795:Wilhelm II
698:Sous River
640:Background
358:Mohammed V
310:Government
297:(majority)
270:(official)
112:April 2017
82:newspapers
2622:4°30′00″W
2463:Spaniards
2330:Moroccans
2099:1130-2402
1703:José Díaz
1634:246003039
1565:159817508
1549:0022-0094
1471:246007581
1373:Regulares
1182:Transport
1163:Gibraltar
1136:Sidi Ifni
1116:Cape Juby
1006:regulares
988:Regulares
956:Cape Juby
822:Cape Juby
757:Gibraltar
684:Formation
597:Cape Juby
460:July 1936
291:Religion
224:Cape Juby
173:1912–1956
2539:Treaties
2387:Aït Atta
2131:El Ahram
2061:20039116
2034:: 15–46.
1893:archived
1392:Arabic:
1326:See also
1267:and the
1132:Ifni War
748:presides
729:, 1902,
617:Ifni War
495:Currency
2392:Zayanes
2267:Battles
2012:1780966
1992:Bibcode
1971:1780445
1951:Bibcode
1910:Sources
1626:2212123
1463:2212275
1316:Tétouan
1285:Khalifa
1281:Khalifa
1277:Khalifa
1273:Khalifa
1253:Makhzen
1241:Spanish
1237:Khalifa
1218:Tétouan
1169:Economy
1155:Melilla
1144:Tarfaya
1067:Italian
1061:during
1059:Tangier
915:Rif War
876:Berbers
855:Rif War
845:Rif War
799:Tangier
778:exclave
770:Tangier
662:Melilla
635:History
621:Tangier
605:Morocco
582:Morocco
481:Morocco
466:•
453:•
442:Rif War
440:•
427:•
317:(under
304:Judaism
285:Haketia
281:Tetuani
268:Spanish
254:Capital
150:Spanish
96:scholar
2590:Crises
2406:French
2097:
2059:
2010:
1969:
1889:Africa
1868:
1858:
1632:
1624:
1563:
1557:260149
1555:
1547:
1469:
1461:
1245:Jalifa
1016:. The
968:Tetuán
922:Annual
893:, the
830:Tetuán
790:Kaiser
751:Spain.
733:, and
373:
331:
327:Sultan
277:Arabic
273:Berber
258:Tetuán
244:Status
164:Arabic
160:
146:
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
2057:JSTOR
2024:(PDF)
2008:JSTOR
1967:JSTOR
1922:(PDF)
1709:; by
1630:S2CID
1622:JSTOR
1561:S2CID
1553:JSTOR
1467:S2CID
1459:JSTOR
1380:Notes
1302:Quran
1261:Habus
1249:dahir
1174:Mines
1151:Ceuta
1090:]
838:qadis
658:Ceuta
346:Yusef
295:Islam
103:JSTOR
89:books
2221:Wars
2095:ISSN
1901:2022
1866:OCLC
1856:ISBN
1835:2023
1810:2023
1785:2023
1760:2023
1545:ISSN
1190:and
1153:and
1120:Ifni
1096:and
1020:and
992:The
986:and
972:Ifni
853:and
782:Ifni
735:1912
731:1904
727:1900
723:1885
660:and
572:The
75:news
2049:doi
2000:doi
1959:doi
1614:doi
1537:doi
1451:doi
1138:to
903:Rif
780:of
283:or
58:by
2651::
2087:30
2085:.
2081:.
2055:.
2045:43
2043:.
2032:36
2030:.
2026:.
2006:.
1998:.
1988:55
1986:.
1982:.
1965:.
1957:.
1947:55
1945:.
1941:.
1928:.
1924:.
1887:,
1864:.
1826:.
1801:.
1776:.
1751:.
1701:,
1679:^
1628:.
1620:.
1608:.
1582:^
1559:.
1551:.
1543:.
1533:10
1531:.
1527:.
1479:^
1465:.
1457:.
1445:.
1405:,
1322:.
1243::
1118:,
1092:,
1088:es
917:.
832:.
793:,
725:,
627:.
588:.
2188:e
2181:t
2174:v
2133:.
2101:.
2063:.
2051::
2014:.
2002::
1994::
1973:.
1961::
1953::
1930:3
1872:.
1837:.
1812:.
1787:.
1762:.
1738:.
1636:.
1616::
1610:6
1567:.
1539::
1473:.
1453::
1447:7
1239:(
1100:.
867:.
737:.
321:)
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166:)
162:(
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148:(
125:)
119:(
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110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
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