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constituted of the estates of the clergy, the nobility and the people. Except with regard to the budget, its ability to make laws was influenced by the power of the monarch. In fact, the King was only forced to call
Parliament every three years. It contained no explicit references to legal equality of citizens, although it was implicit in the equality in taxation, the abolition of privileges and equal rights between Spanish and American citizens. The Constitution also recognized the freedom of industry and trade, the abolition of trade privileges and the elimination of internal customs.
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1712:. Napoleon was fully aware of the disastrous state of Spain's economy and administration, and its political fragility. He came to believe that it had little value as an ally in the current circumstances. He insisted on positioning French troops in Spain to prepare for a French invasion of Portugal, but once this was done, he continued to move additional French troops into Spain without any sign of an advance into Portugal. The presence of French troops on Spanish soil was extremely unpopular in Spain, resulting in the
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1732:, France, and Ferdinand went, fully expecting Bonaparte to approve his position as monarch. Napoleon had also summoned Charles IV, who arrived separately. Napoleon pressed Ferdinand to abdicate in favor of his father, who had abdicated under duress. Charles IV then abdicated in favor of Napoleon, since he did not want his despised son to be heir to the throne. Napoleon placed his brother Joseph on the throne. The formal abdications were designed to preserve the legitimacy of the new sitting monarch.
1948:, an advisory body composed of the Senate which was formed by the male members of the royal family and 24 members appointed by the king from the nobles and the clergy, and a legislative assembly, with representatives from the estates of the nobility and the clergy. The Constitution established an authoritarian regime that included some enlightened projects, such as the abolition of torture, but preserving the Inquisition.
25:
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ratified the transfer of the Crown to Joseph
Bonaparte and adopted with little change apart from a constitutional text drafted by Napoleon. Most of those assembled did not perceive any contradiction between patriotism and collaboration with the new king. Moreover, it was not the first time a foreign dynasty had assumed the Spanish Crown: at the start of the eighteenth century, the
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1755:, meanwhile pressed for the former Prime Minister of Spain, Manuel de Godoy, whose role in inviting the French forces into Spain had led to the mutiny of Aranjuez, to be set free. The failure of the remaining Spanish government to stand up to Murat caused popular anger. On 2 May 1808, the younger son of Charles IV, the
1770:, the main organ of central government in Spain under Charles IV, was now in Napoleon's control. However, due to the popular anger at French rule, it quickly lost authority outside the population centers which were directly French-occupied. To oppose this occupation, former regional governing institutions, such as the
1750:
Charles IV hoped that
Napoleon, who by this time had 100,000 troops stationed in Spain, would help him regain the throne. However, Napoleon refused to help Charles, and also refused to recognize his son, Ferdinand VII, as the new king. Instead, he succeeded in pressuring both Charles and Ferdinand to
2014:
believed that the only way to maintain national independence was to collaborate with the new dynasty, as the greater the resistance to the French, the greater would be the subordination of Spain to the French imperial army and its war requirements. In fact, the opposite was the case: although in the
1958:
During his stay in
Vitoria, Joseph Bonaparte had taken important steps to organise the state institutions, including creating an advisory Council of State. The king appointed a government, whose leaders formed an enlightened group which adopted a reform program. The Inquisition was abolished, as was
1940:
religion as the official religion and forbade the exercise of other religions. It did not contain an explicit statement about the separation of powers, but asserted the independence of the judiciary. Executive power lay in the King and his ministers. The courts, in the manner of the old regime, were
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from 5 February 1810 to 24 August 1812, and the port city never surrendered.). Its members disbanded and transferred its powers to a
Council of Regency. The five regents convened the meeting of the Cortes in Cadiz. Cortes were representatives of the estates, but were unable to hold elections either
1936:, because it was not the result of a sovereign act of the nation assembled in Parliament, but a royal edict. The text was imbued with a spirit of reform, in line with the Bonaparte ideals, but adapted to the Spanish culture so as to win the support of the elites of the old regime. It recognized the
1838:
on 22 July 1808. This victory encouraged the resistance against the French in several countries elsewhere in Europe. After the battle, King Joseph left Madrid to take refuge in
Vitoria. In the fall of 1808, Napoleon himself entered Spain, entering Madrid on 2 December and returning Joseph I to the
2018:
The military defeats suffered by the French army forced Joseph to leave Madrid on three occasions, the first in July 1808, following the Battle of Bailén, until it was recaptured by the French in
November. The second time was from 12 August until 2 November 1812 whilst the Anglo-Portuguese army
1897:
When
Ferdinand VII left Bayonne, in May 1808, he asked that all institutions co-operate with the French authorities. On 15 June 1808 Joseph, the elder brother of Napoleon was made King. The Council of Castile assembled in Bayonne, though only 65 of the total 150 members attended. The Assembly
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1780:(councils) were created to fill the power vacuum and lead the struggle against French imperial forces. Provincial juntas began to coordinate their actions; regional juntas were formed to oversee the provincial ones. Finally, on 25 September 1808, a single
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2023:, ending the failed stage of enlightened absolutism. Most of Joseph's supporters (about 10,000 and 12,000) fled to France into exile, along with the retreating French troops after the war, and their property was confiscated. Joseph abdicated.
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2015:
territory controlled by King Joseph I modern rational administration and institutions replaced the Old Regime, the permanent state of war reinforced the power of the French marshals, barely allowing the civil authorities to act.
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1959:
the
Council of Castile which was accused of anti-French policy. He decreed the end of feudal rights, the reduction of religious communities and the abolition of internal customs charges.
2010:
Throughout the war, Joseph
Bonaparte tried to exercise full authority as the King of Spain, preserving some autonomy against the designs of his brother Napoleon. In this regard, many
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The constitution they wrote did not last long. On 24 March 1814, six weeks after returning to Spain, Ferdinand VII abolished the constitution and had all monuments to it torn down.
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As the popular revolt against Joseph Bonaparte spread, many who had initially co-operated with the Bonaparte dynasty left their ranks. But there remained numerous Spanish, known as
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This period saw measures to liberalize trade and agriculture and the creation of a stock exchange in Madrid. The State Council undertook the division of land into 38 provinces.
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was also ousted. Ferdinand was declared the legitimate monarch, and returned to Madrid expecting to take up his duties as king. Napoleon Bonaparte summoned Ferdinand to
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Joseph spent time in France before travelling to the United States (where he sold the jewels he had taken from Spain). He lived there from 1817 to 1832, initially in
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Murat established a plan of conquest, sending two large armies to attack pockets of pro-Ferdinand resistance. One army secured the route between Madrid and
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and saw the arrival of Bonaparte as an opportunity to modernize the country. Many had been a part of government in the reign of Charles IV, for example,
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caused Spain to back down. However, Spain continued to resent the loss of its fleet at Trafalgar and the fact that it was forced to join the
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In March 1813, threatened by the Anglo-Spanish army, Joseph had left the capital and the Allied offensive intensified and culminated in the
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on 16–19 July 1808, which resulted in a French defeat and Joseph with the French high command fleeing Madrid and abandoning much of Spain.
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1708:. Nevertheless, the two allies agreed to partition Portugal, a long-standing British trading partner and ally, which refused to join the
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Napoleon and Joseph both underestimated the level of opposition that the appointment would create. Having successfully appointed Joseph
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in 1805, cracks began to appear in the alliance, with Spain preparing to invade France from the south after the outbreak of the
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1641:. Fighting across the Peninsula would be largely inconclusive until a series of Coalition victories from 1812 to 1813 at
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occupied his capital. The king left Madrid in May 1813 for the last time, and later Spain in June 1813, following the
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conferred the title "Prince of Spain" to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren in the male and female line.
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in Spain or in the American colonies. The assembly thus lost its estates in favor of territorial representation.
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1991:, Secretary of State from November 1808 to April 1811. But there were also writers like playwright
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cede the crown to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte. The head of the French forces in Spain, Marshal
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was established in Aranjuez to serve as the acting resistance government for all of Spain.
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in 1796. After the defeat of the combined Spanish and French fleets by the British at the
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in 1807, it came as a surprise to have created a political and later military disaster.
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and the Board of the Principality of Asturias, resurfaced in parts of Spain; elsewhere,
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in June. French troops were finally evicted from Spain following the conclusion of the
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in September 1813, so removing any possibility of a return. In December 1813, the
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The Napoleonic government was opposed by various regions remaining loyal to
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1843:. In early 1810, the Napoleonic offensive reached the vicinity of
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was ordered to march back to Madrid, but was defeated by General
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meant the defeat of the Bonapartist régime and the expulsion of
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Spain had been allied with France against Britain since the
2039:, where his house became the centre of activity for French
1661:
Background: From alliance with France to the Peninsular War
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The Cortes opened their sessions in September 1810 on the
1657:
recognized Ferdinand VII as the legitimate King of Spain.
1610:
after the country was partially occupied by forces of the
1700:
victory, but Napoleon's rout of the Prussian army at the
2087:
was created, it operated as a government in exile. The
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to escape the French advance (The French enforced the
2050:
Joseph Bonaparte returned to Europe, where he died in
1696:. In 1806, Spain readied for an invasion in case of a
2257:"King Joseph Iís Government in Spain and its Empire"
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2327:"Spain - THE LIBERAL ASCENDANCY - The Cadiz Cortes"
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1932:on 7 July 1808. As a constitutional text, it is a
1746:Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom
1902:came to Spain from France after the last of the
1724:abdicated in March 1808 and his prime minister,
1971:, who nurtured his administration and made the
1890:The Josephine State had its legal basis in the
1666:The abdications of Ferdinand VII and Charles IV
2875:States and territories disestablished in 1813
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1847:, but were unable to penetrate the fortified
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2062:Second government of Spain – Cortes of Cádiz
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2870:States and territories established in 1808
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2186:Chronology of events of the Peninsular War
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2905:Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula
2599:Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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682:
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285:borders of the Kingdom of Spain in 1812
1304:Revolution and Asturian miners' strike
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1951:The Spanish uprising resulted in the
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2890:Client states of the Napoleonic Wars
2043:, he married American Ann Savage in
1736:The installation of Joseph Bonaparte
1720:, the heir apparent to the throne.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1917:in 1806 and other family rulers in
1602:(1808–1813), forming a Bonapartist
1453:Catalan declaration of independence
16:Napoleonic client state (1808–1813)
2271:"Joseph Bonaparte at Point Breeze"
14:
1944:The Constitution established the
1928:Joseph Bonaparte promulgated the
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2218:Historia de España Contemporánea
2162:provided for the restoration of
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2865:1813 disestablishments in Spain
2297:"Yes, a Bonaparte feasted here"
2054:, Italy, and was buried in the
1246:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
34:needs additional citations for
1686:Second Treaty of San Ildefonso
58:"Spain under Joseph Bonaparte"
1:
2295:Kwoh, Leslie (10 June 2007).
1987:, former head of finance and
945:War of the Spanish Succession
2860:1808 establishments in Spain
2114:Spanish Constitution of 1812
1993:Leandro Fernández de Moratín
905:Colonisation of the Americas
2895:Former monarchies of Europe
2215:José Luis Comellas (1988).
2058:building complex in Paris.
1979:saw themselves as heirs of
1975:partially a civil war. The
1973:Spanish war of independence
1822:. Instead of proceeding to
1814:. The other, sent south to
1694:War of the Fourth Coalition
1625:, which formed a series of
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2631:Confederation of the Rhine
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2065:
1910:, died without offspring.
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1791:
1757:Infante Francisco de Paula
1739:
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1443:2008–2014 financial crisis
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2108:The Constitution of Cádiz
1375:Spain during World War II
1206:Regency of María Cristina
1074:Regency of María Cristina
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2003:, and musicians such as
1702:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
1606:officially known as the
1430:1981 coup d'état attempt
1230:Spain during World War I
809:Kingdom of the Visigoths
437:First Secretary of State
2910:Modern history of Spain
2686:Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck
1989:Mariano Luis de Urquijo
1414:Transition to democracy
456:Mariano Luis de Urquijo
315:Official languages
2259:. napoleon-series.org.
2156:Siege of San Sebastián
2147:
2139:The Battle of Vittoria
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1981:enlightened absolutism
1887:
1885:Ferdinand VII of Spain
1877:
1849:Lines of Torres Vedras
1742:Junta (Peninsular War)
1676:Abdications of Bayonne
1448:2017 Barcelona attacks
1280:Provisional Government
1151:Provisional Government
1024:Absolutist restoration
976:Abdications of Bayonne
521:Abdications of Bayonne
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1997:Juan Antonio Llorente
1883:
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1788:The French occupation
1782:Supreme Central Junta
1435:Madrid train bombings
1312:1936 general election
1214:Reign of Alfonso XIII
1000:Constitution of Cádiz
326:Common languages
2376:French Revolutionary
1999:, the mathematician
1861:Bayonne Constitution
1826:as planned, General
1461:Coronavirus pandemic
1422:Current constitution
1407:Contemporary history
1222:Spanish–American War
1198:Reign of Alfonso XII
1090:Regency of Espartero
1067:Reign of Isabella II
953:Nueva Planta Decrees
801:Kingdom of the Suebi
468:Juan O'Donoju O'Ryan
43:improve this article
2581:Swiss Confederation
2221:. Ediciones Rialp.
1722:Charles IV of Spain
1690:Battle of Trafalgar
1612:First French Empire
1336:Nationalist victory
1257:of Dámaso Berenguer
1143:Sexenio Democrático
1126:Glorious Revolution
1032:Sexenio Absolutista
882:Early modern period
781:Diocese of Hispania
480:Fernando de Laserna
2739:Lucca and Piombino
2307:on 8 December 2008
2160:Treaty of Valençay
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2129:The Allied victory
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1878:
1768:Council of Castile
1714:Tumult of Aranjuez
1710:Continental System
1706:Continental System
1672:Tumult of Aranjuez
1655:Treaty of Valençay
1547:History portal
1117:Bienio progresista
1108:Second Carlist War
1008:Treaty of Valençay
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737:Carthaginian Spain
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560:Treaty of Valençay
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2152:Battle of Vitoria
2091:had to move from
2021:Battle of Vitoria
1985:François Cabarrus
1904:Spanish Habsburgs
1874:Joseph I of Spain
1855:Reign of Joseph I
1716:by supporters of
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1502:Religious history
1191:Restoration Spain
1167:Third Carlist War
1159:Reign of Amadeo I
1082:First Carlist War
889:Catholic Monarchs
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1995:, scholars like
1953:Battle of Bailén
1946:Cortes Generales
1900:House of Bourbon
1865:Joseph Bonaparte
1836:Battle of Bailén
1772:Cortes of Aragon
1631:Coalition forces
1629:allied with the
1608:Kingdom of Spain
1590:was the part of
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2380:Napoleonic Wars
2369:
2339:
2338:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2191:Napoleonic Wars
2172:
2131:
2116:
2110:
2085:Cortes of Cádiz
2078:Cortes of Cádiz
2070:
2068:Cortes of Cádiz
2064:
2029:
2027:Post-abdication
1930:Bayonne Statute
1892:Bayonne Statute
1867:
1859:Main articles:
1857:
1796:
1790:
1748:
1740:Main articles:
1738:
1726:Manuel de Godoy
1682:
1670:Main articles:
1668:
1663:
1653:'s troops. The
1623:Bourbon kingdom
1581:
1552:
1541:
1539:
1527:
1525:
1507:
1506:
1487:Law enforcement
1477:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1455:
1437:
1424:
1416:
1409:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1391:Basque conflict
1385:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1354:
1352:Francoist Spain
1344:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1296:Second Biennium
1290:
1282:
1275:
1273:Second Republic
1265:
1264:
1259:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1193:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1146:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1110:
1102:
1099:Década moderada
1092:
1084:
1076:
1069:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1045:
1042:Trienio Liberal
1035:
1026:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1002:
994:
992:Cortes of Cádiz
986:
978:
971:
961:
960:
955:
947:
939:
931:
923:
915:
907:
899:
891:
884:
874:
873:
868:
860:
850:
842:
840:Muslim conquest
835:
825:
824:
819:
811:
803:
796:
786:
785:
770:
762:
755:
745:
744:
739:
727:
717:
716:
707:
685:
678:
642:
617:
562:
549:
536:
534:Statute adopted
523:
508:Napoleonic Wars
476:
464:
452:
422:
392:
286:
271:
248:
244:
237:
219:
212:
196:
195:
194:
189:
181:
180:
175:
157:
150:
146:Reino de España
143:
136:
128:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2933:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2915:Peninsular War
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2885:1810s in Spain
2882:
2880:1800s in Spain
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2318:
2287:
2262:
2241:
2227:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2181:Peninsular War
2178:
2171:
2168:
2130:
2127:
2112:Main article:
2109:
2106:
2101:Siege of Cádiz
2066:Main article:
2063:
2060:
2028:
2025:
1915:King of Naples
1856:
1853:
1794:Peninsular War
1792:Main article:
1789:
1786:
1737:
1734:
1680:Peninsular War
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1600:Peninsular War
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1536:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:(2020–present)
1458:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1359:Spanish Maquis
1355:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1288:First Biennium
1285:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1175:First Republic
1172:
1164:
1156:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1113:
1105:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1051:Ominous Decade
1048:
1038:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1005:
997:
989:
981:
972:
969:Peninsular War
967:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
950:
942:
934:
926:
918:
910:
902:
894:
885:
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
863:
853:
845:
836:
831:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
814:
806:
797:
792:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
778:
773:
765:
760:Roman Conquest
756:
753:Roman Hispania
751:
750:
747:
746:
743:
742:
734:
728:
723:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
708:
703:
702:
699:
698:
690:
689:
680:
679:
672:
665:
664:
659:
655:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
639:
630:
627:
626:
621:
609:
608:
603:
593:
592:
587:
581:
580:
575:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
557:
554:
553:
550:
544:
541:
540:
537:
531:
528:
527:
524:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
505:
504:Historical era
501:
500:
491:
487:
486:
483:
482:
477:
474:
471:
470:
465:
462:
459:
458:
453:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
403:
402:
399:
398:
393:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
373:
372:
367:
361:
360:
354:
348:
347:
344:State Religion
337:
333:
332:
327:
323:
322:
316:
312:
311:
306:
302:
301:
292:
288:
287:
281:
273:
272:
246:
222:
221:
198:
197:
190:
183:
182:
176:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
159:
158:
129:
126:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2932:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2848:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2769:Mediterranean
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:Salm-Horstmar
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:Aschaffenburg
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2372:Client states
2366:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2208:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2164:Ferdinand VII
2161:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2083:In 1810, the
2079:
2074:
2069:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2056:Les Invalides
2053:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:New York City
2026:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:Alberto Lista
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1934:royal charter
1931:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:and besieged
1801:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:Joachim Murat
1747:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:Ferdinand VII
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1383:Blue Division
1381:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1009:
1006:
1001:
998:
993:
990:
985:
982:
977:
974:
973:
970:
965:
964:
954:
951:
946:
943:
938:
935:
930:
929:Iberian Union
927:
922:
919:
914:
911:
906:
903:
898:
895:
890:
887:
886:
883:
878:
877:
867:
864:
859:
858:
854:
849:
846:
841:
838:
837:
834:
829:
828:
818:
815:
810:
807:
802:
799:
798:
795:
790:
789:
782:
779:
777:
774:
769:
766:
761:
758:
757:
754:
749:
748:
740:(575–206 BCE)
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:Early history
721:
720:
713:
710:
709:
706:
701:
700:
696:
692:
691:
688:
681:
676:
670:
663:
660:
658:Today part of
656:
640:
638:
635:
634:
631:
625:
622:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
594:
591:
588:
586:
585:ISO 3166 code
582:
579:
576:
572:
568:
564:
561:
551:
548:
538:
535:
525:
522:
509:
506:
502:
498:
497:
492:
488:
484:
481:
478:
469:
466:
457:
454:
440:
438:
430:
427:
426:Joachim Murat
424:
410:
408:
400:
397:
394:
380:
378:
371:
368:
366:
362:
358:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
338:
334:
331:
328:
324:
320:
317:
310:
307:
303:
300:
299:French Empire
296:
293:
289:
284:
279:
274:
245:"Royal March"
241:
234:
233:
227:
223:
216:
209:
208:
203:
199:
193:
187:
179:
173:
165:
160:
154:
147:
140:
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2847:
2834:
2520:Transpadania
2330:
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:the original
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2274:
2265:
2232:. Retrieved
2217:
2210:
2196:Afrancesados
2149:
2144:George Jones
2137:
2124:
2120:Isla de León
2117:
2082:
2049:
2045:Society Hill
2037:Philadelphia
2030:
2017:
2012:afrancesados
2011:
2009:
2005:Fernando Sor
1977:afrancesados
1976:
1968:afrancesados
1966:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1927:
1921:in 1806 and
1912:
1896:
1889:
1797:
1776:
1765:
1749:
1683:
1616:
1607:
1604:client state
1587:
1586:
1538:
1524:
1512:
1492:LGBT history
1254:
1141:
1115:
1097:
1040:
1030:
983:
856:
776:Romanization
763:(206–27 BCE)
606:Succeeded by
605:
600:
578:Spanish real
552:21 June 1813
475:• 1813
463:• 1813
421:• 1808
295:Client state
282:
225:
202:Motto:
201:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2792:Netherlands
2706:Württemberg
2553:Switzerland
2535:Netherlands
2495:Parthenopea
2382:(1792–1815)
2311:19 February
2301:Star Ledger
2041:expatriates
1621:of the old
1598:during the
1417:(1975–1978)
1394:(1959–2011)
1386:(1941–1944)
1378:(1939–1945)
1370:(1939–1977)
1362:(1939–1965)
1331:(1936–1939)
1299:(1933–1936)
1291:(1931–1933)
1260:(1930–1931)
1255:Dictablanda
1249:(1923–1930)
1233:(1914–1918)
1217:(1886–1931)
1209:(1885–1902)
1201:(1874–1885)
1178:(1873–1874)
1170:(1872–1876)
1162:(1870–1873)
1154:(1868–1871)
1121:(1854–1856)
1111:(1846–1849)
1103:(1844–1854)
1093:(1840–1843)
1085:(1833–1840)
1077:(1833–1840)
1054:(1823–1833)
1046:(1820–1823)
1036:(1814–1820)
995:(1810–1814)
987:(1808–1813)
956:(1707–1716)
948:(1701–1714)
940:(1700–1808)
932:(1580–1640)
924:(1556–1659)
916:(1516–1700)
908:(1492–1898)
900:(1482–1492)
897:Granada War
892:(1479–1516)
857:Reconquista
833:Middle Ages
684:History of
601:Preceded by
539:8 July 1808
490:Legislature
340:Catholicism
232:Marcha Real
2854:Categories
2754:Pontecorvo
2696:Westphalia
2671:Regensburg
2607:Napoleonic
2510:Subalpinia
2470:Cispadania
2465:Cisalpinia
2202:References
1923:Westphalia
1908:Charles II
921:Golden Age
869:(718–1479)
861:(711–1492)
851:(711–1492)
848:Al-Andalus
705:Prehistory
526:6 May 1808
365:Government
352:Demonym(s)
321:(dynastic)
207:Plus Ultra
69:newspapers
2656:Frankfurt
2610:creations
2515:Tiberinia
2391:republics
2275:Flat Rock
1818:, sacked
1816:Andalusia
1718:Ferdinand
1643:Salamanca
1594:loyal to
1328:Civil War
913:Habsburgs
843:(711–716)
820:(552–624)
812:(418–721)
804:(409–585)
359:, Spanish
336:Religion
162:1808–1813
99:June 2023
2711:Würzburg
2571:Rauracia
2561:Helvetia
2500:Piedmont
2424:Connacht
2234:3 August
2170:See also
2052:Florence
1938:Catholic
1832:Castaños
1812:Valencia
1804:Zaragoza
1698:Prussian
1651:Napoleon
1639:Portugal
1596:Joseph I
1514:Timeline
937:Bourbons
768:Hispania
675:a series
673:Part of
574:Currency
396:Joseph I
357:Spaniard
2798:Holland
2759:Tuscany
2729:Etruria
2701:Wetzlar
2641:Bavaria
2618:Germany
2566:Lemania
2543:Batavia
2485:Liguria
2460:Brescia
2455:Bologna
2450:Bergamo
2418:Ireland
2400:Germany
2374:of the
2146:, 1822.
2093:Seville
1919:Holland
1841:Galicia
1834:at the
1820:Córdoba
1800:Vitoria
1730:Bayonne
1647:Vitoria
1635:Britain
1241:(–1927)
1238:Rif War
558:•
545:•
532:•
519:•
330:Spanish
305:Capital
297:of the
283:De jure
240:Spanish
226:Anthem:
153:Spanish
83:scholar
2819:Danzig
2814:Warsaw
2806:Poland
2749:Naples
2691:Saxony
2651:Erfurt
2576:Valais
2525:Venice
2445:Ancona
2389:Sister
2280:8 July
2225:
1845:Lisbon
1828:Dupont
1810:, and
1808:Girona
1777:juntas
1761:Madrid
1678:, and
1627:Juntas
1456:(2017)
1438:(2004)
1425:(1978)
1339:(1939)
1323:(1936)
1315:(1936)
1307:(1934)
1283:(1931)
1225:(1898)
1129:(1868)
1011:(1813)
1003:(1812)
979:(1808)
677:on the
441:
411:
407:Regent
381:
319:French
309:Madrid
291:Status
236:
228:
211:
149:
139:French
135:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2835:Spain
2829:Spain
2782:Egypt
2777:Malta
2734:Italy
2721:Italy
2666:Leyen
2661:Hesse
2636:Baden
2490:Lucca
2480:Italy
2475:Crema
2432:Italy
2408:Mainz
2097:Cádiz
1824:Cádiz
1592:Spain
1476:Topic
686:Spain
662:Spain
637:Spain
215:Latin
90:JSTOR
76:books
2676:Salm
2646:Berg
2505:Rome
2440:Alba
2378:and
2313:2008
2282:2011
2236:2012
2223:ISBN
2076:The
2035:and
1863:and
1766:The
1744:and
1645:and
1637:and
377:King
178:Flag
62:news
2142:by
2095:to
1633:of
45:by
2856::
2329:.
2299:.
2273:.
2244:^
2166:.
2047:.
2007:.
1906:,
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1614:.
590:ES
2364:e
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