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363:. Aiming with its reusability to drastically reduce launch costs and scaled construction and swift maintenance between flights, this has been the basis for SpaceX to advance its Mars ambitions and when operational will allow it to provide the necessary transportation capabilities for its colonial goals. The reusability and its resulting reduced launch costs is expected to expand space access to more payloads and entities.
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244:. Elon Musk shared on the social media platform X that these missions would focus on testing the reliability of landing Starships intact on Mars. SpaceX plans to launch five uncrewed Starships to Mars during that transfer window. If successful, the company plans to begin crewed flights to Mars in about four years.
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and supplies. Equipment that would accompany the early groups would include "machines to produce fertilizer, methane and oxygen from Mars' atmospheric nitrogen and carbon dioxide and the planet's subsurface water ice" as well as construction materials to build transparent domes for crop growth. As of
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will be critical for establishing a self-sustaining colony, and that SpaceX plans to begin its efforts in advancing that field in "seven to nine years". Current theories for in-situ resource utilization involve harvesting CO2 from the atmosphere and splitting into its raw components. This will
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Regarding the execution of SpaceX's Mars program, the plans have been criticized as far-fetched because of uncertainties in its financing and because it primarily addresses transportation to Mars and not the steps that follow. As of July 2019, SpaceX had not publicly detailed plans for the
664:. Musk has stated that staying on Mars is a life threatening endeavor that needs to be glorious to be worth it. Exploration of Mars has also been argued to be better left to the already successful robotic missions, with crewed missions simply being too expensive.
100:
have garnered both praise and criticism, being supported as a result of public excitement for further human involvement beyond Earth and a desire to prefer human longevity, and being questioned for its existential perspective, execution, livability and legality.
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Musk has stated that a
Starship orbital launch could eventually cost $ 2 million, starting at $ 10 million within 2–3 years and dropping with time. Starfactory is at the same time planned to produce at peak one Starship per day.
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Musk plans for the first crewed Mars missions to have approximately 12 people, with goals to "build out and troubleshoot the propellant plant and Mars Base Alpha power system" and establish a "rudimentary base." The company plans to
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for the main combustion chamber, allowing it to contain 300 bar (4,400 psi) of pressure, the highest of all current engines. In the future, it may be mass-produced and cost about $ 230,000 per engine or $ 100 per
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It has been argued that settling Mars may be divert attention from solving problems on Earth that may also become problems on Mars, with the reasoning that plans about Mars are always about the plans we have for Earth.
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Others like Saul Zimet have expressed strong support for the concept, suggesting the possibility that the technological advancements that could be developed on Mars will come to benefit the whole of Earth.
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Musk has made statements on several occasions about aspirational dates for
Starship's earliest possible Mars landing, including in 2022, that a crewed mission to Mars could take place no earlier than 2029.
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In 2011, SpaceX planned on proposing Red Dragon for the
Discovery Mission #13, which would launch in 2022, but it was not submitted. It was then proposed in 2014 as a low-cost way for NASA to achieve a
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Mars colonization has gained increased interest, both supportive and critical, since the technical achievements of SpaceX's and Elon Musk's rise of popularity in the 2010s, and more so into the 2020s.
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In 2016, SpaceX planned on launching two Red Dragon vehicles in 2018, with NASA providing technical support instead of funding. However, in 2017, Red Dragon was cancelled, in favor of the much larger
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involve using the O2 as well as CH4 for fuel production, and specifically the O2 in addition to
Nitrogen (the second-most common gas in the Martian atmosphere) for breathing air within habitats.
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713:. Furthermore the sincerity of claims of direct-democracy by a company has been questioned, and a diverse population accommodating everyone legally is thought to be challenging.
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SpaceX has stated on several occasions aspirational plans to build a crewed base on Mars for an extended surface presence, which it hopes will grow into a self-sufficient
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It has been argued that there are physical and social consequences that need to be addressed with regards to long-term survival on the surface of Mars. Former
President
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platform, stating the following: "the parties recognize Mars as a free planet and that no Earth-based government has authority or sovereignty over
Martian activities".
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A successful colonization, meaning an established human presence on Mars growing over many decades, would ultimately involve many more economic actors than SpaceX.
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written on them. Colonization will depend on many people settling with the harsh reality of Mars, as pointed out by Elon Musk presenting SpaceX's colonial approach.
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For reference, Musk's timeline for the colonization of Mars involves a crewed mission as early as 2029 and the development of a self-sustaining colony by 2050.
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2227:"At Starbase, @ElonMusk provided an update on the company's plans to send humanity to Mars, the best destination to begin making life multiplanetary"
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After the first few windows of crewed Mars landings, Musk has suggested that the number of people who are sent to Mars could be ramped up rapidly.
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conference. Before founding SpaceX in 2001, Musk had expressed interest in Mars missions and briefly joined the Mars
Society's board of directors.
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71:. The main motivation behind this is the belief that the colonization of Mars allows humanity to become multiplanetary and therefore secures the
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On 7 September 2024, SpaceX announced that it would launch the first uncrewed
Starship missions to Mars in two years, aligning with the next
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3738:* denotes unflown vehicles or engines, and future missions or sites. †denotes failed missions, destroyed vehicles, and abandoned sites.
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spacecraft's life-support systems, radiation protection, and in situ resource utilization, which are essential for space colonization.
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would have to throw a bunch of stuff before you start putting people there. ... It is a transportation system between Earth and Mars.
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September 2024, SpaceX plans to launch five uncrewed
Starships to Mars during the next available Earth-Mars transfer window in 2026.
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Before any people are transported to Mars, a number of cargo missions would be undertaken first in order to transport the requisite
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Klass, Morton (2000). "Recruiting new "huddled masses" and "wretched refuse": a prolegomenon to the human colonization of space".
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63:. The main element of this ambition is the plan to establish a self-sustained large scale settlement and colony on Mars, claiming
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1485:"Elon Musk says he's 'highly confident' that SpaceX's Starship rocket launches will cost less than $ 10 million within 2-3 years"
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and moving all heavy industrial activity to space. SpaceX's perspective has also been criticised as perpetuating the idea of
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As early as 2007, Elon Musk publicly stated a personal goal of eventually enabling human exploration and settlement of Mars.
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2469:"Jeff Bezos foresees a trillion people living in millions of space colonies. Here's what he's doing to get the ball rolling"
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2692:"2 sentences in Starlink's terms of service show that SpaceX is serious about creating its 'own legal regime' on Mars"
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capsule would be equipped with the system needed to return samples gathered on Mars. NASA did not fund this concept.
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The company hopes that once infrastructure is established on Mars and launch cost is reduced, populating can begin.
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As early as 2007, Elon Musk stated a personal goal of eventually enabling human exploration and settlement of Mars.
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694:. Some of this has been introduced through the terms and services agreement for individual users of SpaceX's
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709:", holds that Mars is not free to be claimed, its legal status sharing some elements of the legal status of
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characterized Musk's timeline for
Martian colonization as "stupendously unreasonable" and "pure delusion".
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1360:"Accessibility to Space Infrastructures and Outer Space: Anthropological Insights from Europe's Spaceport"
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Methane was chosen for the Raptor engines because it is relatively inexpensive, produces a low amount of
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350:, partly justified by SpaceX with its colonial perspective, to launch and build an in development fully
2533:"Obama takes a shot at the likes of Musk and Bezos, says we must protect Earth before colonizing Mars"
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2496:"An anticipatory regime of multiplanetary life: on SpaceX, Martian colonisation and terrestrial ruin"
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629:, has rejected Mars colonization as a mere "Plan B", suggesting instead to preserve Earth through
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SpaceX's plan and colonization of Mars in general, has been criticized ethically and technically.
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Spacex Dragon lander could land on Mars with a mission under the NASA Discovery Program cost cap.
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resources on Mars into fuel for return journeys, and use similar technologies on Earth to create
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The Case for Space: How the Revolution in Spaceflight Opens Up a Future of Limitless Possibility
759:"Colonizing Mars could be dangerous and ridiculously expensive. Elon Musk wants to do it anyway"
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226:. Since then, the launch vehicle was renamed to "Starship", and has been in development since.
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2558:"Elon Musk's plans for life on Mars are a 'dangerous delusion', says British chief astronomer"
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Feasibility of a Dragon-derived Mars lander for scientific and human-precursor investigations
237:, both stages of the vehicle achieved controlled splashdown after launch for the first time.
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The program aims to send a million people to Mars, using a thousand Starships sent during a
131:, proposing since the 2000s and early 2010s different concepts for reaching Mars, including
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964:"Project 'Red Dragon': Mars Sample-Return Mission Could Launch in 2022 with SpaceX Capsule"
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2585:"Elon Musk's future Starship updates could use more details on human health and survival"
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1968:"Elon Musk reveals Starship progress ahead of first orbital flight of Mars-bound craft"
1810:"SpaceX Mars Plans for 1,000 Spaceships to Deliver First Colonists Within 7 to 9 Years"
1679:"Elon Musk reveals Starship progress ahead of first orbital flight of Mars-bound craft"
1115:"Nasa says SpaceX may send two Red Dragon spacecraft to Mars in 2020 in case one fails"
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637:. It has been pointed out that the impact of human settlement on Mars, with regards to
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2284:"Elon Musk breaks down the Starship numbers for a million-person SpaceX Mars colony"
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2724:. Fachinformationsdienst für internationale und interdisziplinäre Rechtsforschung.
2164:"SpaceX's Elon Musk makes the big pitch for his decades-long plan to colonize Mars"
2099:
785:"Elon Musk wants SpaceX to reach Mars so humanity is not a 'single-planet species'"
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1887:(audio file). The Space Show. Event occurs at 29:45–30:40. 2212. Archived from
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Inman, Jennifer Ann; Horvath, Thomas J.; Scott, Carey Fulton (August 24, 2021).
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2611:"Elon Musk's Plan to Send a Million Colonists to Mars by 2050 Is Pure Delusion"
641:, a crucial issue in space exploration, has not been comprehensively answered.
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1279:"SpaceX plans to send five uncrewed Starships to Mars in two years, Musk says"
874:
819:"Elon Musk: SpaceX is chasing the 'holy grail' of completely reusing a rocket"
648:
has characterized Mars as more inhospitable than Earth would be "even after a
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1835:"SpaceX wants to use the first Mars-bound BFR spaceships as Martian habitats"
1436:"SpaceX now dominates rocket flight, bringing big benefits—and risks—to NASA"
1385:
1246:"SpaceX skipping Red Dragon for "vastly bigger ships" on Mars, Musk confirms"
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The development program reached multiple milestones in 2024 such as on its
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Colonization is to be achieved via the development and use of reusable and
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1307:"Musk says SpaceX to launch first uncrewed Starships to Mars in two years"
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1334:"Residents of Elon Musk's 'space city' say he destroyed quiet beach town"
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1516:"SpaceX wants to build 1 Starship megarocket a day with new Starfactory"
553:, support the concept due to the prevalence of water ice in the form of
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1858:"We're going to Mars by 2024 if Elon Musk has anything to say about it"
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573:. According to Zubrin, Starship's planned lower launch cost could make
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2718:"Sorry, Elon: Mars is not a legal vacuum – and it's not yours, either"
2095:"Musk's Mars moment: Audacity, madness, brilliance—or maybe all three"
1148:"Elon Musk provides new details on his 'mind blowing' mission to Mars"
164:
as a low-cost Mars lander. If flown, it would have been launched on a
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2778:"Elon Musk's first name shows up in 1953 book about colonizing Mars"
893:"Elon Musk Is Betting His Fortune on a Mission Beyond Earth's Orbit"
652:". Mars colonization has been called a 'dangerous delusion' by Lord
292:
89:. Starship has been referred to as the "holy grail of rocketry" for
218:
The company's current plan was first formally proposed at the 2016
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was a 2011–2017 concept mission which would have used a modified
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2069:"1st Mars Colonists Should Be 'Prepared to Die,' Elon Musk Says"
1745:"Elon Musk Sets Out SpaceX Starship's Ambitious Launch Timeline"
1608:"Elon Musk Sets Out SpaceX Starship's Ambitious Launch Timeline"
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SCIFLI Starship Reentry Observation (SSRO) ACO (SpaceX Starship)
390:
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relating to the colonization of Mars since at least 2001 at the
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Broadcast 2212: Special Edition, interview with Gwynne Shotwell
1646:"The wild physics of Elon Musk's methane-guzzling super-rocket"
1575:"SpaceX Starship Raptor vacuum engine fired for the first time"
434:
SpaceX's early missions to Mars are to involve small fleets of
75:
of the human species in case of Earth being rid of human life.
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2756:
Columbia Library Journals - Science and Technology Law Review
2637:"Elon Musk's SpaceX says it will 'make its own laws on Mars'"
2666:"Elon Musk's "City-State" on Mars: An International Problem"
721:
It has been pointed out that coincidentally rocket engineer
2001:"Musk looks to Earth's atmosphere as source of rocket fuel"
1048:"'Red Dragon' Mission Mulled as Cheap Search for Mars Life"
2444:"The Space Review: The fault in our Mars settlement plans"
2382:"What Elon Musk's Critics Get Wrong About Colonizing Mars"
731:
colonies on Mars lead by a publicly elected leader titled
426:
A scene of astronauts on Mars in the 2016 IAC presentation
2817:
1405:. Game Changing Development Annual Program Review 2021.
1078:"NASA ADVISORY COUNCIL (NAC) - Science Committee Report"
324:
SpaceX has been setting up since 2014 a facility called
4461:
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would have required significant vehicle modifications.
7024:
2197:"Elon Musk hints at a crewed mission to Mars in 2029"
1778:"Elon Musk hints at a crewed mission to Mars in 2029"
686:
SpaceX intends to base the colony governing laws on
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6888:
6874:
6839:
6793:
6779:
6754:
6678:
6669:
6604:
6563:
6554:
6464:
6383:
6374:
6334:
6258:
6244:
6205:
6179:
6170:
6076:
6056:
6040:
5959:
5950:
5845:
5838:
5805:
5764:
5703:
5632:
5516:
5509:
5360:
5311:
5293:
5237:
5228:
5208:
5192:
5113:
5065:
5018:
5009:
4967:
4755:
4648:
4550:
4517:
4508:
4438:
4360:
4277:
4226:
4118:
4075:
4049:
3988:
3919:
3870:
3844:
3823:
3814:
3692:
3663:
3631:
3575:
3543:
3481:
3450:
3412:
3364:
3355:
3293:
3220:
3199:
3161:
3135:
3128:
3068:
3035:
3028:
2980:
2939:
2906:
2873:
2864:
1542:"Biggest ever rocket is assembled briefly in Texas"
1273:
1271:
930:"Elon Musk's Plan: Get Humans to Mars, and Beyond"
2494:Young, David; Docherty, Niall (August 22, 2024).
1184:"SpaceX Plans to Send Spacecraft to Mars in 2018"
2351:"The Case for Colonizing Mars, by Robert Zubrin"
886:
884:
2157:
2155:
656:, a British cosmologist/astrophysicist and the
222:alongside a fully-reusable launch vehicle, the
123:Subsequently, SpaceX has stated its goal is to
922:
920:
918:
532:Mars next to the actual at SpaceX Headquarters
393:as compared to other hydrocarbons, and can be
338:on the previously populated and wildlife area
6157:Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
6125:
5487:
4477:
4199:
3775:
2833:
2246:"Mars in situ resource utilization: a review"
109:Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX, has engaged in
8:
2442:CisnerosMonday, Isabella (August 21, 2023).
1712:"Starbase Tour and Interview with Elon Musk"
577:profitable, allowing major advancements in
6885:
6790:
6675:
6560:
6380:
6255:
6176:
6132:
6118:
6110:
5956:
5842:
5513:
5494:
5480:
5472:
5234:
5015:
4514:
4484:
4470:
4462:
4206:
4192:
4184:
3820:
3782:
3768:
3760:
3583:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
3529:Chantilly, Houston, Seattle, Washington DC
3361:
3132:
3032:
2870:
2840:
2826:
2818:
1358:Korpershoek, Karlijn (December 26, 2023).
701:In contrast to such claims, international
6396:SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure
3701:Blue Origin v. United States & SpaceX
2635:Cuthbertson, Anthony (October 28, 2020).
2507:
1919:"Huge Mars Colony Eyed by SpaceX Founder"
1375:
3718:Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space
2314:"Making Humans a Multiplanetary Species"
51:) is a planned objective of the company
7031:
2659:
2657:
2437:
2435:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
1644:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (July 31, 2019).
943:from the original on September 29, 2016
752:
750:
748:
744:
485:People at SpaceX wearing t-shirts with
303:assembly at its launch facility called
276:long-term survival of the human species
129:long-term survival of the human species
4026:Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition
4009:Mars Analogue Research Station Program
2013:from the original on December 20, 2021
1658:from the original on February 22, 2021
1639:
1637:
1635:
1146:Davenport, Christian (June 13, 2016).
903:from the original on November 14, 2012
843:
841:
839:
528:"We bring you Mars", a rendering of a
3685:(former VP of Propulsion Development)
2361:from the original on January 26, 2024
2294:from the original on February 7, 2022
2140:from the original on October 13, 2016
2107:from the original on October 13, 2016
1743:Chang, Kenneth (September 28, 2019).
1606:Chang, Kenneth (September 28, 2019).
1495:from the original on January 19, 2024
1464:from the original on November 7, 2021
1415:from the original on October 11, 2021
1332:Reilly, Patrick (February 19, 2023).
1058:from the original on December 1, 2011
927:Chang, Kenneth (September 27, 2016).
757:Wattles, Jackie (December 12, 2023).
168:, and land solely via the use of its
27:Proposed human Mars program by SpaceX
7:
6162:Timeline of Solar System exploration
5599:Association of Autonomous Astronauts
3501:Rocket development and test facility
2415:"The case against Mars colonisation"
2323:. September 27, 2016. Archived from
2244:Starr, Stanley O. (April 25, 2024).
2176:from the original on October 3, 2016
1999:Killelea, Eric (December 16, 2021).
1980:from the original on August 23, 2021
1724:from the original on August 12, 2021
1691:from the original on August 23, 2021
1554:from the original on August 11, 2021
1364:International Journal of the Commons
817:Sheetz, Michael (November 5, 2019).
812:
810:
795:from the original on October 2, 2021
220:International Astronautical Congress
153:capsules on Mars, next to an outpost
2531:Guenot, Marianne (March 14, 2024).
2413:Bharmal, Zahaan (August 28, 2018).
2282:Kooser, Amanda (January 16, 2020).
2195:Torchinsky, Rina (March 17, 2022).
2093:Berger, Eric (September 28, 2016).
1921:. Discovery News. December 13, 2012
1776:Torchinsky, Rina (March 17, 2022).
1514:Garofalo, Meredith (June 8, 2024).
7101:Space program of the United States
2750:Hart, Thomas E. (March 13, 2024).
2162:Boyle, Alan (September 27, 2016).
1881:Gwynne Shotwell (March 21, 2014).
1757:from the original on April 7, 2020
1710:Sesnic, Trevor (August 11, 2021).
1620:from the original on April 7, 2020
1573:Ryan, Jackson (October 21, 2021).
1087:. November 1, 2011. Archived from
1009:from the original on June 16, 2012
974:from the original on March 2, 2021
783:Sheetz, Michael (April 23, 2021).
521:occurring between 2024 and 2041).
399:carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
47:(colloquially also referred to as
25:
18:SpaceX ambition of colonizing Mars
5609:Commercial Spaceflight Federation
3806:List of crewed Mars mission plans
3598:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
2690:Mosher, Dave (November 4, 2020).
2386:Foundation for Economic Education
2207:from the original on June 8, 2022
2067:Wall, Mike (September 30, 2016).
1790:from the original on June 8, 2022
1587:from the original on June 9, 2022
1540:Amos, Jonathan (August 6, 2021).
1256:from the original on May 26, 2021
1127:from the original on May 18, 2017
270:SpaceX has stated its goal is to
7058:
7046:
7034:
7009:
7008:
6627:Innovative Interstellar Explorer
6235:
5694:
5454:
5443:
5442:
3910:
3743:
3742:
3458:Autonomous spaceport drone ships
3019:
2609:Dvorsky, George (June 3, 2024).
2583:Grush, Loren (October 4, 2019).
2126:Foust, Jeff (October 10, 2016).
1225:from the original on May 1, 2016
1213:Newmann, Dava (April 27, 2016).
962:David, Leonard (March 7, 2014).
380:Raptor and Raptor Vacuum engines
376:Starship second stage spacecraft
83:super heavy-lift launch vehicles
55:and particularly of its founder
45:SpaceX Mars colonization program
6512:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
3567:SpaceX fairing recovery program
2664:Gjovik, Ashley (May 15, 2021).
2349:Zubrin, Robert (January 2024).
1966:Sommerlad, Joe (May 28, 2021).
1940:Carroll, Rory (July 17, 2013).
1814:International Business Times UK
1677:Sommerlad, Joe (May 28, 2021).
405:. The engine family uses a new
372:Super Heavy first stage booster
355:super heavy-lift launch vehicle
298:super heavy-lift launch vehicle
288:Space launch market competition
224:Interplanetary Transport System
212:Interplanetary Transport System
6731:Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe
3852:Austere Human Missions to Mars
3513:Satellite development facility
1113:Agamoni Ghosh (May 11, 2017).
891:Hoffman, Carl (May 22, 2007).
728:Project Mars: A Technical Tale
1:
6806:NASA Uranus orbiter and probe
6477:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
3973:Mars Design Reference Mission
2509:10.1080/09505431.2024.2393096
2046:10.1016/s0016-3287(00)00024-0
1942:"Elon Musk's mission to Mars"
1244:Ralph, Eric (July 19, 2017).
505:Musk has stated in 2024 that
187:by 2021. In the concept, the
6357:Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
4899:Recurring slope lineae (RSL)
3956:Space Exploration Initiative
3898:Vision for Space Exploration
3857:Mars Piloted Orbital Station
3588:Commercial Resupply Services
2776:Cooper, Gael (May 7, 2021).
2380:Zimet, Saul (May 28, 2021).
2128:"Can Elon Musk get to Mars?"
1120:International Business Times
1046:Wall, Mike (July 31, 2011).
1002:, 8m.net, October 31, 2011,
507:in-situ resource utilization
382:. Both stages are made from
278:by becoming multiplanetary.
6767:Titan Saturn System Mission
5830:Space elevator competitions
5333:Inspiration Mars Foundation
2716:Eijk, Cristian van (2020).
2250:Planetary and Space Science
2040:(8). Elsevier BV: 739–748.
1434:Mann, Adam (May 20, 2020).
705:, proclaiming space being "
440:public–private partnerships
149:Artist's conception of two
91:extraplanetary colonization
7122:
5772:Commercialization of space
5368:Artificial objects on Mars
4328:Command and service module
3603:Gateway Logistics Services
3340:in the Russo-Ukrainian War
3017:
2811:December 24, 2022, at the
2730:10.17176/20210107-183703-0
1085:Ames Research Center, NASA
561:on Mars, as well as other
285:
256:
242:Earth-Mars transfer window
173:retro-propulsion thrusters
7004:
6637:Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
6233:
6152:
5692:
5619:Space Frontier Foundation
5564:Sierra Nevada Corporation
5544:Mojave Aerospace Ventures
5437:
5385:List of films set on Mars
5200:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
4997:Classical albedo features
4499:
3908:
3801:
3736:
3308:Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy
2855:
2262:10.1016/j.pss.2019.104824
1863:February 3, 2019, at the
1840:November 9, 2018, at the
625:, SpaceX's competitor in
537:Reception and feasibility
471:carbon-neutral propellant
370:The rocket consists of a
5604:Astronaute Club Européen
5303:List of missions to Mars
3489:Headquarters and factory
2006:San Antonio Express-News
1188:National Geographic News
210:SpaceX rendering of the
5461:Solar System portal
3936:Martian Piloted Complex
3593:Commercial Crew Program
1450:10.1126/science.abc9093
725:envisioned in his book
707:province of all mankind
593:profitable as well and
7081:Human missions to Mars
5614:Copenhagen Suborbitals
5075:Solar eclipses on Mars
4934:"Swiss cheese" feature
4790:Concentric crater fill
4168:Mars atmospheric entry
3712:Billionaire space race
3644:Falcon 9 landing tests
2752:"Jurisdiction on Mars"
1717:The Everyday Astronaut
627:commercial spaceflight
533:
490:
427:
321:
215:
154:
41:
36:Elon Musk at the 2006
6632:Jovian Europa Orbiter
6084:Axiom Orbital Segment
5908:Christopher Sembroski
5815:America's Space Prize
5797:Suborbital spaceplane
5624:Space Tourism Society
5579:The Spaceship Company
4158:Mars orbit rendezvous
4100:Mars Excursion Module
4057:Caves of Mars Project
3883:Constellation program
3494:Hawthorne, California
2330:on September 28, 2016
1194:on September 19, 2018
855:. Amherst, New York:
527:
484:
425:
401:and hydrogen via the
295:
286:Further information:
257:Further information:
209:
148:
35:
7086:Colonization of Mars
6987:Pluto Kuiper Express
6831:Interstellar Express
6507:Mars Surveyor Lander
5825:Google Lunar X Prize
5676:Space Island Project
5674:Space Island Group (
5650:Golden Spike Company
5549:Orbital Technologies
5275:Permanent settlement
4163:Terraforming of Mars
4126:Colonization of Mars
3707:Commercial astronaut
3608:Human Landing System
3142:Starship prototypes
1287:. September 22, 2024
1215:"Exploring Together"
711:international waters
639:planetary protection
330:and more recently a
6657:Tsiolkovsky mission
6581:Io Volcano Observer
6421:Mars Micro Orbiter‎
6142:spacecraft missions
6089:Tourism on the Moon
5640:Armadillo Aerospace
5417:Timekeeping on Mars
5094:Planetary transits
5079:Satellite transits
4992:Observation history
4840:Lobate debris apron
4333:Apollo Lunar Module
4131:Exploration of Mars
3836:SpaceX Mars program
3679:(President and COO)
3518:Redmond, Washington
3146:first stage booster
2919:Super Heavy booster
1867:. Elizabeth Rayne,
1313:. September 7, 2024
1094:on January 20, 2013
595:space-based economy
549:Some experts, like
436:Starship spacecraft
196:Starship spacecraft
162:Dragon 2 spacecraft
6487:Mars 4NM & 5NM
6411:Mars Geyser Hopper
5807:Space competitions
5777:Space colonization
2965:"Full Thrust" v1.2
2500:Science as Culture
1871:. August 15, 2018.
1848:. August 27, 2018.
1750:The New York Times
1613:The New York Times
1219:NASA Official Blog
1182:(April 27, 2016).
1032:2016-11-10 at the
936:The New York Times
688:self-determination
534:
515:Mars launch window
491:
428:
340:Boca Chica (Texas)
322:
311:Boca Chica (Texas)
259:Space and survival
235:fourth flight test
216:
185:Mars sample return
155:
73:long-term survival
65:self-determination
42:
7022:
7021:
7000:
6999:
6870:
6869:
6826:Uranus Pathfinder
6775:
6774:
6665:
6664:
6550:
6549:
6492:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
6370:
6369:
6231:
6230:
6107:
6106:
6072:
6071:
5997:Blue Origin NS-22
5992:Blue Origin NS-21
5987:Blue Origin NS-20
5982:Blue Origin NS-19
5977:Blue Origin NS-18
5972:Blue Origin NS-16
5946:
5945:
5858:Mark Shuttleworth
5690:
5689:
5529:Bigelow Aerospace
5469:
5468:
5422:Sol (day on Mars)
5390:Martian scientist
5373:Memorials on Mars
5356:
5355:
5327:The Case for Mars
5224:
5223:
5005:
5004:
4939:Terrain softening
4904:Ring mold craters
4872:North Polar Basin
4795:Dark slope streak
4640:Vastitas Borealis
4537:Dust devil tracks
4459:
4458:
4215:Crewed spacecraft
4181:
4180:
4090:Crewed Mars rover
4031:Concordia Station
3967:The Case for Mars
3906:
3905:
3757:
3756:
3721:(2021 docuseries)
3446:
3445:
3357:Launch facilities
3295:Lists of missions
3216:
3215:
3124:
3123:
3015:
3014:
1894:on March 22, 2014
866:978-1-63388-534-9
723:Wernher von Braun
631:space development
403:Sabatier reaction
342:peninsula in the
313:peninsula in the
231:third test flight
16:(Redirected from
7113:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7030:
7012:
7011:
6886:
6791:
6676:
6561:
6381:
6347:Mercury Observer
6256:
6239:
6177:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6111:
5957:
5903:Hayley Arceneaux
5878:Richard Garriott
5843:
5787:Space settlement
5698:
5670:RocketShip Tours
5569:Space Adventures
5514:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5473:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5446:
5445:
5320:The Mars Project
5235:
5183:
5173:
5163:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5016:
4877:Ocean hypothesis
4727:Outflow channels
4515:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4463:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4185:
3930:The Mars Project
3914:
3893:Inspiration Mars
3878:Aurora programme
3821:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3761:
3746:
3745:
3632:R&D programs
3525:Regional offices
3482:Other facilities
3362:
3133:
3033:
3023:
2871:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2819:
2806:Official website
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2722:Völkerrechtsblog
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2696:Business Insider
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2670:Modern Diplomacy
2661:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2564:. March 15, 2021
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2537:Business Insider
2528:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2448:The Space Review
2439:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2410:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2318:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2233:. April 6, 2024.
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1878:
1872:
1855:
1849:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1816:. April 16, 2024
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1641:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1489:Business Insider
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1377:10.5334/ijc.1284
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1190:. Archived from
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1160:on June 10, 2016
1156:. Archived from
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1082:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1043:
1037:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1001:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
932:
924:
913:
912:
910:
908:
888:
879:
878:
857:Prometheus Books
851:(May 14, 2019).
845:
834:
833:
831:
829:
814:
805:
804:
802:
800:
780:
774:
773:
771:
769:
754:
692:direct democracy
658:Astronomer Royal
587:material science
214:approaching Mars
96:These plans for
69:direct democracy
21:
7121:
7120:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7096:SpaceX Starship
7071:
7070:
7069:
7059:
7057:
7047:
7045:
7035:
7033:
7025:
7023:
7018:
6996:
6910:
6878:
6866:
6857:Neptune Orbiter
6852:Mariner Mark II
6835:
6784:
6771:
6750:
6661:
6642:Neptune Orbiter
6600:
6546:
6460:
6406:Icebreaker Life
6366:
6330:
6248:
6240:
6227:
6223:Solar Sentinels
6201:
6166:
6148:
6138:
6108:
6103:
6094:Tourism on Mars
6068:
6052:
6036:
5952:
5942:
5873:Charles Simonyi
5868:Anousheh Ansari
5834:
5801:
5765:Living in space
5760:
5699:
5686:
5628:
5584:Virgin Galactic
5505:
5500:
5470:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5433:
5427:Darian calendar
5352:
5307:
5289:
5220:
5204:
5188:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5109:
5061:
5055:Voltaire crater
5033:Stickney crater
5001:
4963:
4805:Fretted terrain
4751:
4651:
4644:
4605:Sinus Meridiani
4590:Planum Australe
4565:Cerberus (Mars)
4546:
4504:
4502:Outline of Mars
4495:
4490:
4460:
4455:
4434:
4356:
4273:
4222:
4212:
4182:
4177:
4114:
4077:
4071:
4045:
3992:
3984:
3921:
3915:
3902:
3866:
3840:
3816:
3810:
3797:
3788:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3732:
3726:Return to Space
3688:
3677:Gwynne Shotwell
3659:
3627:
3571:
3563:(recovery ship)
3555:(recovery ship)
3539:
3506:McGregor, Texas
3477:
3442:
3408:
3351:
3289:
3212:
3195:
3157:
3120:
3064:
3024:
3011:
2976:
2935:
2902:
2866:Launch vehicles
2860:
2851:
2846:
2813:Wayback Machine
2802:
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2641:The Independent
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2110:
2108:
2092:
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2087:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1973:The Independent
1965:
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1948:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1917:
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1842:Wayback Machine
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782:
781:
777:
767:
765:
756:
755:
746:
741:
719:
684:
611:
547:
539:
519:synodic periods
479:
420:
395:created on Mars
384:stainless steel
290:
284:
265:
255:
250:
204:
143:
107:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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6982:New Horizons 2
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6862:New Horizons 2
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6647:New Horizons 2
6644:
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6622:Europa Orbiter
6619:
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6529:
6524:
6522:Northern Light
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
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5954:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5913:Yusaku Maezawa
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5893:Jared Isaacman
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5849:
5847:
5840:
5839:Space tourists
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5820:Ansari X Prize
5817:
5811:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5782:Space medicine
5779:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5762:
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5759:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
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5726:
5721:
5716:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5700:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5682:XCOR Aerospace
5679:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5645:Canadian Arrow
5642:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5539:Airbus D&S
5536:
5531:
5526:
5520:
5518:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5491:
5484:
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5409:
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5387:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5338:Mars Institute
5335:
5330:
5323:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5299:
5297:
5291:
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5117:
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5110:
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5013:
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5002:
5000:
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4994:
4989:
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4979:
4973:
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4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4914:Seasonal flows
4911:
4909:Rootless cones
4906:
4901:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4857:
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4832:
4827:
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4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
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4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4737:Valley network
4734:
4729:
4724:
4722:Observed rocks
4719:
4718:
4717:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4656:
4654:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4635:Ultimi Scopuli
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4615:Terra Cimmeria
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
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4523:
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4506:
4505:
4500:
4497:
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4491:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4445:United States
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4408:
4402:United States
4400:
4399:
4398:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4364:
4362:
4361:In development
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4320:
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4304:United States
4302:
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4300:
4295:
4290:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4253:United States
4251:
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4228:
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4223:
4213:
4211:
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4113:
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4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4073:
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4070:
4069:
4064:
4062:Mars Institute
4059:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
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4000:
3998:
3986:
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3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3831:Mars Base Camp
3827:
3825:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3789:
3787:
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3689:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3655:Mars transport
3652:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
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3498:
3497:
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3485:
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3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3462:Landing Zones
3460:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3428:
3422:
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3400:
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3350:
3349:
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3337:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
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3305:
3299:
3297:
3291:
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3272:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3226:
3224:
3222:Rocket engines
3218:
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3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3186:
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3119:
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3111:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3048:Dragon 2 Cargo
3045:
3043:Dragon 1 Cargo
3039:
3037:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3003:
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2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2910:
2908:
2907:In development
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2853:
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2830:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2801:
2800:External links
2798:
2795:
2794:
2768:
2742:
2708:
2682:
2653:
2627:
2601:
2575:
2549:
2523:
2486:
2475:. May 15, 2019
2460:
2431:
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2372:
2341:
2305:
2274:
2236:
2218:
2187:
2151:
2118:
2085:
2059:
2024:
1991:
1958:
1932:
1910:
1873:
1850:
1844:. Eric Ralph,
1827:
1801:
1768:
1735:
1702:
1669:
1631:
1598:
1565:
1532:
1506:
1475:
1426:
1391:
1370:(1): 481–491.
1350:
1324:
1298:
1267:
1236:
1205:
1171:
1138:
1105:
1069:
1038:
1019:
993:"Red Dragon",
985:
954:
914:
897:Wired Magazine
880:
865:
849:Zubrin, Robert
835:
806:
775:
743:
742:
740:
737:
718:
715:
683:
680:
670:George Dvorsky
662:United Kingdom
610:
607:
575:space research
567:carbon dioxide
546:
543:
538:
535:
478:
475:
419:
418:First missions
416:
357:with the name
348:Gulf of Mexico
319:Gulf of Mexico
283:
280:
274:to ensure the
254:
251:
249:
246:
203:
200:
142:
137:
127:to ensure the
111:space advocacy
106:
103:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7118:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7091:Space tourism
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7066:
7056:
7054:
7044:
7042:
7032:
7028:
7015:
7007:
7006:
7003:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6877:
6876:Minor planets
6873:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6821:Triton Hopper
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6782:
6778:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6571:Europa Lander
6569:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6247:
6243:
6238:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6135:
6130:
6128:
6123:
6121:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5951:Space tourism
5949:
5939:
5938:John Shoffner
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5888:Oliver Daemen
5886:
5884:
5883:Guy Laliberté
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5863:Gregory Olsen
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5837:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5792:Space station
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5744:SpaceShip III
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5697:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5510:Organizations
5508:
5504:
5503:Space tourism
5497:
5492:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5462:
5451:
5449:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5270:Human mission
5268:
5266:
5265:Sample return
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5182:
5175:
5172:
5165:
5162:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5140:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5128:Mars-crossers
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5008:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:Tharsis bulge
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4882:Ore resources
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:Chaos terrain
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4765:Brain terrain
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4680:Chaos terrain
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:Planum Boreum
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:Olympia Undae
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4575:Eridania Lake
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4450:
4449:SpaceShip III
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Space Shuttle
4338:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:Soviet Union
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4204:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3913:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3791:Human mission
3785:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3749:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:LZ-1 and LZ-2
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:Landing sites
3449:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3403:Omelek Island
3401:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3129:Test vehicles
3127:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3076:Dragon 2 Crew
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2453:September 14,
2449:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2424:September 14,
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1720:(Interview).
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1338:New York Post
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1291:September 23,
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1036:20 June 2014.
1035:
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1005:
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989:
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551:Robert Zubrin
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345:
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317:delta at the
316:
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308:
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282:Launch system
281:
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272:colonize Mars
268:
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125:colonize Mars
121:
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104:
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81:
80:mass-produced
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
61:colonize Mars
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
7041:Solar System
6967:Hayabusa Mk2
6942:Comet Hopper
6617:EJSM-Laplace
6542:Voyager Mars
6286:Shukrayaan-1
6146:Solar System
6048:Polaris Dawn
5967:Inspiration4
5933:Eytan Stibbe
5923:Larry Connor
5898:Sian Proctor
5729:SpaceShipTwo
5407:Life on Mars
5402:Flag of Mars
5343:Mars Society
5325:
5318:
5285:Terraforming
5280:Colonization
5050:Swift crater
4892:polar wander
4620:Terra Sabaea
4560:Arabia Terra
4428:Dream Chaser
4416:Starship HLS
4350:SpaceShipTwo
4345:SpaceShipOne
4085:Mars habitat
4067:Mars Society
3990:Mars analogs
3965:
3928:
3920:20th-century
3862:Mars to Stay
3815:21st-century
3724:
3716:
3699:
3618:Rocket Cargo
3558:
3550:
3188:
3181:
3168:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3000:Falcon 9 Air
2929:lunar lander
2898:Falcon Heavy
2785:. Retrieved
2781:
2771:
2759:. Retrieved
2755:
2745:
2733:. Retrieved
2721:
2711:
2699:. Retrieved
2695:
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2669:
2644:. Retrieved
2640:
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2588:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2561:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:
2526:
2499:
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2472:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2447:
2422:. Retrieved
2419:the Guardian
2418:
2389:. Retrieved
2385:
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2354:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2325:the original
2308:
2296:. Retrieved
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2253:
2249:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2200:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2167:
2142:. Retrieved
2131:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2100:Ars Technica
2098:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:
2062:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
2004:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1971:
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1945:
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1913:
1904:
1903:
1896:. Retrieved
1889:the original
1883:
1876:
1868:
1853:
1845:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1813:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1781:
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1748:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1715:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
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1660:. Retrieved
1649:
1622:. Retrieved
1611:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1578:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1545:
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1519:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1488:
1478:
1468:November 28,
1466:. Retrieved
1439:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1406:
1401:
1394:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1337:
1327:
1317:September 8,
1315:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1282:
1258:. Retrieved
1249:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1218:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:the original
1187:
1180:Drake, Nadia
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1158:the original
1151:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1118:
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1089:the original
1084:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1051:
1041:
1022:
1011:, retrieved
995:
988:
976:. Retrieved
967:
957:
945:. Retrieved
934:
905:. Retrieved
896:
852:
826:. Retrieved
822:
797:. Retrieved
788:
778:
766:. Retrieved
762:
726:
720:
700:
685:
673:
672:writing for
666:
646:Barack Obama
643:
615:
612:
603:
599:colonization
548:
540:
512:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
486:
463:
451:
444:
438:, funded by
433:
429:
388:
369:
365:
358:
335:
325:
323:
304:
300:
269:
266:
263:Life on Mars
239:
228:
217:
193:
188:
181:
166:Falcon Heavy
156:
150:
139:
122:
119:
115:Mars Society
108:
98:colonization
95:
77:
48:
44:
43:
38:Mars Society
29:
7065:Spaceflight
6962:Don Quijote
6431:MELOS rover
6022:Galactic 06
6017:Galactic 05
6012:Galactic 04
6007:Galactic 03
6002:Galactic 02
5918:Yozo Hirano
5853:Dennis Tito
5724:New Shepard
5665:PlanetSpace
5534:Blue Origin
5524:Axiom Space
5230:Exploration
5152:5261 Eureka
4820:Groundwater
4785:Composition
4610:Tempe Terra
4600:Quadrangles
4527:Circulation
4267:New Shepard
4257:Crew Dragon
4153:Mars cycler
4105:Mars lander
3961:Mars Direct
3951:Ride Report
3683:Tom Mueller
3639:Reusability
3413:Atmospheric
3170:Grasshopper
3151:upper stage
3006:BFR and ITS
2924:upper stage
2365:January 25,
2298:February 7,
2211:January 25,
2144:October 12,
2111:October 13,
1984:December 4,
1951:February 5,
1946:TheGuardian
1728:October 12,
1695:December 4,
1662:December 9,
1499:January 12,
1419:October 12,
799:January 12,
690:, and
654:Martin Rees
650:nuclear war
635:colonialism
623:Blue Origin
601:practical.
530:terraformed
487:Occupy Mars
336:Starfactory
248:Composition
49:Occupy Mars
7075:Categories
6977:Marco Polo
6527:Red Dragon
6497:Mars-Aster
6456:Sky-Sailor
6451:Phootprint
6416:Mars-Grunt
5928:Mark Pathy
5660:Orion Span
4887:Polar caps
4867:Mud cracks
4850:Meteorites
4835:Lava tubes
4770:Carbonates
4705:Labyrinthi
4580:Iani Chaos
4519:Atmosphere
4173:Mars flyby
4119:Miscellany
4110:Mars rover
3673:(CEO, CTO)
3664:Key people
3651:(canceled)
3649:Red Dragon
3623:Starshield
3436:Boca Chica
3425:New Mexico
3262:SuperDraco
3190:Starhopper
3091:Resilience
3029:Spacecraft
2620:August 15,
2594:August 15,
2568:August 15,
2180:October 3,
875:1053572666
768:August 15,
739:References
733:the "Elon"
619:Jeff Bezos
555:permafrost
477:Populating
412:kilonewton
344:Rio Grande
315:Rio Grande
189:Red Dragon
177:parachutes
170:SuperDraco
158:Red Dragon
151:Red Dragon
140:Red Dragon
133:space tugs
6915:Cancelled
6889:Proposals
6840:Cancelled
6794:Proposals
6755:Cancelled
6691:Dragonfly
6679:Proposals
6652:Pioneer H
6605:Cancelled
6586:Laplace-P
6564:Proposals
6517:NetLander
6465:Cancelled
6384:Proposals
6335:Cancelled
6259:Proposals
6213:Pioneer H
6206:Cancelled
6180:Proposals
6140:Proposed
6057:Cancelled
5749:Starliner
5739:New Glenn
5589:CAS Space
5412:Sub-Earth
5395:Mythology
5348:Mars race
5115:Asteroids
5011:Astronomy
4982:Hesperian
4977:Amazonian
4949:Volcanism
4924:Spherules
4845:Marsquake
4800:Dichotomy
4715:by height
4710:Mountains
4510:Geography
4439:Cancelled
4423:Blue Moon
4386:Gaganyaan
4262:Starliner
4095:Mars suit
3922:proposals
3817:proposals
3671:Elon Musk
3576:Contracts
3318:2020–2021
3313:2010–2019
3183:DragonFly
3099:Endurance
3083:Endeavour
3053:Dragon XL
2988:Falcon 1e
2981:Cancelled
2951:Falcon 9
2589:The Verge
2542:August 6,
2518:0950-5431
2479:August 6,
2391:April 25,
2267:April 25,
2133:SpaceNews
2073:Space.com
2054:0016-3287
2017:March 31,
1925:March 14,
1898:March 22,
1869:SyFy Wire
1846:TeslaRati
1820:April 16,
1520:Space.com
1458:219490398
1386:1875-0281
1260:April 15,
1250:TESLARATI
1229:April 27,
1198:April 28,
1052:SPACE.com
968:Space.com
907:March 14,
703:space law
609:Criticism
589:, making
583:computers
563:resources
454:equipment
57:Elon Musk
7014:Category
6937:Castalia
6482:Beagle 3
6426:Mars One
6352:TMK-Mavr
6296:Venera-D
6276:EnVision
6197:Sundiver
6192:Lagrange
6064:dearMoon
5953:missions
5754:Starship
5719:Dragon 2
5710:Current
5704:Vehicles
5448:Category
5312:Advocacy
5295:Missions
5238:Concepts
5067:Transits
5038:Monolith
4987:Noachian
4959:Yardangs
4855:on Earth
4815:Glaciers
4660:"Canals"
4652:features
4650:Physical
4411:Starship
4371:Mengzhou
4237:Shenzhou
4219:programs
4078:concepts
4076:Hardware
4050:Advocacy
4004:MARS-500
3888:Mars One
3748:Category
3535:STARGATE
3431:Starbase
3420:McGregor
3347:Starship
3335:launches
3330:Starlink
3325:SpaceBEE
3303:Falcon 1
3207:F9R Dev2
3176:F9R Dev1
3115:Starship
3059:Starship
2994:Falcon 5
2947:Falcon 1
2914:Starship
2891:boosters
2881:Falcon 9
2809:Archived
2787:July 13,
2761:July 12,
2735:July 12,
2701:July 12,
2675:July 12,
2646:July 12,
2562:Sky News
2502:: 1–26.
2473:NBC News
2359:Archived
2292:Archived
2205:Archived
2174:Archived
2169:GeekWire
2138:Archived
2105:Archived
2078:July 12,
2011:Archived
1978:Archived
1861:Archived
1838:Archived
1794:June 16,
1788:Archived
1755:Archived
1722:Archived
1689:Archived
1656:Archived
1651:Wired UK
1618:Archived
1585:Archived
1552:Archived
1547:BBC News
1525:June 10,
1493:Archived
1462:Archived
1413:Archived
1343:July 15,
1254:Archived
1223:Archived
1164:June 14,
1125:Archived
1056:Archived
1030:Archived
1004:archived
978:March 8,
972:Archived
941:Archived
901:Archived
828:July 23,
793:Archived
696:Starlink
579:medicine
571:nitrogen
559:glaciers
458:habitats
360:Starship
352:reusable
327:Starbase
306:Starbase
301:Starship
202:Starship
87:Starship
7027:Portals
6952:CORSAIR
6932:ARM/ARU
6906:OKEANOS
6811:Oceanus
6786:Neptune
6726:Oceanus
6591:OKEANOS
6556:Jupiter
6401:DePhine
6301:VERITAS
6271:DAVINCI
6246:Mercury
6187:ADAHELI
6144:to the
6099:Haven-1
6077:Related
6041:Planned
6032:Axiom-2
6027:Axiom-1
5735:Future
5655:MirCorp
5633:Defunct
5559:Redwire
5380:Fiction
5361:Related
5255:Landing
5250:Orbiter
5209:General
5178:2007 NS
5168:1999 UJ
5158:1998 VF
5147:Trojans
5134:2007 WD
5123:Impacts
5103:Mercury
4969:History
4929:Surface
4860:on Mars
4825:Gullies
4810:Geysers
4757:Geology
4747:Gravity
4742:Valleys
4695:Gullies
4685:Craters
4675:Catenae
4670:Canyons
4625:Tharsis
4570:Cydonia
4552:Regions
4542:Methane
4532:Climate
4392:Russia
4313:Mercury
4293:Voskhod
4278:Retired
4243:Russia
4136:Fiction
4036:HI-SEAS
3845:Passive
3693:Related
3613:Polaris
3560:Shannon
3544:Support
3365:Orbital
3252:Kestrel
3200:Unflown
3162:Retired
3136:Current
3107:Freedom
2970:Block 4
2940:Retired
2886:Block 5
2874:Current
2858:History
2615:Gizmodo
2034:Futures
1761:July 8,
1624:July 8,
1591:June 9,
1558:May 30,
1441:Science
1311:Reuters
1284:Reuters
1131:May 25,
1013:May 14,
675:Gizmodo
660:of the
545:Support
467:process
334:called
332:factory
309:on the
296:SpaceX
105:History
85:called
7106:SpaceX
6972:MAOSEP
6947:CONDOR
6901:HAMMER
6896:CAESAR
6881:comets
6816:ODINUS
6781:Uranus
6741:TALISE
6736:SPRITE
6716:Kronos
6686:AVIATR
6671:Saturn
6436:MetNet
6326:Zephyr
6311:VISAGE
5574:SpaceX
5517:Active
5452:
5441:
5193:Comets
5088:Deimos
5083:Phobos
5045:Deimos
5028:Phobos
4732:Plains
4700:Mensae
4690:Fossae
4382:India
4376:Lanyue
4367:China
4323:Apollo
4318:Gemini
4288:Vostok
4233:China
4227:Active
4146:novels
3941:Aelita
3871:Former
3824:Active
3729:(2022)
3391:SLC-4E
3383:LC-39A
3375:SLC-40
3284:Vacuum
3267:Raptor
3246:Vacuum
3230:Merlin
3069:Crewed
2849:SpaceX
2516:
2321:SpaceX
2231:SpaceX
2052:
1456:
1384:
1098:May 1,
1062:May 1,
873:
863:
717:Trivia
591:mining
447:colony
374:and a
67:under
53:SpaceX
7053:Space
6992:Vesta
6922:AGORA
6596:SMARA
6537:Vesta
6502:MAX-C
6446:PADME
6362:Vesta
6281:HAVOC
6251:Venus
6218:OSO J
5714:Soyuz
5260:Rover
5245:Flyby
5216:Orbit
5098:Earth
5020:Moons
4954:Water
4830:Lakes
4780:Color
4630:Undae
4406:Orion
4298:Buran
4247:Soyuz
4141:films
4041:NEEMO
4014:FMARS
3552:Megan
3397:SLC-6
3395:VSFB
3372:CCSFS
3257:Draco
3105:C212
3097:C210
3089:C207
3081:C206
3036:Cargo
2328:(PDF)
2317:(PDF)
1892:(mp3)
1454:S2CID
1092:(PDF)
1081:(PDF)
1007:(PDF)
1000:(PDF)
565:like
407:alloy
397:from
253:Goals
175:, as
6957:CRAF
6879:and
6847:Argo
6801:MUSE
6762:Argo
6746:TiME
6721:LIFE
6706:EnEx
6612:Argo
6576:FIRE
6532:SCIM
6472:ARES
6441:NeMO
6391:BOLD
6376:Mars
6316:VISE
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