370:
1804:), in which he showcases the theater company of Shakespeare, which is to represent a drama that unintentionally mirrors the reality of the actors' lives. Yorick discovers through jealous fellow actor Walton that Alicia, who plays the role of unfaithful wife in the work, is unfaithful to him in reality as well. In his quest for revenge, Walton is determined to let Yorick know that Alicia loves Edmundo and, when he opportunely gets the evidence he needs, he substitutes Edmundo's letter to Alicia for the prop letter and presents it to Yorick during the performance. At this point Yorick is enmeshed in both the play he is presenting and the drama of his own discovery and kills Edmundo on stage before the audience. Finally Shakespeare explains to the audience what has happened: the play cannot go on because Yorick got so involved in his stage role that he killed his rival. Shakespeare also reveals, without implicating himself, that Walton is dead as well, having been found stabbed outside on the street.
1945:
344:(1880). In this essay on literary criticism, he maintains that the novelist is an observer and an experimenter. From the point of view of the observer, the writer offers the facts as he has seen them, and establishes the environment which the characters inhabit and where the facts are developed. From the point of view of the experimenter, the novelist "institutes the experience," moving the characters through a particular story to show that the succession of events will occur in conformity with the demands of determinism.
629:("Mountainous scenes"). Later, he would find his ideal formula for the novel, imbuing that costumbrism with a vision which conveyed his love for the landscape and the people of the mountains, with their passions and their characteristic language. In his first novels of this type ("idyllic novel"), he depicted the peacefulness and ignorance of rustic people confronting the political machinations of modern life (
280:
733:
543:
2041:
In 1877 she published
Penitentiary Studies. Arenal's achievements were extraordinary in a largely traditional Spain, focusing her work on those marginalised in society. She wrote not only extensively on the state of prisons for both men and women, but also on the role of women in society in works such as
1620:
The
Spanish Realist theater contains a wide spectrum of works, from the most conservative and non-critical positions to the most progressive and acid ones: from the high comedy of Adelardo LĂłpez de Ayala and Ventura de la Vega, to the ethically overwrought theater of Benito PĂ©rez GaldĂłs and the sharp
1287:
Vicente Blasco Ibåñez was born in
Valencia in 1867. He harbored radical republican ideas for which he was repeatedly arrested and finally exiled. He was a deputy during seven sessions of the national legislature. In 1909 he left for Argentina in search of fortune, but his attempt failed. He supported
1191:
individuals find themselves in conflict with their own consciences (particularly its protagonist Ana Ozores, whose character is similar to Emma Bovary, except that she comes across as more sympathetic and less conniving). Characters find themselves conflicted by duty and desire. ClarĂn's portrayal of
554:
From his beginnings, Valera was opposed to
Romanticism, because of its extremism, as much as he was to Realism, because they prevented him from totally realizing his vision. He only adopted a realist position when he chose real settings (like his native Andalusia) and lifelike characters, although he
2040:
In 1872 she founded the
Construction Beneficiary, a society dedicated to building cheap houses for workers. She also worked with the Red Cross helping the injured of the Carlist War, working in a hospital in Miranda de Ebro, later being named Secretary General of the Red Cross between 1871 and 1872.
1964:
The work of Menéndez y Pelayo is very extensive and demonstrates a great capacity for synthesizing data. In his books his love for Spain and a passionate
Catholicism are in evidence. He tried to reconstruct all the historical past of Spain, with a revisionist purpose that on several occasions placed
550:
Juan Valera y AlcalĂĄ-Galiano (Cabra, CĂłrdoba, October 1824 â Madrid, April 1905) belonged to an aristocratic family. He carried out diplomatic missions in several countries and held important political positions. His career as a novelist began when he was around fifty years old. In his last years he
402:
are the contrast between traditional farming values and modern urban values, the exodus from the field to the city and inherent social and moral contrasts, the fight for social ascent and moral and economic success, women's dissatisfaction with restrictions against their working outside of the home,
336:
concept of people as not morally responsible for their actions and the situations in which they are found, because these are determined by the environment and heredity. While the realist writer is conscious of what occurs, the naturalist investigates its cause and effect. Alcoholics, the insane, and
176:
was used for the first time in 1850, referring to painting, but was later adopted by literature, in which it was applied mainly to the novel. One of the reasons for the popular success of novels was their publication in newspapers in installments, conceived as a tactic to encourage the public to buy
1952:
Menéndez y Pelayo was perhaps the preeminent figure of
Spanish culture in the 19th century, master of the history of ideas, history, and the contemporary criticism. He was born in Santander in 1856 and he studied in several countries. When he was twenty-two years old he was awarded an endowed chair
1048:
Luis Coloma (Jerez de la
Frontera, January 1851 - Madrid, 1914) was the son of a famous doctor. At twelve years old he entered the preparatory Naval academy of San Fernando (1863), but later left and received a master's degree in Law from the University of Seville, although he never got to practice
2032:
until
Fernando's death in 1859. Penniless she was forced to sell all her possessions in Armaño and moved into the house of violinist and composer JesĂșs de Monasterio in Potes, Cantabria, where in 1859 she founded the feminist group Conference of Saint Vincent de Paul in order to help the poor. Two
890:
Later, between 1881 and 1915, he published 24 novels, which represent a "human comedy" of the daily life of Madrid. They maintained progressive, but less provocative, themes. These books focus on the
Spanish middle class, portrayed with precision and a certain melancholy. Significant works of this
2036:
In later years she published poetry books and essays such as "Letters to delinquents" (1865), "Ode against slavery" (1866), "Convicts, the people and the executioner" and "The execution of the death sentence" (1867). In 1868 she was named Inspector of Women's Correctional Houses and in 1871 began
1461:
Poetry is the rhythmic representation of a thought by means of an image, and expressed in a language that can be said in prose neither with more naturalness nor with fewer words... Only rhythm should separate the language of verse from the typical one of prose... Given my antipathy toward art for
980:
in 1851. Only child of the Count and Countess of Pardo BazĂĄn, she got married at age seventeen and she settled in Madrid. She was a woman of great culture, she took many trips abroad, and an endowed chair in the Department of Literature at the University of Madrid was created for her. She died in
868:
In his first epoch (1867â1878), GaldĂłs vigorously wrote against intolerance and hypocrisy. His novels feature young male protagonists who confront the hostile atmosphere of provincial cities. Ironically, his writing at this time demonstrates the same narrow-mindedness that he condemns, from the
1688:
Echegaray tried to combine two incompatible elements: an exaggerated romanticism with the latent positivism and realism of his time. This results in a theater of contemporary custom, using the Romantic method, in which, according to critics, he goes too far in his use of tragic and pathetic
1641:
or "theater by the hour". It was fundamentally a theater of middle class evasion of social problems, avoiding the creation of crises of conscience for the bourgeoisie. Alongside this, it tried to revitalize the old fashioned conservative value of honor through initiatives to revive romantic
1362:
because he shares with the French novelist a subversive attitude, a predilection for squalid environs, and a preoccupation with biological inheritance. He writes intensely and his style can be described as coarse, although it does not lack images of purity. Although a contemporary of the
391:, a consequence of the international blossoming of the genre as an expression of the middle class's rising political power, obtained through successive revolutions (1789, 1820, 1830, 1848). The values and inquietudes of the middle-class are reflected in the mirror of Realist literature:
1142:
ClarĂn had great prestige as a literary critic. His articles demonstrate his great knowledge and sound judgment (expressed on many occasions through scathing sarcasm). His articles, which made him a feared authority in the Spanish literary panorama, were compiled in volumes such as
1453:. With them he tried to break with Romanticism, creating a poetry in accordance with the moment: prosaic, simple, skeptical and in some cases ironic, with a moral that is usually trivial. Today it is considered to be simple by scholars. Campoamor explained his innovative ideas in
887:, one of his more prominent novels of the first epoch, is the story of a tragic relationship between a blind man and an ignorant, ugly girl. The girl flees when her loved one recovers his sight, afraid to show her face to him; she dies, heartbroken, when he marries another woman.
2033:
years later the Academy of Moral Sciences and Politics awarded her a prize for her work "Beneficence, philanthropy and charity". It was the first time the Academy gave the prize to a woman. She also attended political and literary debates, unheard of at the time for a woman.
562:(1874), mostly written in epistolary form. In this work, the story of a widow is told. The widow agrees with a father that his son should be taken away from town to keep him away from her and to allow him to pursue his aspiration to the priesthood. Other important works are
1300:), a novel of great worldwide success. He led the life of a cosmopolitan millionaire and many of his stories were adapted for Hollywood. He died in 1928 in Menton, CĂŽte d'Azur, France. His remains were transferred to Valencia in 1933, where they were received triumphantly.
1743:
Manuel Tamayo y Baus (1829â1898) was born in Madrid. He was the son of actors and he married the daughter of the famous actor Isidoro MĂĄiquez. He was in permanent contact with the theater and he covered a great variety of subjects in his works. He wrote classic tragedies
1375:
While it is true that towards the second half of the 19th century the novel evolved quickly towards Realism, this did not happen to poetry and to drama, whose transformation was less violent and still continued to be infused with Romanticism until the end of the century.
953:
and many of his novels and plays was significant. Critics and writers of his time considered him to be a genius, although his outspoken views on religion, social policies and politics stimulated strong opposition from political and religious authority figures. The
177:
the newspaper daily. The attitude of the realistic writer is analytical and critical, and usually remains objective. The important novels of the 19th century focused on social character, leading the writers to consider themselves to be "historians of the present".
1656:
JosĂ© Echegaray (1832â1916) was born in Madrid and occupied high political positions. He was a civil engineer, as well as a director of a civil engineering school. He alternated the study of mathematical and scientific problems (on which he published two books:
941:(The Grandfather), which was adapted into a 1998 film by José Luis Garci. Galdós's theater works are characterized by sincerity and non-conformism; although contemporary at the time they were written, some of his theater works sound dated by current standards.
360:
have been considered naturalistic, but that has been explicitly rejected by the majority of literary critics. The line between Spanish Naturalism and Realism is difficult to distinguish due to the infrequent adoption of explicit theories among Spanish artists.
1280:
1379:
This late Romanticism is more apparent than real; sometimes it lacks depth and the lyric exaltation to which the true romantic abandoned himself. This is due to the social reality of the moment: the time in which the bourgeoisie would consolidate the
457:. Realism reached its maximum splendor in the second half of the 19th century with authors such as Juan Valera, JosĂ© MarĂa de Pereda, and Benito PĂ©rez GaldĂłs, although it never established a canon as rigorous as that produced by the school of Balzac.
685:) in 1833. He was one of the authors principally responsible for the domination of realism over romantic prose at that time. He was a politician as well as a writer, and his ideology evolved from liberal positions to more traditional ones.
417:
through direct observation of customs or psychological characters, eliminating subjective aspects and fantastic events. According to GaldĂłs and ClarĂn respectively, "The novel is the image of life," as well as "an artistic copy of
2045:(1869), The education of women, The current state of women in Spain, The work of women, The woman of the house (1883) and domestic service. It is this work which made her known as the founder of the feminist movement in Spain.
1183:, it physically and morally depicts Vetusta (which was modeled on his hometown of Oviedo) as a prototypical Spanish city steeped in tradition. Alas employed naturalistic techniques, but he did not paint squalid environs as did
1391:
The most representative writers are Gaspar NĂșñez de Arce and RamĂłn de Campoamor, sometimes considered as opponents of Romanticism, because Romanticism was still in its final throes as is evidenced in the classic works of
615:
deputy, although later he dedicated himself to the cultivation of his lands and to literature. He maintained a friendship with GaldĂłs, despite their opposing political ideologies. He died in 1906 in his home town.
369:
2027:
ConcepciĂłn Arenal was a Spanish feminist writer and activist. She was also a pioneer and founder of the feminist movement in Spain. ConcepciĂłn Arenal and her husband collaborated closely on the liberal newspaper
1422:, in 1817, and died in 1901. He belonged to the Moderate Party, and was an employee of the Treasury, governor of three Spanish provinces and a deputy in Parliament. He wrote treatises on philosophical subjects (
347:
In Spain, the contradictions between naturalistic theories and religious beliefs reduced Naturalism's manifestation. Some critics even wondered whether Naturalism in the strictest sense ever occurred in Spain.
1462:
art's sake and the special language of Classicism, it has been my consistent effort to arrive at art by idea and to express this in the common language, revolutionizing the basis for and the look of poetry.
1134:
ideas, but soon tired of politics. In 1892, a crisis of conscience renewed his faith in God, although he would not adhere to the extremes of Catholic orthodoxy. He died in Oviedo in 1901.
1673:) with his production of dramatic poetry, which, according to LĂĄzaro Carreter, "gives him a certain systematic bluntness that shows poetic effort more than poetic instinct". In 1904 the
1603:
JoaquĂn Bartrina (1850â1880): Born in Barcelona, he took the humor and the ordinariness of RamĂłn de Campoamor to the extreme, to which he added a materialistic pessimism, in his work
407:
and folletinesque and sentimental fantasy appear, as ways to escape the relentless Realism of the era. There are two main tendencies in Realism: the progressive and the conservative.
155:" and literary imagination grew tired of fanciful and colorful depictions, artists and authors began to focus more objectively on people, actions, and society. The main precursor was
577:
retained a deep respect for him. Today he is considered by many critics as the best Spanish prose writer of the 19th century, while recognizing the creative superiority of GaldĂłs.
1122:, where he lost faith in God. From then on he would live in permanent spiritual conflict, which is evident in his work. At the age of twenty-three, he began to use the pseudonym
1384:. This society, which was laying the foundations of Capitalism and was taking the first steps of industrialization in the country, did not leave room for the people who admired
1257:), in which he narrates the adventures that precede the marriage of a Galician doctor with the protagonist, a nun without vocation who does not renew her vows. Also notable is
519:. The movement's most exalted and ardent defenders were Benito Perez GaldĂłs and Emilia Pardo BazĂĄn, who provoked one of the most furious conflicts with her 1883 publication of
637:). He defended a thesis that nowadays few would accept: like father, like son. The novel ends as Pereda decides to abandon the explicit defense of any argument. Stories like
700:). For a time he was a travel writer, relating several of his trips in his articles. His religious novels stood out among his other writings, the most popular of all being
962:, for example, nicknamed him "Don Benito el garbancero" or the chick-pea man. However, it can be argued that the only vulgarity was found in the lives that he described.
145:
movement waned and a new literary movement arose in Europe: Realism. This new approach grew out of the 1850 French reaction to selected aspects of Romanticism, mainly
1238:, a realistic picture of the customs and manners of seafaring folk. After the death of JosĂ© MarĂa de Pereda in 1905, Palacio ValdĂ©s assumed Pereda's position in the
1249:, in which the two Biblical sisters are transported to a contemporary setting and fight against the false mysticism of the time. The most popular of his works is
756:, a strong influence on his later work. He declared himself to be progressive and anticlerical, but this did not prevent him from forging close friendships with
764:, of opposite ideologies. Although he defined himself as a republican, little by little his radicalism tempered, and he maintained a personal friendship with
1816:
Adelardo LĂłpez de Ayala (1828â1865): He occupied high political positions (Minister and President of the Congress). He developed high comedy with works like
793:(National Episodes), a sprawling opus of 46 volumes in five distinct series. They depict a broad representation of contemporary Spanish history between the
708:), written in 1875; in this novel he defended the Jesuits, which was very controversial. His most popular work, and the one by which he is remembered, is
573:
Juan Valera was a liberal politician and a religious skeptic. He used a simple, although non-vulgar, literary language. When he died, the writers of the
1479:
Gaspar NĂșñez de Arce (1834â1903) was born in Valladolid. He was governor of Logroño, parliamentary deputy, senator of the Cortes, and foreign minister.
1016:, the most naturalist of her novels, where she describes the hard proletarian life in a tobacco factory. Of greatest importance to her reputation are
165:, imposed a moral and social objective on the novel. This purpose, which became the almost exclusive concern of the writers of the time, soon led to
570:. This third novel recounts the idyll of Don Paco, a fiftyish man, with the protagonist, who wishes to redeem herself through an honest marriage.
1001:
in this work, she defends a realist point of view and confronts those who maintain that the only purpose of evil in literature is to defeat it.
768:. In 1910 he began to lose his eyesight, and the expenses of his numerous paramours brought him to near-ruin. The Spanish government sought the
655:
seem antiquated today. In spite of that, JosĂ© MarĂa de Pereda is considered a great narrator, possessed of great descriptive and epic capacity.
860:. The last series depicted events experienced by GaldĂłs himself, but the work was unfinished and it is seldom a topic of study or discussion.
1642:
historical drama. These are exemplified by the works of Manuel Tamayo y Baus and by the Neo-Romanticism of the mathematician José Echegaray.
1192:
the city was considered insulting by many. The novel was quickly condemned by the Church, although with the passage of time, ClarĂn and the
737:
670:
1103:
254:
689:
1154:
He also wrote short stories and novellas; he published more than seventy short works. Among the first short stories that he composed,
2165:
2151:
2137:
2123:
2109:
2095:
710:
453:
already existed. Furthermore, relevant themes were extant in that cornerstone of Spanish and world literature, Miguel de Cervantes'
483:
sought to imprint in his Realist works. They do share a spirit of subversiveness and struggle in the face of conservative ideology.
337:
psychopaths are prevalent in Zola's works, predicated on his belief that the environment was the source of many of society's ills.
1303:
Blasco produced an enormous number of novels. Works set in Valencia, so intensely loved by the writer, stand out. Among these are
1958:
592:
226:
60:
537:
491:
1491:
36:
1939:
1004:
Her style was energetic and she profoundly explored difficult social problems. Her most important works were novels such as
1629:
reflected the most conservative mores of the bourgeois public. Costumbrismo had a new beginning, through genres like the
503:
s in Asturias. Benito Perez GaldĂłs's tendency to set his stories in Madrid, an urban environment, is a notable exception.
84:
959:
555:
rejected the less attractive aspects of reality, which ran contrary to the credo of the naturalists and some realists.
507:
Naturalism in Spain, as it did in France, also had its detractors, sometimes provoking great controversies. Naturalist
2187:
1381:
1069:
821:
798:
794:
238:
222:
190:
28:
1274:
664:
508:
476:
324:, looks for the cause of social problems in society, and of the individual's problems in biological heredity. Thus,
1926:, Marcos Zapata, Ricardo de la Vega, José López Silva and Miguel Ramos Carrión stand out; and among the authors of
1474:
958:
were strongly influenced by his writing, although they rebelled against his "chabacanerĂa" or perceived vulgarity;
761:
749:
608:
586:
512:
487:
250:
142:
68:
52:
1944:
1521:). He is also often accused of using rhetoric that is too facile. He also wrote stories or legends in verse, like
1954:
1393:
1239:
1213:
1050:
773:
727:
462:
357:
194:
1012:), which narrates the story of a marriage between a mature man and a young, uncultured, but wealthy woman; or
440:
which acquire great importance because they locate characters firmly in the environment reflected in the text.
1513:), where he endeavored to create a civic and patriotic poetry) in exalted speeches of philosophical musings (
1888:
998:
820:. In almost all of them, the protagonist is Gabriel Araceli, a young man who lives during the climax of the
325:
274:
166:
234:
1678:
1226:
and finished his baccalaureate in Oviedo; he pursued a career as an attorney in Madrid. He was editor of
1409:
1385:
1158:(1879), which tells of the misfortunes of a picaresque figure from Oviedo, stands out. Also notable is
971:
472:
349:
160:
152:
1187:; instead, what predominates is a sense of pessimism, tempered by touches of tenderness and irony. In
352:, commonly considered to be naturalist, addresses Naturalism's reception in Spain in her 1883 article
2022:
1738:
1397:
1364:
1127:
1077:
955:
857:
789:
757:
600:
574:
246:
218:
110:
94:
752:
in 1843. He studied law in Madrid. He later lived in Paris, where he was intrigued by the novels of
479:, clear naturalistic influences exist, but without the scientific and experimental foundations that
925:
Late in life, PĂ©rez GaldĂłs began a career as a dramatic playwright. His most notable plays include
901:
753:
425:
156:
44:
2066:
1495:
1022:
682:
19:
742:
2161:
2147:
2133:
2119:
2105:
2091:
1851:
1651:
845:
377:
1689:
situations. Crises of conscience and ideological problems predominate as themes in his work.
1597:
JosĂ© Velarde (1849â1892): as Emilio Ferrari, also followed in the footsteps of NĂșñez de Arce.
2060:
1193:
871:
450:
399:
290:
210:
131:
189:
experienced one of the most tumultuous periods of its history. The century opened with the
1505:
NĂșñez de Arce was a careful poet, yet his poems are loaded with political artifice (as in
1245:
Palacio ValdĂ©s was a good friend of ClarĂn. He wrote several important novels, among them
1085:
1068:. In the first he pens a critique of the high Madrid society in the years previous to the
1034:), with Galician characters and landscapes, with fast-moving and sometimes violent plots.
748:
GaldĂłs is considered to be the most representative writer of the movement. He was born in
715:
424:
the narrators write their works focusing reality through their moral conception, using an
1927:
1638:
1634:
772:
for him, but was opposed by a significant portion of the Spanish populace, including the
2054:
1622:
1553:
Although less important, there were also other poets who followed realism, among them:
896:
317:
309:
1965:
him at the center of major controversies (for example, the one originated by his book
2181:
2102:
La novela española de la Restauración (1875-1885): sus formas y enunciados narrativos
2037:
fourteen years of collaboration with the Madrid-based magazine The Voice of Charity.
1961:. When he died in 1912 he left as legacy to Santander his valuable personal library.
1757:
1415:
1359:
1184:
1175:
1131:
1111:
1097:
496:
480:
467:
392:
305:
301:
285:
1957:, and a little later, member of the Real Academia de Historia. He also directed the
1953:
in the University of Madrid. When he was twenty-five he was appointed member of the
1761:
1367:, his worldly spirit differs from the asceticism and the culture of those writers.
1114:
in 1852, although he always felt deeply Asturian. He completed his study of law in
1056:
He promoted literature and had a popular following. He wrote two important novels:
765:
669:
621:
395:, materialism, desire for social ascent, and esteem of daily and immutable things.
262:
214:
147:
1600:
Manuel Reina (1856â1905): imbued his poems with the color of his native Andalusia.
1279:
1102:
1165:
But his reputation as a novelist is exemplified by the only two novels he wrote,
1674:
1289:
1073:
1043:
977:
769:
454:
333:
329:
279:
242:
206:
202:
1973:). For many critics he defined the boundaries of Spanish thought in works like
449:
In Spain, Realism installed itself with extreme facility, since a precedent in
1358:
Valencian works of Blasco are preferred by critics. He has been compared with
645:
belong to this second period. The one that is considered his masterpiece is
604:
321:
313:
1223:
428:. The defense of a thesis usually compromises the objectivity of the novel.
356:(The Burning Question). Additionally, passages of texts by authors such as
804:
The first series, written between 1873 and 1875, includes the episodes of
732:
1923:
1682:
1630:
1499:
1419:
1219:
1200:
is considered to be an exemplar of Spanish Realism, in the same class as
1180:
404:
387:, the best literary fruit of the second half of the 19th century was the
230:
1080:. Later in life he only published writings of a historical nature, like
542:
651:
612:
2005:) (which finishes at the end of the Middle Ages), and the prologue to
1502:. He excelled in the field of poetry, where he was a prolific writer.
1119:
1115:
678:
486:
The Realist novel generally reflects regional settings. For example,
312:(1813â1878), and many distinctive achievements of the modern spirit:
297:
258:
135:
1594:
Emilio Ferrari (1850â1907): from Valladolid, imitated NĂșñez de Arce.
1576:
Vicente Wenceslao Querol (1836â1889): Native of Valencia, author of
1441:
Nevertheless, his most personal creations are his small poems, like
1426:), dramatic plays, and poems of epic and philosophical pretensions (
776:
and the leadership of the Catholic Church. He died, blind, in 1920.
591:
2144:
El naturalismo español: historia externa de un movimiento literario
1557:
Ventura Ruiz Aguilera (1820â1881): Born in Salamanca and author of
316:, experimental methods (Claude Bernard), and theories of heredity (
304:(1840â1902). This style descends from the positivist philosophy of
1943:
1697:) exemplifies these themes. Among his most outstanding works are:
1335:). He reflected his political, social and anti-religious ideas in
1278:
1101:
731:
668:
625:: inclined to realism with aspects of impressionism, he published
590:
541:
388:
384:
368:
278:
186:
127:
1812:
In addition to the mentioned ones, also the following stand out:
692:
as a volunteer and he left written testimony of his experience in
198:
2130:
La novela del siglo XIX: del parto a la crisis de una ideologĂa
403:
and middle-class independence and individualism. The themes of
1591:, a collection of elegies written about the death of his wife.
1355:, a work which deals with family dramas during the Great War.
1230:, where he published articles which he soon after compiled in
1173:; the former is more significant. With clear influences from
434:
such as marital conflicts, infidelity, and defense of ideals.
1989:). With respect to literary history, he wrote works such as
913:(Torquemada in the Inferno), a study of greed and avarice;
221:(1833â1868), was overthrown in the revolution of 1868, the
1902:
Leopoldo Cano (1844â1934): His most outstanding works are
558:
His importance is due to his novels; the first of them is
130:
during the second half of the 19th century, following the
2116:
Religión y clero en la gran novela española del siglo XIX
566:(which deals with questions of religious vocation) and
1885:), which reflect the bourgeois atmosphere of his time.
917:(Compassion), with people of less-refined upbringing.
599:
JosĂ© MarĂa de Pereda was born in Polanco (province of
410:
The Realist novel of this period is characterized by:
1861:
Enrique Gaspar (1842â1902): Author of comedies like
909:, a dramatic vision of the bureaucracy of the time;
253:. After the death of Alfonso XII, his second wife,
1265:), a dramatic history of a town ruined by mining.
233:(1871â1873) followed. Later, the short era of the
1351:), although his fame is due to a great extent to
2083:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005
1292:(1914â1918); with the war as backdrop, he wrote
611:family, he traveled widely abroad, and he was a
15:
1459:
997:) stands out, and although she does not accept
117:• Literature subsequent to the Civil War
1858:, in which he showed the problems of marriage.
989:Among her studies on contemporary literature,
2088:El Naturalismo y España: Valera frente a Zola
838:The One Hundred Thousand Children of San Luis
801:, which serve as a backdrop for his stories.
718:to write his famous ballet of the same name.
308:(1798â1857), the methods of the physiologist
8:
1625:. Apart from these authors, the interest in
649:(1895), whose descriptive bucolic style and
515:who, impassioned, once described Realism as
261:until 1902, the year in which Alfonso's son
2174:. Buenos Aires: Tiempo ContemporĂĄneo, 1972.
1490:), that deals with the theme of the prince
787:Among the prolific works of GaldĂłs are the
694:Diario de un testigo de la Guerra de Ăfrica
340:Zola introduced the naturalistic theory in
2160:. Pozuelo de AlarcĂłn: Espasa-Calpe, 1992.
1930:, Tomås Luceño and Vital Aza stand out.
714:, published in 1874, that would inspire
1234:(1871). In 1885 he published the novel
1222:, 1853 â Madrid, 1938) was educated in
824:. Later series include volumes such as
213:(Bourbon) dynasty, after the reigns of
619:He began his literary production as a
197:and the "Disaster of '98"âthe loss of
151:. As artistic style rebelled against "
2063:: realism in international literature
1975:Historia de los heterodoxos españoles
1848:), in which he explored moral themes.
1196:established a firm friendship. Today
698:Diary of a Witness to the African War
677:Pedro Antonio de AlarcĂłn was born in
551:was victim of progressive blindness.
7:
2156:Villanueva Prieto, Francisco DarĂo.
1118:. He then obtained his doctorate in
1891:(1845â1897): wrote the rural drama
1587:Federico Balart (1831â1905): wrote
1298:The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
1126:in his work. As a professor at the
937:(whose opening sparked a riot) and
869:opposite ideological perspective. (
641:(epic of Cantabrian fishermen) and
490:'s novels take place in Cantabria,
237:(1873â1874) began, followed by the
229:(1869â1870) and the brief reign of
2090:. Madrid: Pearson Alhambra, 1977.
2057:: general overview of the movement
1979:History of the Heterodox Spaniards
1899:) and theater of regional customs.
1353:Los cuatro jinetes del apocalipsis
1294:Los cuatro jinetes del apocalipsis
1218:Armando Palacio Valdés (Entralgo,
193:against France and ended with the
159:(1799â1850), who, with works like
14:
2069:: evolution of Spanish literature
511:carried on a fierce rivalry with
1983:Historia de la estética española
929:(The Crazy Woman of the House),
438:Colloquial and popular language,
296:This literary movement began in
1999:AntologĂa de los poetas lĂricas
1677:was granted to him, along with
1498:, a subject already treated by
1414:RamĂłn de Campoamor was born in
1049:law. He became a member of the
976:Emilia Pardo BazĂĄn was born in
933:(The Daughter of San QuintĂn),
738:Portrait of Benito PĂ©rez GaldĂłs
445:Realism and Naturalism in Spain
134:movement which predominated in
2158:TeorĂas del realismo literario
2081:Spain: The Root and the Flower
1796:). His most important work is
1691:Un conflicto entre los deberes
834:Los cien mil hijos de San Luis
432:Themes relevant to the reader,
1:
1987:History of Spanish Aesthetics
1053:in 1908 and he died in 1914.
607:) in 1833. He belonged to an
141:In the mid-19th century, the
126:is the literature written in
2017:Feminist movement and Arenal
1934:Criticism: Menéndez y Pelayo
1162:, a classic dramatic idyll.
854:The One of the Sad Destinies
538:Juan Valera y AlcalĂĄ-Galiano
523:("The Throbbing Question").
241:of the BorbĂłn dynasty under
2104:. Barcelona: Puvill, 1979.
1940:Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo
905:, his most important work;
895:(The Bringas Woman), about
631:Don Gonzalo de la Gonzalera
415:Objective vision of reality
376:(1864), by realist painter
2204:
2172:Polémica sobre el realismo
2100:Miralles GarcĂa, Enrique.
2020:
1937:
1736:
1727:Either Madness or Sanctity
1649:
1565:), patriotic legends, and
1472:
1407:
1272:
1211:
1110:Leopoldo Alas was born in
1095:
1041:
969:
750:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
725:
662:
584:
535:
398:The fundamental themes of
365:Characteristics of Realism
272:
124:Spanish Realist literature
2132:. Valencia: Bello, 1976.
2114:Miranda GarcĂa, Soledad.
1991:Las orĂgenes de la novela
1922:Among the librettists of
1482:He wrote dramas, such as
1255:The Nun from San Sulpicio
711:El sombrero de tres picos
185:During the 19th century,
2146:. Madrid: Gredos, 1969.
2118:. Madrid: Pegaso, 1982.
2003:Anthology of Lyric Poets
1671:Scientific Vulgarization
1667:VulgarizaciĂłn cientĂfico
1251:La monja de San Sulpicio
1076:, son of the overthrown
911:Torquemada en la Hoguera
830:The Luggage of King José
673:Pedro Antonio de AlarcĂłn
665:Pedro Antonio de AlarcĂłn
659:Pedro Antonio de AlarcĂłn
509:Pedro Antonio de AlarcĂłn
249:, after the uprising of
881:La Familia de LeĂłn Roch
688:He participated in the
635:De tal palo tal astilla
527:The novel: main authors
465:, and later in that of
275:Naturalism (literature)
1955:Real Academia Española
1949:
1780:) and social theater (
1488:The bundle of firewood
1464:
1436:El licenciado Torralba
1394:Gustavo Adolfo BĂ©cquer
1284:
1240:Real Academia Española
1214:Armando Palacio Valdés
1208:Armando Palacio Valdés
1107:
1106:Leopoldo Alas "ClarĂn"
1092:Leopoldo Alas (ClarĂn)
991:La cuestiĂłn palpitante
960:RamĂłn del Valle-InclĂĄn
745:
674:
596:
547:
521:La cuestiĂłn palpitante
380:
354:La cuestiĂłn palpitante
342:The Experimental Novel
300:and its initiator was
293:
2086:López Jiménez, Luis.
2043:La Mujer del Porvenir
2011:Works of Lope de Vega
2007:Obras de Lope de Vega
1947:
1871:Las personas decentes
1711:The Stain That Cleans
1283:Vicente Blasco Ibåñez
1282:
1275:Vicente Blasco Ibåñez
1269:Vicente Blasco Ibåñez
1232:Semblanzas literarias
1130:in 1883, he defended
1105:
826:Equipaje del Rey José
735:
672:
594:
545:
494:'s in Andalusia, and
374:The Third-Class Wagon
372:
282:
2142:Pattison, Walter T.
1995:Origins of the Novel
1748:), romantic dramas (
1739:Manuel Tamayo y Baus
1733:Manuel Tamayo y Baus
1723:O locura, o santidad
1707:La mancha que limpia
1695:Conflict of Interest
1475:Gaspar NĂșñez de Arce
1469:Gaspar NĂșñez de Arce
1128:University of Oviedo
995:The Burning Question
945:Importance of GaldĂłs
790:Episodios Nacionales
762:JosĂ© MarĂa de Pereda
690:SpanishâMoroccan War
595:JosĂ© MarĂa de Pereda
587:JosĂ© MarĂa de Pereda
581:JosĂ© MarĂa de Pereda
575:Generation of the 98
513:JosĂ© MarĂa de Pereda
422:Defense of a thesis:
245:(1874â1885), son of
195:SpanishâAmerican War
1971:The Spanish Science
1967:La ciencia española
1959:Biblioteca Nacional
1889:JosĂ© FeliĂș y Codina
1854:(1844â1926): wrote
1830:The Glass Tile Roof
1826:El tejado de vidrio
1818:El tanto por ciento
1782:Incidentes de honor
1754:The Madness of Love
1382:Restoration of 1875
1202:Fortunata y Jacinta
1086:Don Juan de Austria
1072:) in the figure of
1070:Bourbon Restoration
1028:La madre naturaleza
931:Hija de San Quintin
902:Fortunata y Jacinta
822:War of Independence
795:War of Independence
728:Benito PĂ©rez GaldĂłs
722:Benito Perez GaldĂłs
426:omniscient narrator
358:Benito PĂ©rez GaldĂłs
223:Glorious Revolution
205:in America and the
191:War of Independence
45:Miguel de Cervantes
29:Medieval literature
20:Literature of Spain
2188:Spanish literature
2067:Spanish literature
1950:
1908:The Passion Flower
1879:Las circunstancias
1790:Los hombres buenos
1786:Incidents of Honor
1750:La locura del amor
1432:El drama universal
1410:RamĂłn de Campoamor
1404:RamĂłn de Campoamor
1386:art for art's sake
1325:Among Orange Trees
1288:the Allies during
1285:
1108:
1023:The House of Ulloa
1018:Los pazos de Ulloa
1006:Un viaje de novios
972:Emilia Pardo BazĂĄn
966:Emilia Pardo BazĂĄn
949:The impact of the
927:La Loca de la Casa
746:
675:
627:Escenas montañosas
597:
548:
381:
350:Emilia Pardo BazĂĄn
294:
181:Historical context
153:art for art's sake
2023:ConcepciĂłn Arenal
2013:), among others.
1948:Menéndez y Pelayo
1883:The Circumstances
1842:El nuevo Don Juan
1719:The Great Galeoto
1507:Gritos del cobate
1457:, where he says:
1398:RosalĂa de Castro
1365:Generation of '98
1309:Rice and Carriage
1259:El pueblo perdido
956:Generation of '98
951:National Episodes
846:First Carlist War
782:National Episodes
758:Menéndez y Pelayo
451:picaresque novels
121:
120:
111:Generation of '27
95:Generation of '98
2195:
2061:Literary realism
1856:The Gordian Knot
1846:The New Don Juan
1808:Other dramatists
1766:La bola de nieve
1679:Frédéric Mistral
1263:The Lost Village
1194:bishop of Oviedo
1026:) and its sequel
981:Madrid in 1921.
856:), a book about
754:Honoré de Balzac
568:Juanita la Larga
502:
400:literary Realism
265:began to reign.
231:Amadeo de Saboya
217:(1814â1833) and
162:The Human Comedy
157:Honoré de Balzac
16:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2178:
2177:
2076:
2051:
2025:
2019:
1942:
1936:
1810:
1741:
1735:
1715:El gran Galeoto
1663:Popular Science
1659:Ciencia popular
1654:
1648:
1618:
1563:National Echoes
1559:Ecos nacionales
1551:
1477:
1471:
1412:
1406:
1373:
1305:Arroz y tartana
1277:
1271:
1228:Revista Europea
1216:
1210:
1145:Solos de ClarĂn
1140:
1100:
1094:
1046:
1040:
987:
974:
968:
947:
923:
897:social climbing
866:
785:
743:JoaquĂn Sorolla
730:
724:
716:Manuel de Falla
667:
661:
589:
583:
540:
534:
529:
500:
461:In the work of
447:
367:
277:
271:
251:MartĂnez Campos
183:
22:
12:
11:
5:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2170:Many Authors.
2168:
2154:
2140:
2126:
2112:
2098:
2084:
2079:Crow, John A.
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2055:Realism (arts)
2050:
2047:
2021:Main article:
2018:
2015:
1938:Main article:
1935:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1900:
1886:
1867:The Frock Coat
1859:
1852:Eugenio Sellés
1849:
1822:The Percentage
1809:
1806:
1798:Un drama nuevo
1737:Main article:
1734:
1731:
1652:José Echegaray
1650:Main article:
1647:
1646:José Echegaray
1644:
1623:Enrique Gaspar
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1585:
1574:
1550:
1547:
1484:El haz de leña
1473:Main article:
1470:
1467:
1408:Main article:
1405:
1402:
1372:
1369:
1333:Canes and Clay
1321:Entre naranjos
1273:Main article:
1270:
1267:
1212:Main article:
1209:
1206:
1160:AdiĂłs, Cordera
1139:
1136:
1096:Main article:
1093:
1090:
1042:Main article:
1039:
1036:
986:
983:
970:Main article:
967:
964:
946:
943:
922:
919:
891:group include
865:
862:
842:ZumalacĂĄrregui
784:
778:
726:Main article:
723:
720:
663:Main article:
660:
657:
603:, present-day
585:Main article:
582:
579:
560:Pepita Jiménez
536:Main article:
533:
530:
528:
525:
505:
504:
484:
446:
443:
442:
441:
435:
429:
419:
378:Honoré Daumier
366:
363:
318:Charles Darwin
310:Claude Bernard
273:Main article:
270:
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255:MarĂa Cristina
235:First Republic
225:. The rule of
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2166:84-239-1771-1
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2153:
2152:84-249-0279-3
2149:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2138:84-212-0039-9
2135:
2131:
2128:Oleza, Joan.
2127:
2125:
2124:84-85244-09-5
2121:
2117:
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2111:
2110:84-85202-12-0
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2103:
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2096:84-205-0355-X
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1917:
1916:The Butterfly
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:La Pasionaria
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:Decent People
1872:
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1805:
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1799:
1795:
1792:, in English
1791:
1787:
1784:, in English
1783:
1779:
1776:, in English
1775:
1771:
1768:, in English
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:Juana la Loca
1755:
1752:, in English
1751:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1730:
1728:
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1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:The Crazy God
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1349:The Warehouse
1346:
1342:
1341:The Cathedral
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:Cañas y barro
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:The Farmhouse
1314:
1310:
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1247:Marta y MarĂa
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1199:
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1176:Madame Bovary
1172:
1171:Su Ășnico hijo
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1137:
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1098:Leopoldo Alas
1091:
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1051:Real Academia
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1032:Mother Nature
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893:La de Bringas
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872:Doña Perfecta
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477:Blasco Ibåñez
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1770:The Snowball
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647:Peñas arriba
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284:Portrait of
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263:Alfonso XIII
257:assumed the
215:Fernando VII
184:
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148:costumbrismo
146:
140:
123:
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103:Novecentismo
102:
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1912:La mariposa
1838:Consolation
1834:ConsolaciĂłn
1802:A New Drama
1774:Lo positivo
1675:Nobel Prize
1616:The theater
1549:Other poets
1517:, English:
1451:Small poems
1424:El absoluto
1337:La catedral
1290:World War I
1204:by GaldĂłs.
1074:Alfonso XII
1044:Luis Coloma
1038:Luis Coloma
1014:The tribune
1010:A Honeymoon
799:Restoration
770:Nobel Prize
706:The Scandal
546:Juan Valera
532:Juan Valera
492:Juan Valera
473:Pardo BazĂĄn
455:Don Quixote
334:determinist
330:materialist
320:). Zola, a
289:(1868), by
243:Alfonso XII
239:Restoration
207:Philippines
203:Puerto Rico
69:Romanticism
37:Renaissance
2074:References
1981:) and the
1893:La Dolores
1539:El vértigo
1492:Don Carlos
1360:Ămile Zola
1313:La barraca
1198:La Regenta
1189:La Regenta
1167:La Regenta
1132:republican
1058:Pequeñeces
999:naturalism
652:casticismo
643:La puchera
481:Ămile Zola
326:Naturalism
302:Ămile Zola
286:Ămile Zola
269:Naturalism
167:Naturalism
86:Modernismo
1924:zarzuelas
1863:La levita
1764:theater (
1609:Something
1527:An iIdyll
1523:Un idilio
1496:Philip II
1494:, son of
1443:Humoradas
1345:La bodega
1078:Isabel II
939:El Abuelo
885:Marianela
858:Isabel II
806:Trafalgar
605:Cantabria
601:Santander
418:reality."
328:adopts a
322:socialist
314:democracy
247:Isabel II
219:Isabel II
172:The term
2182:Category
2049:See also
1928:sainetes
1756:, about
1746:Virginia
1683:Provence
1631:zarzuela
1589:Dolores
1531:La pesca
1500:Schiller
1420:Asturias
1220:Asturias
1181:Flaubert
1149:Paliques
978:A Coruña
814:Zaragoza
797:and the
639:Sotileza
564:Doña Luz
405:adultery
143:Romantic
109:•
101:•
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75:•
67:•
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1897:Dolores
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1639:sainete
1571:Elegies
1567:ElegĂas
1543:Vertigo
1535:Fishing
1515:La duda
1455:Poética
1447:Doloras
1082:JeromĂn
935:Electra
683:Granada
613:Carlist
609:Hidalgo
517:immoral
259:regency
227:Serrano
174:realist
132:Realist
77:Realism
53:Baroque
2164:
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2094:
2030:Iberia
1910:) and
1877:) and
1840:) and
1665:) and
1637:, the
1582:Rhymes
1537:) and
1371:Poetry
1224:Avilés
1124:ClarĂn
1120:Madrid
1116:Oviedo
1112:Zamora
1064:) and
877:Gloria
864:Novels
848:; and
818:Gerona
810:Bailén
679:Guadix
497:ClarĂn
488:Pereda
475:, and
468:ClarĂn
463:GaldĂłs
298:France
211:BorbĂłn
136:Europe
1578:Rimas
1519:Doubt
1428:ColĂłn
1416:Navia
1343:) or
1084:, on
921:Plays
741:, by
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389:novel
385:Spain
187:Spain
128:Spain
2162:ISBN
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2120:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2092:ISBN
1788:and
1772:and
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1449:and
1434:and
1396:and
1236:José
1185:Zola
1169:and
1156:PipĂĄ
1147:and
1138:Work
985:Work
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850:Prim
816:and
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