327:
251:
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229:, storing liquid methane and liquid oxygen. Despite the rocket's 300 t (660,000 lb) launch capacity to low Earth orbit, it was expected to have a low launch price. The spacecraft featured three variants: crew, cargo, and tanker; the tanker variant is used to transfer propellant to spacecraft in orbit. The concept, especially the technological feats required to make such a system possible and the funds needed, garnered substantial skepticism. Both stages would use
381:
575:. To decrease weight, aft flaps on the second stage were reduced from three to two. Later in 2019, Musk stated that Starship was expected to have a mass of 120,000 kg (260,000 lb) and be able to initially transport a payload of 100,000 kg (220,000 lb), growing to 150,000 kg (330,000 lb) over time. Musk hinted at an expendable variant that could place 250 tonnes into low orbit.
408:. Musk foresaw the first two cargo missions to Mars as early as 2022, with the goal to "confirm water resources and identify hazards" while deploying "power, mining, and life support infrastructure" for future flights. This would be followed by four ships in 2024, two crewed BFR spaceships plus two cargo-only ships carrying equipment and supplies for a propellant plant.
270:. It weighed 275 tonnes (606,000 lb) when empty and 6,700 tonnes (14,800,000 lb) when completely filled with propellant. It would have used grid fins to help guide the booster through the atmosphere for a precise landing. The engine configuration included 21 engines in an outer ring and 14 in an inner ring. The center cluster of seven engines would be able to
247:, and built with no sealing liner, had performed well in cryogenic fluid testing. A pressure test at about 2/3 of the design burst pressure was completed in November 2016. In July 2017, Musk indicated that the architecture design had evolved since 2016 in order to support commercial transport via Earth-orbit and cislunar launches.
516:(vacuum, thin, or heavy atmosphere) with a wide range of payloads. The BFS design originally had six Raptor engines, with four vacuum and two sea-level. By late 2017, SpaceX added a third sea-level engine (totaling 7) to allow greater Earth-to-Earth payload landings and still ensure capability if one of the engines fails.
1911:
We'll have the next generation rocket and spacecraft, beyond the Falcon and Dragon series ... I'm hoping to describe that architecture later this year at the
International Astronautical Congress. which is the big international space event every year. ... first flights to Mars? we're hoping to do that
519:
Three BFS versions were described: BFS cargo, BFS tanker, and BFS crew. The cargo version would have been used to reach Earth orbit as well as carry cargo to the Moon or Mars. After refueling in an elliptical Earth orbit, BFS was designed to eventually be able to land on the Moon and return to Earth
354:
vehicle for cargo and passengers. It aimed to transport up to 450 tonnes (990,000 lb) per trip to Mars following refueling in Earth orbit. Its three sea-level Raptor engines were designed to be used for maneuvering, descent, landing, and initial ascent from the Mars surface. It would have had a
338:
was planned to be used for long-duration spaceflight, instead of solely being used for reaching orbit. The two proposed variants aimed to be reusable. Its maximum width would be 17 m (56 ft), with three sea level Raptor engines, and six optimized for vacuum firing. Total engine thrust in a
172:
In
October 2012, the company made the first public articulation of plans to develop a fully reusable rocket system with substantially greater capabilities than SpaceX's existing Falcon 9. Later in 2012, the company first mentioned the Mars Colonial Transporter rocket concept in public. It was going
2736:
added that, since the presentation last month, SpaceX has revised the design of the BFR spaceship to add a "medium area ratio" Raptor engine to its original complement of two engines with sea-level nozzles and four with vacuum nozzles. That additional engine helps enable that engine-out capability
2161:
the updated version of the Mars architecture: Because it has evolved quite a bit since that last talk. ... The key thing that I figured out is how do you pay for it? If we downsize the Mars vehicle, make it capable of doing Earth-orbit activity as well as Mars activity, maybe we can pay for it by
163:
concepts at a conference. The launch vehicle concepts were called Falcon X (later named Falcon 9), Falcon X Heavy (later named Falcon Heavy), and Falcon XX (later named
Starship); the largest of all was the Falcon XX with a 140 t (310,000 lb) capacity to low Earth orbit. To deliver such
2768:
Musk tackles the hardest engineering problems first. For Mars, there will be so many logistical things to make it all work, from power on the surface to scratching out a living to adapting to its extreme climate. But Musk believes that the initial, hardest step is building a reusable, orbital
528:
In
December 2018, the structural material was changed from carbon composites to stainless steel, marking the transition from early design concepts of the Starship. Musk cited numerous reasons for the design change; low cost and ease of manufacture, increased strength of stainless steel at
173:
to be able to carry 100 people or 100 t (220,000 lb) of cargo to Mars and would be powered by methane-fueled Raptor engines. Musk referred to this new launch vehicle under the unspecified acronym "MCT", revealed to stand for "Mars
Colonial Transporter" in 2013, which would serve
87:
In
December 2018, the structural material was changed from carbon composites to stainless steel, marking the transition from early design concepts of the Starship. Musk cited numerous reasons for the design change; low cost, ease of manufacture, increased strength of stainless steel at
218:), due to the vehicle being capable of other destinations. Additionally, Elon Musk provided more details about the space mission architecture, launch vehicle, spacecraft, and Raptor engines. The first test firing of a Raptor engine on a test stand took place in September 2016.
225:, a Raptor engine fired for the first time. At the event, Musk announced SpaceX was developing a new rocket using Raptor engines called the Interplanetary Transport System. It would have two stages, a reusable booster and spacecraft. The stages' tanks were to be made from
2815:"@NASASpaceflight @BBCAmos Over time, we might get orbital payload up to ~150 tons with full reusabity. If Starship then launched as an expendable, payload would be ~250 tons. What isn't obvious from this chart is that Starship/Super Heavy is much denser than Saturn V."
564:. In September 2019, Musk held an event about Starship development during which he further detailed the lower-stage booster, the upper-stage's method of controlling its descent, the heat shield, orbital refueling capacity, and potential destinations besides Mars.
2526:
Construction of the first prototype spaceship is in progress. 'We're actually building that ship right now,' he said. 'I think we'll probably be able to do short flights, short sort of up-and-down flights, probably sometime in the first half of next
461:
In March, SpaceX announced that it would manufacture its launch vehicle and spaceship at a new facility on
Seaside Drive at the port. By May, about 40 SpaceX employees were working on the BFR. SpaceX planned to transport the launch vehicle by
1493:
1253:
SpaceX's
Starship system represents a fully reusable transportation system designed to service Earth orbit needs as well as missions to the Moon and Mars. This two-stage vehicle – composed of the Super Heavy rocket (booster) and Starship
112:. In 2019 SpaceX announced a change to the second stage's design, reducing the number of aft flaps from three to two to reduce weight. In March 2020, SpaceX released a Starship Users Guide, in which they stated the payload of Starship to
2162:
using it for Earth-orbit activity. That is one of the key elements in the new architecture. It is similar to what was shown at IAC, but a little bit smaller. Still big, but this one has a shot at being real on the economic front.
80:
structure, a mass in excess of 10,000 t (22,000,000 lb) when fully-fueled, a payload of 300 t (660,000 lb) to low Earth orbit while being fully reusable. By 2017, the concept was temporarily re-dubbed the
411:
The design balanced objectives such as payload mass, landing capabilities, and reliability. The initial design showed the ship with six Raptor engines (two sea-level, four vacuum) down from nine in the previous ITS design.
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1064:
301:. The booster return flights were expected to encounter loads lower than the Falcon 9, principally because the ITS would have both a lower mass ratio and a lower density. The booster was to be designed for 20
415:
By
September 2017, Raptors had been test-fired for a combined total of 20 minutes across 42 test cycles. The longest test was 100 seconds, limited by the size of the propellant tanks. The test engine operated at
2620:
SpaceX is actively considering expanding its San Pedro, California facility to begin manufacturing its interplanetary spacecraft. This would allow SpaceX to easily shift personnel from headquarters in
Hawthorne.
266:. Total booster thrust would have been 128 MN (29,000,000 lbf) at liftoff, increasing to 138 MN (31,000,000 lbf) in a vacuum, several times the 36 MN (8,000,000 lbf) thrust of the
2086:
993:
370:
in a single launch. After refueling operations, it would land and be prepared for another flight. It had a maximum capacity of 2,500 tonnes (5,500,000 lb) of propellant and had a dry mass of 90 tonnes
193:
engines on a single MCT booster or spacecraft. The preliminary design would be at least 10 meters (33 ft) in diameter, and was expected to have up to three cores totaling at least 27 booster engines.
451:. By September 2017, SpaceX had started building launch vehicle components: "The tooling for the main tanks has been ordered, the facility is being built, we will start construction of the first ship "
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1406:
567:
Over the years of design, the proportion of sea-level engines to vacuum engines on the second stage varied drastically. By 2019, the second stage design had settled on six Raptor engines—three
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was to be a 12 m-diameter (39 ft), 77.5 m-high (254 ft), reusable first stage powered by 42 engines, each producing 3,024 kilonewtons (680,000 lbf) of
185:
for the planned rocket. For mars missions, the spacecraft would carry up to 100 tonnes (220,000 lb) of passengers and cargo. According to SpaceX engine development head
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1765:
1176:
2788:
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915:
132:
first referenced a long-term and high-capacity rocket concept named BFR. The BFR would be able to launch 100 t (220,000 lb) to LEO and would be equipped with
1570:
813:
594:, an academic on space policy and history, said that the idea of transporting passengers in this manner was "extremely unrealistic", as the craft would switch between
2607:
2082:
989:
541:
would eliminate the need for a heat shield on Starship's leeward side, while the much hotter windward side would be cooled by allowing fuel or water to bleed through
2188:
1796:
1700:
844:
1337:
2633:
1371:
1659:
691:
Starship is the spaceship/upper stage & Super Heavy is the rocket booster needed to escape Earth's deep gravity well (not needed for other planets or moons)
1992:
1864:
1538:
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without another refueling. The BFR also aimed to carry passengers/cargo in Earth-to-Earth transport, delivering its payload anywhere within 90 minutes.
1105:
2451:
1398:
2480:
1237:
92:, and ability to withstand high temperatures. In 2019, SpaceX began to refer to the entire vehicle as Starship, with the second stage being called
2257:
550:
101:
1304:
1936:
1626:
602:
of acceleration. He also commented that “Musk calls all of this ‘aspirational,’ which is a nice code word for more than likely not achievable.”
582:(called "Earth to Earth" flights by SpaceX), traveling anywhere on Earth in under an hour. In 2017 SpaceX president and chief operating officer
454:
By early 2018, the first carbon composite prototype ship was under construction, and SpaceX had begun building a new production facility at the
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1969:
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1267:
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320:
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396:, again changing the name, though stating that the name was temporary. The acronym was alternatively stated as standing for
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2178:
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626:
64:. Later in 2012, Elon Musk first publicly announced plans to develop a rocket surpassing the capabilities of the existing
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1692:
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836:
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1329:
616:
557:
93:
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250:
1504:
2003:
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2915:"Space expert calls Elon Musk's plan to fly people from New York to Shanghai in 39 minutes 'extremely unrealistic'"
561:
534:
289:
velocity of about 8,650 km/h (5,370 mph) while retaining about 7% of the initial propellant to achieve a
275:
97:
1854:
1528:
230:
23:
design, SpaceX successively presented a number of reusable super-heavy lift vehicle proposals. These preliminary
2949:
2317:
323:, the ITS booster was to be designed to land on the launch mount itself, for immediate refueling and relaunch.
279:
202:
116:(LEO) would be in excess of 100 t (220,000 lb), with a payload to GTO of 21 t (46,000 lb).
355:
maximum capacity of 1,950 tonnes (4,300,000 lb) of propellant, and a dry mass of 150 tonnes (330,000 lb).
2285:
1205:
2881:"Super fast travel using outer space could be US$ 20 billion market, disrupting airlines, UBS predicts"
2441:
1094:
530:
505:
89:
644:"Still ensuring capability if one of the engine fails" is what the source means by "engine-out capability".
2474:
2713:
492:
The BFR was designed to be 106 meters (348 ft) tall, 9 meters (30 ft) in diameter, and made of
2110:"The 'trickiest' part of Elon Musk's Mars spaceship -- a giant black orb -- just passed a critical test"
1230:
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1296:
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1926:
1533:
572:
568:
556:
In 2019, SpaceX began to refer to the entire vehicle as Starship, with the second stage being called
542:
538:
478:
109:
105:
2850:"The Pentagon wants to use private rockets like SpaceX's Starship to deliver cargo around the world"
2043:
1859:
910:
549:. The liquid-cooled windward side was changed in 2019 to use reusable heat shield tiles similar to
486:
455:
164:
payload, the rocket would have been as tall as the Saturn V and use six powerful Merlin 2 engines.
704:
586:
stated that point-to-point travel with passengers could become cost competitive with conventional
380:
2737:... and will "allow landings with higher payload mass for the Earth to Earth transport function."
1997:
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1100:
501:
348:
1593:
2503:
2446:
2423:
Shotwell estimated that around 50 percent of the work on BFR is focused on the Raptor engines.
1892:
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611:
363:
298:
56:
first mentioned a high-capacity rocket concept able to launch 100 t (220,000 lb) to
24:
1131:
2634:"One possible job for SpaceX's BFR rocket? Taking the Air Force's cargo in and out of space"
2381:
2114:
2002:
1433:
1093:
746:
493:
405:
286:
1959:
1457:
72:, as the rocket was to transport humans to Mars and back. In 2016, the name was changed to
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583:
509:
429:
367:
351:
330:
2016 artist concept of the ITS Interplanetary Spaceship, in orbit near the rings of Saturn
271:
182:
178:
113:
57:
20:
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2142:
776:
595:
587:
471:
145:
2572:
668:"Goodbye, BFR … hello, Starship: Elon Musk gives a classic name to his Mars spaceship"
2943:
2442:"SpaceX gets approval to develop its BFR rocket and spaceship at Port of Los Angeles"
425:
421:
417:
190:
137:
133:
77:
2814:
2147:(video). ISS R&D Conference, Washington, DC, USA. Event occurs at 49:48–51:35.
432:
indicated that about half of all development work on BFR was focused on the engine.
100:. They also announced that Starship would use reusable heat shield tiles similar to
2545:
2216:
1823:
872:
591:
482:
467:
241:
76:, as the rocket was planned to travel beyond Mars as well. The design called for a
2385:
1627:"Speculation mounts over Elon Musk's plan for SpaceX's Mars Colonial Transporter"
274:
for directional control, although some directional control would be achieved via
2638:
2248:"SpaceX's Elon Musk geeks out over Mars interplanetary transport plan on Reddit"
1399:"Musk Presents the Orbital Starship Prototype. Flights will Begin in Six Months"
579:
546:
513:
186:
104:. The second-stage design had also settled on six Raptor engines by 2019; three
533:, as well as its ability to withstand high heat. The high temperature at which
1886:
952:
741:
663:
497:
474:
for launch. Since then, the company has terminated the agreements to do this.
436:
233:
of the propellant tanks, eliminating the Falcon 9's problematic high-pressure
2401:"SpaceX aims to follow a banner year with an even faster 2018 launch cadence"
1888:
2016 StartmeupHK Venture Forum - Elon Musk on Entrepreneurship and Innovation
210:
In 2016, the name of the Mars Colonial Transporter system was changed to the
2810:
2718:
2685:
2508:
2405:
2290:
2183:
1964:
1931:
1598:
444:
317:
240:
In October 2016, Musk indicated that the initial tank test article, made of
160:
129:
53:
384:
2018 artist's conception of the redesigned BFR/Starship at stage separation
2769:
Starship to get people and tons of stuff to Mars. So he is focused on that
2179:"SpaceX's Interplanetary Transport System for Mars Colonization in Images"
144:, described as a scaled up regeneratively cooled engine comparable to the
2252:
1819:"Elon Musk scales up his ambitions, considering going "well beyond" Mars"
1631:
868:"Elon Musk scales up his ambitions, considering going "well beyond" Mars"
781:
672:
313:
294:
267:
244:
156:
149:
141:
125:
65:
49:
1024:"Musk teases new details about redesigned next-generation launch system"
485:
anywhere in the world in under 30 minutes, for "less than the cost of a
2834:
974:
448:
2751:"Inside Elon Musk's plan to build one Starship a week and settle Mars"
2286:"SpaceX's Elon Musk Unveils Interplanetary Spaceship to Colonize Mars"
2212:"Musk's Mars moment: Audacity, madness, brilliance—or maybe all three"
1095:"SpaceX Unveils Silvery Vision to Mars: 'It's an I.C.B.M. That Lands'"
428:(300 bar; 4,400 psi) in later iterations. In November 2017,
2324:
958:
263:
234:
2681:"Musk unveils revised version of giant interplanetary launch system"
2541:"SpaceX indicates it will manufacture the BFR rocket in Los Angeles"
1364:"Elon Musk Reveals SpaceX's New Starship, the Rocket Bound for Mars"
496:. The upper stage, known as Big Falcon Ship (BFS), included a small
420:(200 bar; 2,900 psi). The flight engine aimed for 25
366:, transporting up to 380 tonnes (840,000 lb) of propellants to
254:
2016 artist's concept of the ITS booster returning to the launch pad
2660:
Air Mobility Command Chief Looks Toward Supplying Forces From Space
1895:. via InvestHK YouTube channel: Invest Hong Kong. 26 January 2016.
48:
In November 2005, before SpaceX had launched its first rocket, the
1201:
463:
440:
379:
325:
249:
201:
2144:
International Space Station Research & Development Conference
1165:"Elon Musk: Why I'm Building the Starship out of Stainless Steel"
2918:
2884:
2853:
1960:"SpaceX's Mars plans call for massive 42-engine reusable rocket"
1660:"SpaceX IPO Cleared For Launch? Elon Musk Says Hold Your Horses"
578:
One possible future use of Starship that SpaceX has proposed is
290:
1494:"SpaceX Unveils Heavy-Lift Vehicle Plan For Future Exploration"
1057:"SpaceX's Starship goes sci-fi shiny with stainless steel skin"
206:
SpaceX illustration of the 2016 Interplanetary Transport System
136:
engines. The Merlin 2 would have been in direct lineage to the
2600:"SpaceX Gears Up to Finally, Actually Launch the Falcon Heavy"
2039:"SpaceX reveals ITS Mars game changer via colonization plan"
1855:"ITS Propulsion – The evolution of the SpaceX Raptor engine"
1297:"Will Starship Fail Like The Space Shuttle? - Primal Nebula"
906:"SpaceX reveals ITS Mars game changer via colonization plan"
1758:"SpaceX's propulsion chief elevates crowd in Santa Barbara"
2479:(video). The Port of Los Angeles. Event occurs at 35:36.
2364:
Musk, Elon (1 March 2018). "Making Life Multi-Planetary".
2785:"Elon Musk, Man of Steel, reveals his stainless Starship"
1727:"How Elon Musk Plans on Reinventing the World (and Mars)"
1268:"Elon Musk, Man of Steel, reveals his stainless Starship"
508:. The delta wing and split flaps were said to expand the
1789:"SpaceX advances drive for Mars rocket via Raptor power"
1693:"SpaceX advances drive for Mars rocket via Raptor power"
837:"SpaceX advances drive for Mars rocket via Raptor power"
545:
in a double-wall stainless steel skin, removing heat by
339:
vacuum was to be about 31 MN (7,000,000 lbf).
278:
with the fixed engines. Each engine would be capable of
181:
gave a potential payload range between 150–200 tons to
159:
a year prior, SpaceX presented launch vehicle and Mars
1912:
in around 2025 ... nine years from now or thereabouts.
705:"SpaceX's Elon Musk renames his big rocket 'Starship'"
424:(250 bar; 3,600 psi), on the way to 30
2573:"Fireside Chat with SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell"
2083:"Elon Musk Shows Off Interplanetary Transport System"
990:"Elon Musk Shows Off Interplanetary Transport System"
392:, Musk announced a new launch vehicle calling it the
388:
In September 2017, at the 68th annual meeting of the
312:
In contrast to the landing approach used on SpaceX's
2476:
Port Authority of Los Angeles, Regular Board Meeting
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
35:
1594:"Huge Mars Colony Eyed by SpaceX Founder Elon Musk"
2714:"Musk offers more technical details on BFR system"
1993:"Elon Musk's Plan: Get Humans to Mars, and Beyond"
1503:
404:, a tongue-in-cheek reference to the BFG from the
305:nominal loads, and possibly as high as 30–40
16:Development history of the SpaceX Starship vehicle
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
1231:"Starship Users Guide, Revision 1.0, March 2020"
1225:
1223:
483:move up to 150 t (330,000 lb) of cargo
481:expressed interest in the ability of the BFR to
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2072:
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2068:
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1081:
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2435:
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2241:
2239:
1848:
1846:
1686:
1684:
1330:"The truth about the new SpaceX 'Mini-Bakery'"
1196:
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1158:
1156:
735:
733:
731:
729:
29:
1927:"SpaceX performs first test of Raptor engine"
1720:
1718:
1560:
1558:
1556:
477:In August 2018, the head of the US Air Force
221:On September 26, 2016, a day before the 67th
124:In November 2005, before SpaceX launched the
8:
282:between 20 and 100 percent of rated thrust.
2669:, US Department of Defense, 2 August 2018.
1853:Belluscio, Alejandro G. (3 October 2016).
512:to allow the ship to land in a variety of
347:would have operated as a second-stage and
1567:"SpaceX aims big with massive new rocket"
1487:
1485:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1358:
1356:
1354:
810:"SpaceX aims big with massive new rocket"
435:SpaceX looked for manufacturing sites in
2318:"Making Humans a Multiplanetary Species"
2177:Weitering, Hanneke (27 September 2016).
1691:Belluscio, Alejandro G. (7 March 2014).
1392:
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1388:
1323:
1321:
1291:
1289:
1050:
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835:Belluscio, Alejandro G. (7 March 2014).
293:at the launch pad.The design called for
2504:"Musk reiterates plans for testing BFR"
2279:
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2275:
2081:Richardson, Derek (27 September 2016).
1125:
1123:
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988:Richardson, Derek (27 September 2016).
771:
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2170:
2051:from the original on 28 September 2016
1831:from the original on 20 September 2016
1768:from the original on 26 September 2016
1703:from the original on 11 September 2015
1208:from the original on 30 September 2019
918:from the original on 28 September 2016
880:from the original on 20 September 2016
847:from the original on 11 September 2015
316:—either a large, flat concrete pad or
175:the company's Mars system architecture
41:
2925:from the original on 22 December 2021
2860:from the original on 1 September 2021
2791:from the original on 28 December 2019
2610:from the original on 25 February 2018
2473:DiBernardo, Michael (19 April 2018).
2334:from the original on 20 November 2017
2122:from the original on 17 November 2016
1939:from the original on 30 December 2021
1867:from the original on 22 November 2018
1737:from the original on 12 December 2015
1639:from the original on 17 November 2021
1606:from the original on 27 February 2021
1328:Mohan, Aditya Krishnan (2021-09-05).
1274:from the original on 28 December 2019
1142:from the original on 10 December 2023
1034:from the original on 25 December 2018
754:from the original on 24 November 2005
680:from the original on 22 November 2018
7:
2913:Ferris, Robert (29 September 2017).
2891:from the original on 29 October 2019
2598:Seemangal, Robin (1 February 2018).
2440:Masunaga, Samantha (19 April 2018).
2298:from the original on 3 December 2021
2260:from the original on 24 October 2016
2224:from the original on 13 October 2016
1991:Chang, Kenneth (27 September 2016).
1899:from the original on 28 January 2016
1756:Nellis, Stephen (19 February 2014).
1499:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1434:"SpaceX to update Starship progress"
1179:from the original on 22 January 2019
1163:D'Agostino, Ryan (22 January 2019).
1108:from the original on 30 October 2021
1092:Chang, Kenneth (29 September 2019).
789:from the original on 14 January 2015
390:International Astronautical Congress
223:International Astronautical Congress
2825:from the original on 14 August 2021
2693:from the original on 8 October 2017
2632:Insinnia, Valerie (2 August 2018).
2413:from the original on 1 October 2021
2089:from the original on 1 October 2016
2037:Bergin, Chris (27 September 2016).
1909:(SpaceX discussion at 30:15-31:40)
1592:Coppinger, Rob (23 November 2012).
1565:Rosenberg, Zach (15 October 2012).
1470:from the original on August 6, 2021
996:from the original on 1 October 2016
965:from the original on 19 August 2021
904:Bergin, Chris (27 September 2016).
808:Rosenberg, Zach (15 October 2012).
2783:Berger, Eric (29 September 2019).
2553:from the original on 21 March 2018
2483:from the original on 22 April 2018
2454:from the original on 21 April 2018
2210:Berger, Eric (28 September 2016).
2191:from the original on 20 April 2021
1972:from the original on 16 March 2022
1817:Berger, Eric (18 September 2016).
1266:Berger, Eric (29 September 2019).
866:Berger, Eric (18 September 2016).
777:"SpaceX rocket fails first flight"
622:SpaceX ambition of colonizing Mars
14:
2879:Sheetz, Michael (18 March 2019).
2757:from the original on 5 March 2020
2726:from the original on 7 March 2021
2679:Foust, Jeff (29 September 2017).
2579:from the original on 5 April 2019
2516:from the original on 2 April 2020
2399:Henry, Caleb (21 November 2017).
2151:from the original on 3 March 2020
2108:Mosher, Dave (17 November 2016).
1958:Foust, Jeff (27 September 2016).
1925:Foust, Jeff (26 September 2016).
1725:Heath, Chris (12 December 2015).
1243:from the original on 2 April 2020
285:The design goal was to achieve a
2284:Wall, Mike (27 September 2016).
1625:Boyle, Alan (29 December 2015).
1573:from the original on 3 July 2015
1541:from the original on 25 May 2022
1527:Spudis, Paul D. (22 July 2012).
816:from the original on 3 July 2015
740:Foust, Jeff (14 November 2005).
524:Changes to early Starship design
27:were known under various names (
2848:Sheetz, Michael (4 June 2021).
2712:Foust, Jeff (15 October 2017).
2575:. Flickr.com. 11 October 2017.
2246:Boyle, Alan (23 October 2016).
1893:StartmeupHK Venture Forum--2016
1799:from the original on 2014-03-07
1670:from the original on 2023-11-28
1409:from the original on 2023-01-31
1374:from the original on 2023-05-19
1340:from the original on 2023-04-26
1307:from the original on 2023-03-07
1132:"Starship SN-5 | 150 meter hop"
1067:from the original on 2023-02-02
715:from the original on 2021-06-18
212:Interplanetary Transport System
198:Interplanetary Transport System
74:Interplanetary Transport System
36:Interplanetary Transport System
2539:Berger, Eric (19 March 2018).
1055:Coldewey, Devin (2018-12-26).
1:
2749:Berger, Eric (5 March 2020).
2502:Foust, Jeff (12 March 2018).
1492:Norris, Guy (5 August 2010).
1397:Williams, Matt (2019-09-29).
627:Studied Space Shuttle designs
2386:10.1089/space.2018.29013.emu
1787:Bergin, Chris (2014-03-07).
1762:Pacific Coast Business Times
1130:Cotton, Ethan (2020-08-02).
617:Space Shuttle design process
297:to guide the booster during
19:Before settling on the 2018
2141:Musk, Elon (19 July 2017).
2971:
1432:Foust, Jeff (2019-09-27).
1022:Foust, Jeff (2018-12-24).
954:Making Life Multiplanetary
551:those of the Space Shuttle
102:those of the Space Shuttle
321:floating landing platform
231:autogenous pressurization
168:Mars Colonial Transporter
120:Early heavy-lift concepts
70:Mars Colonial Transporter
30:Mars Colonial Transporter
345:Interplanetary Spaceship
189:, SpaceX could use nine
157:final launch of Falcon 1
155:In July 2010, after the
128:, its first rocket, CEO
2085:. Spaceflight Insider.
992:. Spaceflight Insider.
569:optimized for sea-level
237:pressurization system.
106:optimized for sea-level
68:. SpaceX called it the
1529:"The Tale of Falcon 1"
1458:"Starship Users Guide"
1236:. SpaceX. March 2020.
742:"Big plans for SpaceX"
580:point-to-point flights
531:cryogenic temperatures
506:pitch and roll control
406:Doom video game series
385:
331:
255:
207:
90:cryogenic temperatures
2327:. 27 September 2016.
2159:– via YouTube.
961:. 29 September 2017.
514:atmospheric densities
500:at the rear end with
383:
329:
253:
205:
2491:– via YouTube.
1534:Smithsonian Magazine
1508:on 22 September 2011
1169:popularmechanics.com
666:(19 November 2018).
573:optimized for vacuum
479:Air Mobility Command
110:optimized for vacuum
2665:9 June 2019 at the
2378:2018NewSp...6....2M
2044:NASASpaceFlight.com
2007:on 14 December 2021
1860:NASASpaceFlight.com
1793:NASASpaceFlight.com
1697:NASASpaceFlight.com
911:NASASpaceFlight.com
841:NASASpaceFlight.com
539:plastic deformation
456:Port of Los Angeles
299:atmospheric reentry
276:differential thrust
1998:The New York Times
1136:Everyday Astronaut
1101:The New York Times
402:Big Fucking Rocket
386:
371:(200,000 lb).
332:
256:
208:
25:spacecraft designs
2955:Spacecraft design
2813:(6 August 2021).
2447:Los Angeles Times
1658:Schaefer, Steve.
1569:. Flight Global.
1368:Popular Mechanics
1173:Popular Mechanics
812:. Flight Global.
785:. 24 March 2006.
612:History of SpaceX
494:carbon composites
398:Big Falcon Rocket
376:Big Falcon Rocket
364:propellant tanker
362:would serve as a
2962:
2935:
2934:
2932:
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2865:
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2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2787:. Ars Technica.
2780:
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2773:
2764:
2762:
2753:. Ars Technica.
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2115:Business Insider
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2096:
2094:
2078:
2061:
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2034:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2001:. Archived from
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1955:
1949:
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1507:
1502:. Archived from
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1270:. Ars Technica.
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747:The Space Review
737:
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695:
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685:
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645:
642:
560:and the booster
535:300-series steel
336:ITS second stage
291:vertical landing
227:carbon composite
96:and the booster
2970:
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2950:SpaceX Starship
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2667:Wayback Machine
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584:Gwynne Shotwell
537:transitions to
526:
510:flight envelope
378:
368:low Earth orbit
200:
183:low Earth orbit
179:Gwynne Shotwell
170:
122:
114:low Earth orbit
58:low Earth orbit
17:
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1481:
1463:. March 2020.
1449:
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1403:Universe Today
1384:
1370:. 2019-09-29.
1350:
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1303:. 2023-02-16.
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596:weightlessness
588:business class
525:
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472:Cape Canaveral
466:, through the
458:, California.
377:
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349:interplanetary
199:
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138:Merlin engines
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