67:
647:
744:
554:) begin to discuss parents' discipline methods no later than nine months of age and consider initiating such discussions by age 3–4 months. By eight months of age, 5% of parents report spanking and 5% report starting to spank by age three months. The AAP also recommends that pediatricians discuss effective discipline strategies and counsel parents about the ineffectiveness of spanking and the risks of harmful effects associated with the practice to minimize harm to children and guide parents.
344:
623:
456:
448:
569:, and most documented cases of physical abuse in Canada and the United States begin as disciplinary spankings. If a child is frequently spanked, this form of corporal punishment tends to become less effective at modifying behavior over time (also known as extinction). In response to decreased effectiveness of spanking, some parents increase the frequency or severity of spanking or use an object.
631:
801:
433:, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, the word "smacking" is generally used in preference to "spanking" when describing striking with an open hand, rather than with an implement. Whereas a spanking is invariably administered to the bottom, a "smacking" is less specific and may refer to slapping the child's hands, arms or legs as well as its bottom.
893:
is a tradition within some parts of the United States. Within the tradition an individual (commonly, though not exclusively, a child) upon their birthday receives, typically corresponding to their age, a number of spanks. Characteristically these spankings are playful, and are administered in such a
686:
A number of medical, pediatric or psychological societies have issued statements opposing all forms of corporal punishment in schools, citing such outcomes as poorer academic achievements, increases in antisocial behaviors, injuries to students, and an unwelcoming learning environment. They include
502:
However, research has shown that spanking (or any other form of corporal punishment) is associated with the opposite effect. When adults physically punish children, the children tend to obey parents less with time and develop more aggressive behaviors, including toward other children. This increase
829:
temple in
Tungkang to go through the century-old ritual to get rid of bad luck. Men traditionally receive spankings and women get whipped, with the number of strokes to be administered (always lightly) by the temple staff being decided in either case by the god Wang Ye and by burning incense and
674:
unlawful. However, 33 states have now banned paddling in public schools. It is still common in some schools in the South, and more than 167,000 students were paddled in the 2011–2012 school year in
American public schools. Students can be physically punished from kindergarten to the end of high
577:
Parents may spank less – or not at all – if they have learned effective discipline techniques, since many parents view spanking as a method of last resort to discipline their children. There are many alternatives to spanking and other forms of corporal punishment:
642:
Corporal punishment, usually delivered with an implement (such as a paddle or cane) rather than with the open hand, used to be a common form of school discipline in many countries, but it is now banned in most of the
Western World.
362:
of a person to cause physical pain. The term spanking broadly encompasses the use of either the hand or implement, the use of implements can also refer to the administration of more specific types of corporal punishment such as
486:
with a bare hand, although, not uncommonly, various objects are used to spank children, such as a hairbrush or wooden spoon. Historically, adults have spanked boys more than girls. In the United States, adults commonly spank
507:
that hitting is the way to deal with anger and frustration. There are also many adverse physical, mental, and emotional effects correlated with spanking and other forms of corporal punishment, including various physical
1111:
E.g. "Corporal punishment — spanking or paddling the student — may be used as a discipline management technique .... The instrument to be used in administering corporal punishment shall be approved by the principal or
2032:
1153:
Oxford
English Dictionary: "Smack: To strike (a person, part of the body, etc.) with the open hand or with something having a flat surface; to slap. Also spec. to chastise (a child) in this manner and fig."
270:
658:
Corporal punishment, such as caning, remains a common form of discipline in schools in several Asian and
African countries, even in countries in which this practice has been deemed illegal such as
1144:
Oxford
English Dictionary: "Spank: To slap or smack (a person, esp. a child) with the open hand." Collins English Dictionary: "Spank: To slap or smack with the open hand, esp. on the buttocks."
825:
On the first day of the lunar
Chinese new year holidays, a week-long 'Spring Festival', the most important festival for Chinese people all over the world, thousands of Chinese visit the Taoist
2350:
422:, the word "spanking" has often been used as a synonym for an official paddling in school, and sometimes even as a euphemism for the formal corporal punishment of adults in an institution.
248:
1639:
1891:
732:
692:
1043:
2159:
2036:
2312:
712:
539:(RACP) all recommend that no child should be spanked and instead favor the use of effective, healthy forms of discipline. Additionally, the AAP recommends that
532:
330:
2317:
1782:
764:
Within the early 20th century, American men spanking their wives and girlfriends was often seen as an acceptable form of domestic discipline. It was a common
728:
213:
2296:
1116:
906:
536:
253:
1102:
American
Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: "Spank: To slap on the buttocks with a flat object or with the open hand, as for punishment."
66:
1085:
1559:
882:, which is celebrated on the 18th birthday. The birthday person receives eighteen smacks with the belt from the guests at the birthday party.
561:, studies have shown that parents tend to apply physical punishment inconsistently and tend to spank more often when they are angry or under
306:
781:
of the Bible justified spanking as a form of acceptable punishment of women by their husbands. Critics describe such practices as a form of
1666:
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646:
1069:
708:
667:
2332:
2262:
2237:
2208:
323:
1221:
Elder, G.H.; Bowerman, C. E. (1963). "Family
Structure and Child Rearing Patterns: The Effect of Family Size and Sex Composition".
768:
in
American films, from the earliest days up through the 1960s, and was often used to allude to romance between the man and woman.
2095:
2420:
2400:
2279:
1736:"Guidance for effective discipline. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health"
1492:"More Harm Than Good: A Summary of Scientific Research on the Intended and Unintended Effects of Corporal Punishment on Children"
1378:
724:
1275:
Figure 1. Corporal Punishment Begins With Infants, Is Highest For Toddlers, And Continues Into The Teen Years For Many Children
478:; however, support for this practice appears to be declining amongst U.S. parents. Spanking is typically done with one or more
442:
81:
2058:
386:
in response to undesired behavior. Adults more commonly spank boys than girls both at home and in school. Some countries have
716:
700:
528:
387:
2410:
2390:
773:
243:
50:
1652:
1781:
Greydanus, D.E.; Pratt, H.D.; Spates, Richard C.; Blake-Dreher, A.E.; Greydanus-Gearhart, M.A.; Patel, D.R. (May 2003).
1223:
789:
688:
316:
182:
86:
1135:, Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons on Capital and Corporal Punishment and Lotteries, Canada, 1953–55.
720:
291:
704:
2355:
1596:
2370:
1813:
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617:
91:
1735:
1688:
451:
Representation from 1895 of a mother spanking her child on the bare bottom with a hairbrush for breaking the vase
1113:
598:
492:
414:. Thus, the standard form of corporal punishment in US schools (use of a paddle) is often referred to as a
2033:"Legislative assembly questions #0293 - Australian Psychological Society: Punishment and Behaviour Change"
1024:
Sylvester, Foster, Charles Herbert, Ellsworth D. (1919). "The New Practical Reference Library, Volume 2".
591:
504:
177:
410:, dictionaries define spanking as being administered with either the open hand or an implement such as a
2405:
1422:"Spanking and Other Corporal Punishment of Children by Parents: Undervaluing Children, Overvaluing Pain"
1037:
540:
521:
233:
343:
585:
524:. Adults who were spanked during their childhood are more likely to abuse their children and spouse.
223:
132:
1830:
Corporal Punishment, Committee Ad Hoc; Greydanus, Donald E.; Pratt, Helen D.; Greydanus, Samuel E.;
1089:
464:
2395:
1337:
921:
911:
778:
749:
604:
Ignoring low-level misbehaviors and prioritizing attention on more significant forms of misbehavior
562:
557:
Although parents and other advocates of spanking often claim that spanking is necessary to promote
471:
355:
284:
238:
58:
607:
Avoiding the opportunity for the misbehavior to occur and thus the need for corrective discipline.
2415:
2137:
1933:
1763:
1716:
1581:
1472:
1240:
1203:
277:
228:
1260:"Prevalence, Societal Causes, and Trends in Corporal Punishment by Parents in World Perspective"
830:
tossing two pieces of wood, after which all go home happily, believing their luck will improve.
2120:
Snyder-Hall, R. Claire (2008). "The Ideology of Wifely Submission: A Challenge for Feminism?".
2096:"'I Don't Know Whether to Kiss You or Spank You': A Half Century of Fear of an Unspanked Woman"
878:
622:
565:. The use of corporal punishment by parents increases the likelihood that children will suffer
2385:
2258:
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2014:
1925:
1857:
1805:
1755:
1708:
1464:
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the most. The main reasons parents give for spanking their children are to make children more
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152:
112:
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2004:
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1963:
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558:
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218:
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1874:
2345:
2155:
1908:
Lynch, M. (September 2003). "Community pediatrics: role of physicians and organizations".
1444:
1062:
The Primordial Violence: Spanking Children, Psychological Development, Violence, and Crime
916:
758:
680:
548:
426:
31:
1892:"Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Position Statement on corporal punishment"
1836:"Corporal punishment in schools. A position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine"
1379:"Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Position Statement on corporal punishment"
2009:
1984:
1783:"Corporal punishment in schools: position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine"
1313:
1288:
843:
782:
765:
757:
Most spanking performed between adults in the 21st century within the Western world is
601:
in which an unpleasant consequence follows misbehavior, such as taking away a privilege
566:
430:
395:
122:
1801:
1133:
Evidence of Colonel G. Headly Basher, Deputy Minister for Reform Institutions, Ontario
495:
and to promote better behavior, especially to put a stop to their children's apparent
455:
347:
Portrait of mother spanking her child from the parenting book Correction that Corrects
30:
This article is about the punishment form of spanking. For consensual activities, see
2379:
2340:
2141:
1852:
1835:
1831:
1720:
1532:
1120:
866:
839:
475:
429:, most dictionaries define "spanking" as being given only with the open hand. In the
419:
358:
involving the act of striking, with either the palm of the hand or an implement, the
142:
1937:
1767:
1491:
1476:
1207:
447:
663:
651:
544:
137:
38:
865:, there is a jocular tradition that anyone who succeeds in climbing to the top of
2229:
2200:
1356:
1289:"Spanking and Child Development: We Know Enough Now to Stop Hitting Our Children"
2160:"Spanking For Jesus: Inside The Unholy World Of 'Christian Domestic Discipline'"
926:
847:
805:
630:
2364:
2133:
1088:. Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. Archived from
1001:
984:
496:
376:
167:
107:
1514:
1921:
1687:
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on School Health (February 1984).
743:
551:
2018:
1929:
1809:
1751:
1460:
1443:
Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health (April 1998).
1364:
1322:
1199:
1190:
1173:
1114:
Texas Association of School Boards – Standard Code of Conduct wording.
1010:
800:
2313:
American Academy of Pediatrics What's The Best Way to Discipline My Child?
1861:
1759:
1712:
1704:
1468:
666:. In these cultures it is referred to as "caning" and not "spanking." The
582:
Time-in, increasing, praise, and special time to promote desired behaviors
2000:
862:
483:
359:
117:
2076:
2065:. National Association of Secondary School Principals. 13 February 2018.
1983:
Psychosocial Paediatrics Committee; Canadian Paediatric Society (2004).
1304:
1244:
513:
488:
162:
157:
2177:
1968:
1951:
1655:. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. September 2014.
2359:
2197:
Encyclopedia of sex and gender: men and women in the world's cultures
1622:
873:
509:
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391:
368:
127:
17:
1421:
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1132:
771:
In the early 21st century, adherents of a small subculture known as
742:
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659:
645:
629:
621:
454:
446:
383:
342:
187:
147:
2327:
1560:"Severe corporal punishment still carried out at many SA schools"
1060:
Straus, Murray A.; Douglas, Emily M.; Madeiros, Rose Ann (2013).
626:
Medieval representation of a schoolboy spanked with tree branches
2035:. Parliament of New South Wales. 20 October 1996. Archived from
635:
197:
2322:
894:
fashion so the recipient receives no or only minor discomfort.
594:
of rewarding desirable behavior with a star, sticker, or treat
2366:
Hollywood Encouraged The Spanking and Abuse of Women Onscreen
2318:
The California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare
1299:(3). The Society for Research in Child Development: 133–137.
2297:
Dorota Zawadzka krytykuje zwyczaj bicia pasem na osiemnastce
2226:
In Nature's Honor: Myths And Rituals Celebrating The Earth
670:
in 1977 held that the paddling of school students was not
1952:"Memorandum on the Use of Corporal Punishment in Schools"
1086:"States which have prohibited all corporal punishment"
1400:"Position Statement: Physical Punishment of Children"
634:
Drawing from 1821 representing a school teacher from
1667:"Position Statement on Corporal/Physical Punishment"
1597:"The States Where Teachers Can Still Spank Students"
1533:"Corporal punishment 'widespread' in Indian schools"
1388:. The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health.
733:
National Association of Secondary School Principals
693:
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
470:Parents commonly spank their children as a form of
846:tradition of spanking girls and young ladies with
394:, while others permit it when done by a parent or
1455:(4 Pt 1). American Academy of Pediatrics: 723–8.
1174:"Effective Discipline to Raise Healthy Children"
390:in every setting, including homes, schools, and
2178:"Ring in the new year with a spanking for luck"
2083:. National Association of School Psychologists.
1409:. The Royal Australasian College of Physicians.
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
503:in aggressive behavior appears to reflect the
2199:. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. pp.
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
713:Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
533:Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
324:
8:
2228:. Boston, MA: Skinner House Books. pp.
1515:"Malaysia's love for the cane is questioned"
1338:"Moving research beyond the spanking debate"
1336:MacMillan, HL; Mikton, CR (September 2017).
1055:
1053:
1042:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
729:National Association of School Psychologists
27:Corporal punishment of striking the buttocks
1881:. American Psychological Association. 1975.
683:are sometimes spanked by school officials.
588:to take a break from escalating misbehavior
1640:"H-515.995 Corporal Punishment in Schools"
1502:(2). Duke University School of Law: 31–56.
331:
317:
45:
37:"Spank" redirects here. For the song, see
2077:"Position Statement: Corporal Punishment"
2008:
1967:
1851:
1834:; Tsegaye-Spates, C. Richard (May 1992).
1595:Anderson, Melinda D. (15 December 2015).
1312:
1287:Gershoff, Elizabeth T. (September 2013).
1189:
1000:
2349:) is being considered for deletion. See
2255:Polish customs, traditions, and folklore
1734:Stein, M.T.; Perrin, E.L. (April 1998).
907:UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
799:
537:Royal Australasian College of Physicians
2195:Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R. (2004).
1064:. New York: Routledge. pp. 31–32.
946:
300:
261:
205:
99:
73:
57:
1676:. American Psychoanalytic Association.
1490:Gershoff, Elizabeth T. (Spring 2010).
1172:Sege, RD; Siegel, BS (December 2018).
1035:
463:of a mother spanking her son, made by
2333:Triple P – Positive Parenting Program
307:Campaigns against corporal punishment
7:
2299:- Dziecko. (in Polish). 8 june 2021.
2278:Walters, Joanna (12 November 2000).
1273:(2). Duke University School of Law.
1985:"Effective discipline for children"
1623:"Corporal punishment in US schools"
1445:"Guidance for effective discipline"
1026:The New Practical Reference Library
697:American Psychoanalytic Association
2280:"Reach for the top and a birching"
1558:Seale, Lebogang (7 October 2017).
989:Pediatric Clinics of North America
709:American Psychological Association
668:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
2353:to help reach a consensus. ›
1258:Straus, Murray A. (Spring 2010).
869:receives a spanking or birching.
388:outlawed the spanking of children
2253:Knab, Sophie Hodorowicz (1993).
2094:Heisel, Andrew (12 April 2016).
1689:"Corporal punishment in schools"
1653:"Corporal Punishment in Schools"
727:, as well as the United States'
725:Australian Psychological Society
654:where a teacher spanks a student
65:
1642:. American Medical Association.
1496:Law & Contemporary Problems
858:) and dousing them with water.
705:Society for Adolescent Medicine
443:Corporal punishment in the home
1989:Paediatrics & Child Health
1513:Pak, Jennifer (5 April 2014).
1293:Child Development Perspectives
747:Theatrical release poster for
717:Royal College of Psychiatrists
701:American Academy of Pediatrics
638:spanking one of their students
529:American Academy of Pediatrics
1:
2184:. Cape Town. 26 January 2004.
1802:10.1016/S1054-139X(03)00042-9
1267:Law and Contemporary Problems
774:Christian domestic discipline
1853:10.1016/1054-139X(92)90097-U
1357:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.012
1224:American Sociological Review
983:Zolotor, AJ (October 2014).
790:judicial corporal punishment
689:American Medical Association
1621:C. Farrell (October 2016).
1420:Orentlicher, David (1998).
876:there is a tradition named
721:Canadian Paediatric Society
292:Tyrer v. the United Kingdom
2437:
2224:Montley, Patricia (2005).
796:Ritual spanking traditions
675:school, meaning that even
618:School corporal punishment
615:
597:Implementing non-physical
440:
36:
29:
2134:10.1017/S1743923X08000482
1345:Child Abuse & Neglect
1002:10.1016/j.pcl.2014.06.003
779:literalist interpretation
2351:templates for discussion
2335:(archived 30 March 2017)
2257:. New York: Hippocrene.
1585:, 97, S.Ct. 1401 (1977).
573:Alternatives to spanking
2421:Harassment and bullying
2401:Pain infliction methods
1922:10.1542/peds.112.s3.732
788:A few countries have a
599:punishment (psychology)
1752:10.1542/peds.101.4.723
1461:10.1542/peds.101.4.723
1386:rcpch.adlibhosting.com
1191:10.1542/peds.2018-3112
817:
754:
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639:
627:
592:Positive reinforcement
541:primary care providers
467:
452:
348:
2122:Politics & Gender
2059:"Corporal Punishment"
1879:Council Policy Manual
1875:"Corporal Punishment"
1705:10.1542/peds.73.2.258
985:"Corporal punishment"
848:woven willow switches
803:
746:
679:who have reached the
650:scene from the movie
649:
633:
625:
458:
450:
346:
2391:Corporal punishments
1956:Psychiatric Bulletin
249:United Arab Emirates
2356:Corporal punishment
1916:(3 Part 2): 732–4.
922:Caning in Singapore
912:Corporal punishment
522:antisocial behavior
472:corporal punishment
382:Some parents spank
356:corporal punishment
59:Corporal punishment
2182:Independent Online
2081:www.nasponline.org
2001:10.1093/pch/9.1.37
1962:(4): 62–64. 1978.
1582:Ingraham v. Wright
1426:Houston Law Review
1305:10.1111/cdep.12038
818:
755:
656:
640:
628:
505:child's perception
468:
453:
392:penal institutions
349:
278:Ingraham v. Wright
2411:Children's rights
1969:10.1192/pb.2.4.62
1832:Hofmann, Adele D.
1819:on 19 April 2009.
1746:(4 Pt 1): 723–8.
1539:. 25 October 2010
891:Birthday spanking
535:(RCPCH), and the
341:
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133:Cat o' nine tails
100:By implementation
16:(Redirected from
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2158:(19 June 2013).
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1897:. November 2009.
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1840:J Adolesc Health
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1184:(6): e20183112.
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2164:The Daily Beast
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2128:(04): 563–586.
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