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2290:"…Las contrapartidas de la Guardia Civil empiezan a vaciar las zonas (…) La actuación obedece a la represión ejercida contra los enemigos políticos de su época por el aparato represor del franquismo. No se para en la detención de hombres, mujeres o niños: se les tortura o se les aplica la Ley de Fugas indiscriminadamente. Los cadáveres de las víctimas aparecen tirados en márgenes de caminos o en las puertas de los cementerios,"
1133:
229:
1268:) remained high, given that all seemed still possible in an international context of general collapse of fascism. All throughout Spain, the level of guerrilla activity went up, precipitated by the incorporation of new contingents forced to cross the border from France and the reorganization of the groups with structures of a more military character.
1486:. In Madrid, the maquis' character was predominantly communist, supported by the PCE. Their activities did not, however, last long. On the other hand, the maquis acting in Barcelona, were mainly anarchists. This city was the last urban place to see activity of maquis. Attempts to extend the fight to other capitals like
821:
the republic—into fugitives. At first many hid in relatives' homes, but some sought refuge in the mountains. Their numbers were enhanced by deserters and by escapees from prisons and concentration camps. These constituted the nucleus of those who decided to keep fighting from the forests and mountains.
1533:
were much more exposed to the repressive actions of the government. However, they made up a source of combatants, since in the event of being discovered, their only chance to avoid being jailed was to flee to the mountains. Because of this, in the early 1950s when guerrilla activity was in its death
1411:
Maquis were active mostly in mountainous areas throughout the peninsula, preferring forests or areas of dense vegetation that would provide shelter and cover. Another important factor in the location of maqui groups and their survival was the social situation. They had to choose areas in which they
1185:
The main attack in the valley was accompanied by operations in other valleys of the
Pyrenees during the previous weeks, with the objective of distracting Franco's forces. These other attacks were intended also to evaluate the situation in the interior of Spain, and make contact with other groups of
2292:
that is, "The countermeasures of the
Guardia Civil began to empty the zones (…) The means were in line with the repression exercised against the political enemies of their time by the repressive Franquista apparatus. It was not limited to the detention of men, women, or children: they tortured or
1368:
Steadily, Francoist forces isolated the guerrillas. Most of their members were middle-aged or older by 1950, with the consequent detriment of their physical capacities accelerated by years of living exposed to the elements and the lack of proper medical and food supplies. In these last years, many
820:
The origins of the maquis in Spain lie with those who fled the advancing forces of Franco's
Nationalists. The insecurity engendered by the repressive tactics of the Nationalist insurgency turned their political opponents—even many who were not politically active but simply known to sympathize with
803:
in France; many of them joined the French
Resistance. By 1944, with the German forces in retreat, many of the guerrillas refocused their fight towards Spain. Despite the failure of the invasion of the Val d'Arán that year, some columns continued to progress into the Spanish interior and to connect
1321:
All these groups were extremely sectarian in their aims and organization, following invariably the strategies dictated by the
Central Committee (controlled by Moscow). The will to keep fighting was maintained by strict discipline imposed by the PCE kommisars. People in these groups who wanted to
674:
During the German occupation of France, the
Spanish Maquis engineered more than four hundred railway sabotages, destroyed fifty-eight locomotives, dynamited thirty-five railway bridges, cut one hundred and fifty telephone lines, attacked twenty factories, destroying some factories totally, and
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The generally rural and isolated character of the areas of guerrilla activity constituted an obstacle to the maquis' objectives. In effect, given the silence of the press and government on the situation, very few and scattered inhabitants of areas of maqui activity were actually aware of the
1360:
The government had a policy of total silence on the actions of the maquis. For this reason, outside of the areas of maquis activity, the population had practically no knowledge of the maquis. On the rare occasion that an item appeared in the press, the maquis were always referred to as
886:
The short-term objectives of this Corps were the interruption of the communications and supply lines to the
Nationalist troops, and the carrying out of special operations. In the long term, they were to continue the war against Franco in the case of defeat on the conventional fronts.
1074:
Those French who were released through the STO began to escape to the forests and mountains, where they came together with
Spanish who escaped from the CTE. The French escapees were mainly civilians, rather than remnants of the defeated French army. From this time, the French term
796:) faction to the mountains after becoming isolated in places like León, Galicia, Extremadura, and the province of Huelva. Those in Extremadura and Huelva were rapidly annihilated by Rebels, with only those in the North of the country managing to survive past the war.
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sabotaged fifteen coal mines. They took several thousand German prisoners and - most miraculous considering their arms - they captured three tanks. In the south-west part of France where no Allied armies have ever fought, they liberated more than seventeen towns.
1248:, its principal objective. Finally, overwhelmed by the Nationalists' numerical and material advantage, the guerrillas pulled back. The retreat ended October 28, when the last guerrillas re-crossed the border back into France, without the hoped-for uprising.
1255:
members of the PCE's
Central Committee, recently arrived from the Soviet Union to France, to purge the heads of the party who had remained in France fighting the Germans. Most were either kidnapped and assassinated or summarily judged and shot.
1244:, carrying out anti-Franco meetings in the plazas, as well as controlling part of the French border for several days, through which they were able to bring in trucks, material and reinforcements from France. However, the invasion failed to take
807:
The apogee of guerrilla action was between 1945 and 1947. After this, the repression from the Franco government intensified, and one by one the groups were destroyed. Many of their members died or were incarcerated. Others escaped to France or
1117:
The numbers of
Spanish combatants in the ranks of the Resistance vary quite a bit amongst sources, but in general they accept a number around 10,000. After the German army was driven from France, Spanish maquis returned their focus to Spain.
87:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
1415:
In areas of harsher weather, like in the mountains of León, the maquis would relatively often pass periods of time more or less "undercover", in small groups, in support houses in villages, especially during the winter months.
773:
In France, the term was first used to refer to a group of guerrillas of the French resistance against the German occupation of France during World War II. The resistance fighters in these encampments were referred to as
812:. In 1952, the last important contingents evacuated from Spain. After that, those who resisted in the forested and mountainous regions, refusing to choose either exile or surrender, fought only for their own survival.
1114:, with whom they had previously worked closely. By this time, the Spanish resistors had participated in numerous armed actions against the German army, even liberating various populations in the south of France.
2363:"Frente a unos 6.000 o 7.000 guerrilleros, el número de enlaces fue diez, veinte veces mayor. Según cifras oficiales hubo 20.000 enlaces detenidos. Otros murieron a manos de las fuerzas de la Guardia Civil (…)"
650:(extralegal executions based on the simulation of the escape of detainees) taking a heavy toll among the combatants and their supporters. Following its decline, it fully disappeared in the 1960s.
73:
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made it evident that the Allies would not intervene in the maquis' fight against the Spanish State. This led the PCE to change strategy, ending its support for the guerrilla groups in the 1950s.
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Some of the Spanish refugees joined French resistance groups, while others formed autonomous groups. In April 1942 a meeting of several Spanish combat groups decided to take the name of the
1989:
698:
but were driven back after ten days. Few details of the maquis' actions in Spain have been made public because of the secrecy of the Franco government, but guerrillas, including
1526:" ("guerrillas of the plains"), who supplied aid, from food to armaments when necessary, as well as information. They would also deliver mail or correspondence for the groups.
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until the early 1960s, carrying out sabotage, robberies (to help fund guerrilla activity) and assassinations of alleged Francoists as well as contributing to the fight against
914:. Throughout 1938 and 1939 the Corps brought together many of the exiles of Andalucía and Extremadura; however, the Republican defeat brought the dissolution of the Corps.
1380:
Although the period of major guerrilla activity ranged from 1938 through to the early 1950s, some groups continued to fight. The end was marked by the shooting deaths of
2535:
2525:
852:
During the war, the idea of the possibility of a guerrilla war at the rearguard of Franco's Nationalists was proposed. The idea came to fruition at the initiative of
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1042:
1061:, if they would go to work in factories. This increased the possibilities of escape. Shortly after the Vichy regime established the Obligatory Work Service (
2550:
1624:, also known as "Face", and his group concentrated on robbing banks to financially support the families of people incarcerated by the Franco government.
1541:
was much higher than that of actual combatants. During the years of guerrilla activity, 20,000 people were arrested for collaborating with the maquis.
2440:
90:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
1786:
1412:
could count on the collaboration of at least part of the population, given that without local support they could hardly sustain a guerrilla group.
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98:
1733:
1369:
attempted to escape to France. Of those who stayed in Spain, some were sentenced only to jail (some spent up to 20 years in prison), some were
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800:
607:
354:
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leave and rejoin a normal civilian life were most of the time treated as deserters and shot, even at the rearguard guerrilla camps in France.
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1999:
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1806:
627:
1561:. He was arrested March 9, 1952 and tortured during the following days, finally being executed in the prison of Corunna on August 7, 1952.
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applied the Ley de Fugas indiscriminately. The cadavers of the victims appeared shot on the edges of roads or the gates of cemeteries.
1318:(Pablo Pérez Hidalgo), which operated in the Sierra de Bermeja near Cádiz, and at its peak boasted a force of 50 resistance fighters.
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2016:
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Felipe Matarranz González, also known as "El Lobo", Manuel Zapico, also known as "El asturiano", Ángela Luzdivina García Fernández,
190:
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Hundreds of thousands of Republican soldiers and civilians crossed the French border ahead of the advancing Nationalist troops in
862:
1941:
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Casimiro Fernández Arias led a group of former Republican soldiers caught behind enemy lines who held out for nine years in the
1106:), because they consisted for the most part of Spanish combatants on French soil. This conveyed the group's distancing from the
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The Maquis activity in Spain had its heyday towards 1946, after which the resistance fighters were heavily repressed during the
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1067:, STO) for French citizens, with similar objectives: to provide manual labor to armament factories and the construction of the
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In the camp of Argelès-sur-Mer a series of meetings were held. Members of the PCE and the Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas (
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326:
1178:, with the intention of provoking a general uprising against Franco throughout Spain. It was hoped that it would force the
111:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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1970:
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The most notable operation of the Spanish maquis was the invasion of Spain by between 4,000 and 7,000 guerrillas through
687:, as well as in the planned assassination of General Ernst Schaumburg. In October 1944 a group of 6,000 maquis including
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in Málaga province and the Sierra Bermeja, near Cádiz, in the 1940s. He was finally captured by the Civil Guard in 1976.
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There were several factors in the decline and disappearance of the Spanish maquis. On one side, the commencement of the
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1427:, specifically the area between the provinces of Teruel, Castellón, Valencia, and Cuenca; Centro, which consists of
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Pablo Pérez Hidalgo, also known as "Manolo el Rubio", who headed up various groups operating in the mountains near
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1159:. To carry out the invasion they created the 204th Division, made up of 12 brigades. The division was commanded by
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718:. Between 1943 and 1952, 2,166 maquis were reported arrested by the Civil Guard, nearly wiping out the movement.
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1275:(Guerrilla Groups) in several geographic zones, coordinating the actions between them. It was modeled after the
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The objective of the offensive was to retake the sector of Spanish territory comprising the land between the
792:(Spanish for "those who've fled" or are "fugitive") originated in 1936 when many people fled from the Rebel (
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1345:. The new orientation, however, was not effective, and ultimately a general evacuation was decreed in 1952.
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1423:, from Galicia to Cantabria, especially the mountains of Lugo, Asturias and the area north of León; the
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1705:, nickname of Florencio Pla Meseguer, also known as Teresa (1917–2004), a Spanish Maquis born in
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The offensives were repelled by a great force that was moved into the area by Franco, made up of the
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Guerrilleros and Neighbours in Arms: Identities and Cultures of the Anti-fascist Resistance in Spain
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Guerrilleros and Neighbours in Arms: Identities and Cultures of the Anti-fascist Resistance in Spain
2148:, that is "In total, of the 13,000 Spanish that were with the French maquis, some 4000 were listed.
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1278:
1218:
999:
991:
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120:
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1286:, the first guerrilla organization of the post-war era. The most active group from the AG was the
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had been driven from the south of France. The invasion was named "Operation Reconquest of Spain".
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In spite of the setback of Arán in 1944, the expectations of the exiled Spanish Communist Party (
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1007:
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927:
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1685:, was jailed twice by the Franco government, has written several books on the Spanish Civil War.
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856:, at the time head of the Republican government and of the Ministry of Defense. He created the
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que cayó, sin haber abandonado las armas, en la provincia de Lugo (Galicia), en marzo de 1965.
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1041:. This was the beginning of the Spanish involvement on a grand scale in the fight against the
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102:
2146:"En total, de los 13.000 españoles que estaban en el maquis francés, unos 4000 se alistaron,"
2117:"El PCE organizó entonces a 4.000 voluntarios para invadir España a través de los Pirineos,"
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1644:
1522:, literally, "links" or "relationships"). There were others called "passive militias", and "
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Also during World War II, Spaniards were involved in the assassination of Julius Ritter, an
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2119:, that is, "The PCE then organized about 4,000 volunteers to invade Spain by way of the
906:. The action with the greatest significance was the liberation, on May 23, 1938, of 300
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and shot, and others died at the hands of the Guardia Civil through application of the
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The outbreak of World War II so soon after the civil war surprised a large part of the
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exiles. The most important points of penetration in the long chain of mountains were
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One of the valleys used as an entry into Spain during Operation "Reconquest of Spain"
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Sustaining guerrilla activity was dependent on sectors of the population known as "
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1329:, renounced the guerrilla fight, preferring to try to change the state-sanctioned
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Armed resistance groups were also active in cities, although only prominently in
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was ten, twenty times greater. According to official figures, there were 20,000
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On October 11, 1940 the Vichy regime started the Companies of Foreign Workers (
1026:. In these camps, exiles began to reorganize themselves into guerrilla groups.
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At the end of the war, such activities had been set in motion on the fronts of
840:. Despite the diverse ideologies, due to the organizational persistence of the
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1691:, in 1942, formed part of an anti-fascist group in France, was in the group
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Rivers and the French border. Later, the zone was declared conquered by the
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El último frente. La resistencia armada antifranquista en España, 1939-1952
1602:(also known as "Caraquemada") acted principally in the Catalan counties of
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Joaquín Arasanz Raso, also known as "Villacampa" and "el maqui", active in
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Articles on Anarchist resistance to Francoism at the Kate Sharpley Library
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detained. Others died at the hands of the forces of the Guardia Civil (…)"
2351:
El canto del búho. La vida en el monte de los guerrilleros antifranquistas
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El canto del búho. La vida en el monte de los guerrilleros antifranquistas
2134:
El canto del búho. La vida en el monte de los guerrilleros antifranquistas
228:
2120:
1895:
Goodkind, Molly; Mitchell, Marcella Hayes and Amanda (October 26, 2015).
1752:, a 2006 film in which the insurgency of the Maquis plays a central role.
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to "liberate" Spain the same way it was "liberating" the rest of Europe.
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907:
715:
258:
220:
2017:"Huidos, maquis y guerrilla: una década de rebeldía contra la dictadura"
1942:"Huidos, maquis y guerrilla: una década de rebeldía contra la dictadura"
1767:, a 1987 film about a group of Maquis members surviving in the mountains
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conflict. The greater part of the Spanish population was ignorant of a
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1207:
1148:, well equipped and with heavy weapons, on October 19, 1944, after the
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911:
824:
The political character of the guerrillas was as varied as that of the
809:
767:
109:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
2045:
1655:
1491:
1471:
1365:" (bandits), in order to strip the actions of all political context.
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1240:
The guerrilla army conquered various towns and villages, raising the
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actions in France, together with the French resistance, against the
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Principal areas of Maquis activity within Spain (orange), 1939–1965.
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maqui. He carried out actions against the Guardia Civil, mostly in
1033:) participated. In October 1940, the decision was made to organize
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This article is about the Spanish guerrillas. For other uses, see
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Postmemory - An article on Historical Memory by Julio Llamazares
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84:
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with the groups that had remained in the mountains since 1939.
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El último guerrillero abatido en España fue José Castro Veiga
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on the other. There was also activity in other areas, such as
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were responsible for the deaths of hundreds of Guardia Civil (
140:
36:
2367:"Compared with some 6,000 or 7,000 guerrillas, the number of
1298:, which was active in the area between the southern part of
1534:
throes, groups were still incorporating new men and women.
1325:
In 1948 the PCE changed its strategy, and at the behest of
734:, Barcelona, Spain, commemorating the actions of the maquis
680:
658:
Referring to the contribution of the Spanish Maquis to the
2232:, tr. Nancy Festinger, Martin Secker & Warburg, 1981.
1695:, initiating acts of sabotage, and worked with the group
844:
until 1948, the Communists dominated the other currents.
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found in the Mediterranean basin, mostly associated with
1844:"Armed resistance to Franco, 1939-1965 - Antonio Téllez"
1675:, and later wrote biographies of Sabaté, Facerias, and
1447:; and two independent areas in the south of Andalusia:
1214:, though there were also operations at smaller points.
1650:
Manuel Girón Bazán, also known as "Girón", maqui from
2422:
The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939
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who used to disguise as a female and operated in the
1337:, already quite beaten by government repression. The
1155:
Operation Reconquest of Spain was planned by the AGE
2173:
2171:
2158:
2156:
639:(1947–1949), with instances of White Terror such as
80:
76:
a machine-translated version of the Spanish article.
117:{{Translated|es|Maquis (guerrilla antifranquista)}}
2338:Los hermanos Quero y la resistencia antifranquista
1639:. Their whispered history inspired the 1986 novel
1419:Among the areas of major maquis activity were the
930:by the authorities. There were 22 camps in total:
274:Decline and eventual extinction of Maquis activity
1093:XIV Cuerpo del Ejército de Guerrilleros Españoles
1988:Levieux, Eleanor; Levieux, Michel (1999-05-15).
1095:, considering themselves the Corps' successors.
27:Post-Spanish Civil War anti-Francoist guerrillas
2317:
2085:Maquis. Historia de la guerrilla antifranquista
1057:, CTE), which permitted prisoners to leave the
714:) officers, and uncountable acts of industrial
672:
205:
2496:Historical memory - La guerrilla de la memoria
2216:Jesús Torbado & Manuel Leguineche Bollar.
871:) in October 1937. This name was used for the
105:accompanying your translation by providing an
67:Click for important translation instructions.
54:expand this article with text translated from
2486:Antifrancoist Resistance in Spain (1936-1952)
2482:Antifrancoist Resistance in Spain (1936-1952)
787:
634:
8:
2271:Clandestinos. El maquis contra el franquismo
1271:The exiled PCE promoted the creation of the
1251:The failure of the invasion was used by the
1079:began to be used to refer to the camps, and
626:. They also took part in occupations of the
2472:1939-1945: The Spanish Resistance in France
2353:. OberonMemoria, Grupo ANAYA, Madrid 2002.
2308:. OberonMemoria, Grupo ANAYA, Madrid 2002.
2136:. OberonMemoria, Grupo ANAYA, Madrid 2002.
1744:, film loosely based on the life of Sabaté.
1333:from within. This began the decline of the
1098:In May 1944 the XIV Corps re-formed as the
926:. Once on the other side, they were put in
602:who waged an irregular warfare against the
227:
202:
1868:López, Enrique Ávila (December 7, 2015).
191:Learn how and when to remove this message
2536:French Resistance networks and movements
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2087:. Editorial Temas de Hoy, Madrid, 2001.
2079:
2077:
154:This article includes a list of general
2526:Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War
1991:Insiders' French: Beyond the Dictionary
1930:. Brighton, Sussex Academic Press, 2016
1835:
1312:Agrupación de Guerilleros "Stalingrado"
2541:Military units and formations of Spain
2198:Maquis. La guerrilla vasca (1938-1962)
2177:
2162:
2068:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1734:List of films about the Spanish Maquis
1176:Spanish Republican government in exile
2424:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1898:Spanish Civil War and Its Memory, The
1517:
581:
7:
1807:Republican insurgency in Afghanistan
1100:Agrupación de Guerrilleros Españoles
1055:Compagnies de Travailleurs Etrangers
2445:. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.
2336:Marco, Jorge: Hijos de una guerra.
2252:. Ariel Historia, Barcelona, 2003.
2107:. Ariel Historia, Barcelona, 2003.
1787:Armed resistance in Chile (1973–90)
1590:, "El Quico", acted in cities like
1901:. Edicions Universitat Barcelona.
1654:, carried out acts principally in
1392:" in 1963, both in Catalonia, and
858:XIV Cuerpo de Ejército Guerrillero
160:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2551:World War II resistance movements
2220:. Editorial Argos Vergara, 1977.
1812:Spanish National Liberation Front
2269:Marin Silvestre, Dolors (2002).
2015:Moreno Gómez, Francisco (2001).
1940:Moreno Gómez, Francisco (2001).
1671:, fought in the invasion of the
1314:(Stalingrad Group) headed up by
683:Colonel in charge of recruiting
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145:
41:
2277:: Editorial Plaza & Janés.
1994:. University of Chicago Press.
1971:"Arsène Tchakarian (1916–2018)"
1818:Spanish transition to democracy
1553:, also known as "Foucellas", a
1110:(FTP), the armed branch of the
750:, which in turn comes from the
1083:for those that occupied them.
1064:Service du travail obligatoire
115:You may also add the template
1:
2401:La pastora. Del monte al mito
2387:"Julio Llamazares: Wolf Moon"
1502:going on in their mountains.
1331:Spanish Syndical Organization
211:Part of the aftermath of the
2467:Maquis history at libcom.org
1277:Federación de Guerrillas de
245:1 April 1939 – 10 March 1965
1713:area until the early 1960s.
1260:"Agrupaciones Guerrilleras"
1108:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
606:within Spain following the
128:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
2572:
2228:. Published in English as
1731:
1631:, in the area surrounding
1403:in Galicia in March 1965.
1310:. Also noteworthy was the
1288:Agrupación Guerrillera de
1125:
879:until the collapse of the
660:French resistance movement
646:, and applications of the
570:3,382 captured or arrested
79:Machine translation, like
29:
2196:Mikel Rodríguez Álvarez.
1911:– via Google Books.
1884:– via Google Books.
1443:and the mountains of the
1339:Agrupaciones Guerrilleras
1273:Agrupaciones Guerrilleras
918:Retreat: the French camps
801:Spanish Republican exiles
555:
400:
284:
237:
226:
210:
56:the corresponding article
2340:. Granada, Comares, 2010
1384:(El Quico) in 1960, and
1382:Francisco Sabate Llopart
842:Communist Party of Spain
2200:. Editorial Txalaparta.
2040:; Marco, Jorge (2008).
1802:Opposition to Francoism
1588:Francesc Sabaté Llopart
1242:Spanish Republican flag
1144:and other parts of the
1104:Spanish Guerrilla Group
1031:Unified Socialist Youth
910:political prisoners in
877:Spanish Republican Army
700:Francesc Sabaté Llopart
175:more precise citations.
126:For more guidance, see
2511:Insurgencies in Europe
2327:
1775:Ramon Vila i Capdevila
1719:(1915–1965), the last
1622:Josep Lluís i Facerias
1566:Cristino García Granda
1524:guerrilleros del llano
1377:("law of fugitives").
1343:Comités de Resistencia
1137:
1128:Invasion of Val d'Aran
1122:Invasion of Val d'Aran
1112:French Communist Party
952:Montpellier Chapallete
848:XIV Cuerpo de Ejército
788:
735:
677:
635:
604:Francoist dictatorship
591:
526:Josep Lluís i Facerias
401:Commanders and leaders
2439:Marco, Jorge (2016).
2403:, ed. by Odette Calvo
1824:Spain in World War II
1797:Maquis (World War II)
1635:, in the province of
1135:
729:
556:Casualties and losses
99:copyright attribution
2556:Wars involving Spain
2399:Jose Calvo Segarra,
1693:Solidaridad Española
1677:Salvador Puig Antich
1629:Cantabrian mountains
1600:Ramon Vila Capdevila
1225:, battalions of the
1087:Formation of the AGE
1043:occupation of France
869:Guerrilla Army Corps
708:Ramon Vila Capdevila
480:Fidel Dávila Arrondo
469:Carlos A. Cabanillas
355:Republican Partisans
2389:. October 25, 2017.
2083:Secundino Serrano:
1741:Behold a Pale Horse
1494:were unsuccessful.
1341:renamed themselves
1161:Vicente López Tovar
1059:concentration camps
1004:French North Africa
1000:Metropolitan France
928:concentration camps
689:Antonio Téllez Solà
514:Vicente López Tovar
503:Antonio Téllez Solà
458:José Enrique Varela
436:Valentín G. Morante
1757:Maquis (Star Trek)
1728:In popular culture
1689:Eduard Pons Prades
1616:Barcelona Province
1519:[enˈlaθes]
1421:Cornisa Cantábrica
1302:, the interior of
1223:Armed Police Corps
1138:
1121:
736:
636:Trienio del Terror
583:[ˈmaki(s)]
546:Eduard Pons Prades
491:Agustín M. Grandes
447:Camilo Alonso Vega
382:Italian Resistance
270:Francoist victory
107:interlanguage link
2484:, by Jorge Marco
2452:978-1-84519-752-0
2431:978-0-297-84832-5
2349:Alfonso Domingo:
2304:Alfonso Domingo:
2132:Alfonso Domingo:
2001:978-0-226-47503-5
1717:Xosé Castro Veiga
1596:Marcelino Massana
1407:Areas of activity
1394:José Castro Veiga
1349:End of the maquis
1306:and the north of
704:Jose Castro Veiga
622:in France during
612:Spanish Civil War
574:
573:
370:French Resistance
280:
279:
213:Spanish Civil War
201:
200:
193:
139:
138:
68:
64:
16:(Redirected from
2563:
2456:
2435:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2377:
2347:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2266:
2260:
2250:España 1808-1975
2246:
2240:
2214:
2208:
2194:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2130:
2124:
2105:España 1808-1975
2101:
2095:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2038:Aróstegui, Julio
2034:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1946:
1937:
1931:
1924:
1913:
1912:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1840:
1792:Japanese holdout
1645:Julio Llamazares
1598:, together with
1559:Corunna Province
1521:
1451:on one hand and
1402:
1371:judged summarily
1246:Vielha e Mijaran
1039:Vichy government
1020:Hadjerat-OM'Guil
968:Baste-les-Foages
956:Fort Mahon Plage
866:
791:
760:maquis shrubland
638:
585:
544:
543:
535:
528:
524:
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171:this article by
162:inline citations
149:
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118:
112:
85:Google Translate
66:
62:
45:
44:
37:
21:
2571:
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2531:Francoist Spain
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2048:: La Catarata.
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2019:
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1749:Pan's Labyrinth
1736:
1730:
1594:. The group of
1586:, the group of
1551:Benigno Andrade
1547:
1510:
1445:Sistema Central
1431:, the north of
1409:
1396:
1351:
1316:Manolo el Rubio
1262:
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1089:
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984:Vernet d'Ariège
944:Argelès-sur-Mer
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875:section of the
860:
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742:comes from the
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664:Martha Gellhorn
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598:) were Spanish
594:; also spelled
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167:Please help to
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2461:External links
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2418:Beevor, Antony
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2103:Raymond Carr:
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1732:Main article:
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1545:Notable maquis
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1537:The number of
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1425:Iberian System
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1235:Army of Africa
1126:Main article:
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883:in the north.
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1990:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1948:
1935:
1927:
1897:
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1874:. ABC-CLIO.
1871:Modern Spain
1870:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:
1838:
1770:
1764:Wolves' Moon
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1418:
1414:
1410:
1389:
1379:
1375:Ley de Fugas
1367:
1362:
1359:
1352:
1342:
1338:
1335:agrupaciones
1334:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1287:
1276:
1272:
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1263:
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1227:Spanish Army
1216:
1188:Roncesvalles
1184:
1165:
1154:
1139:
1116:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1081:"maquisards"
1080:
1076:
1073:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1035:anti-fascist
1030:
1028:
1024:Ain-el-Curak
921:
889:
885:
868:
851:
823:
819:
806:
798:
793:
785:
775:
772:
762:, a type of
755:
747:
739:
737:
685:forced labor
678:
673:
667:
657:
648:Ley de fugas
641:
632:
624:World War II
620:Vichy regime
616:Nazi Germany
595:
577:
575:
568:2,166 killed
564:
549:
532:
396:(until 1956)
394:Soviet Union
358:
344:(after 1953)
330:(1939–1943)
314:Nazi Germany
301:
285:Belligerents
269:
217:World War II
187:
178:
159:
103:edit summary
94:
61:
53:
2178:Beevor 2006
2163:Beevor 2006
2069:Beevor 2006
1975:jacobin.com
1951:(43): 131.
1771:Caracremada
1721:guerrillero
1465:High Aragon
1437:Ciudad Real
1429:Extremadura
1397: [
1390:Caracremada
1219:Civil Guard
1150:German Army
1008:Camp Morand
948:Berck-Plage
900:Extremadura
861: [
854:Juan Negrín
730:A mural in
712:Civil Guard
696:Aran Valley
630:in France.
565:5,548 total
384:(1943–1945)
372:(1940–1944)
317:(1939–1945)
173:introducing
2505:Categories
2365:, that is
2026:(43): 113.
1848:Libcom.org
1830:References
1703:La Pastora
1673:Val d'Aran
1633:La Vecilla
1614:, and the
1386:Ramon Vila
1363:bandoleros
1237:) troops.
1204:Val d'Aran
1142:Val d'Aran
1049:Resistance
988:Rivesaltes
838:anarchists
834:socialists
830:communists
816:Beginnings
794:franquista
776:maquisards
608:Republican
600:guerrillas
219:, and the
181:April 2019
156:references
58:in Spanish
2322:El Piloto
2275:Barcelona
2230:The Moles
2218:Los Topos
1957:1134-2277
1820:(1975–82)
1707:Vallibona
1641:Wolf Moon
1592:Barcelona
1584:Catalonia
1476:Barcelona
1461:La Mancha
1304:Castellón
1253:Stalinist
964:Septfonds
924:Catalonia
896:Andalusia
738:The term
722:Etymology
666:wrote in
121:talk page
2420:(2006).
2121:Pyrenees
1781:See also
1711:Maestrat
1683:Abel Paz
1604:Berguedà
1570:Asturian
1555:Galician
1488:Valencia
1355:Cold War
1231:Moroccan
1212:Cerdanya
1200:Canfranc
1146:Pyrenees
1077:"maquis"
1002:and, in
996:Rieucros
932:Barcarès
908:Asturian
752:Corsican
716:sabotage
694:via the
670:(1945):
654:Overview
618:and the
259:Pyrenees
250:Location
221:Cold War
97:provide
2411:Sources
2373:enlaces
2369:enlaces
1853:1 April
1572:maquis.
1539:enlaces
1531:enlaces
1514:enlaces
1507:Enlaces
1484:Granada
1453:Granada
1433:Cordova
1290:Levante
1283:Galicia
1208:Andorra
1012:Meridja
912:Granada
810:Morocco
782:History
768:Corsica
756:macchia
732:Sallent
533:†
169:improve
119:to the
101:in the
60:.
2449:
2428:
2357:
2312:
2281:
2256:
2236:
2224:
2204:
2140:
2111:
2091:
2052:
2046:Madrid
1998:
1955:
1905:
1878:
1814:(FELN)
1697:Ponzán
1656:Bierzo
1577:Aragón
1492:Bilbao
1480:Málaga
1472:Madrid
1457:Málaga
1441:Toledo
1327:Stalin
1308:Cuenca
1300:Teruel
1296:(AGLA)
1294:Aragón
1210:, and
1192:Roncal
1180:Allies
1022:, and
1016:Djelfa
994:, and
904:Toledo
902:, and
892:Teruel
873:Basque
836:, and
789:huidos
758:, the
748:maquis
744:French
740:maquis
706:, and
588:Basque
578:Maquis
529:
338:
311:
266:Result
158:, but
32:Maquis
2020:(PDF)
1945:(PDF)
1663:Ronda
1612:Bages
1608:Osona
1449:Cádiz
1401:]
1196:Hecho
1172:Segre
1168:Cinca
1157:staff
976:Haros
881:front
865:]
764:biome
754:term
746:term
642:paseo
596:maqui
255:Spain
81:DeepL
2447:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2355:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2279:ISBN
2254:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2138:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2050:ISBN
2024:Ayer
1996:ISBN
1953:ISSN
1949:Ayer
1903:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1855:2019
1652:León
1637:León
1610:and
1529:The
1490:and
1482:and
1463:and
1279:León
1170:and
980:Gurs
972:Bram
936:Agde
592:Maki
576:The
242:Date
95:must
93:You
74:View
1643:by
1582:In
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1266:PCE
998:in
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