456:
846:
858:
167:
870:
882:
38:
2172:
2862:
2683:
2093:
68:
57:
513:
604:, competed for Spanish diplomatic recognition; the German diplomatic representatives in Madrid pressed the case of Mussolini, the Allied ones advised strongly against it. Following a period of hesitation, in late September Spain declared it would continue its official relations with the Kingdom of Italy.
697:(UfM). Bilateral relations between the two countries are very close due to the historical ties that unite them and due to their membership in the EU. Meetings between governments and at the business level are frequent. All of this is reflected in economic exchanges marked by a very significant weight.
579:
During World War II, 1939 to 1943, Spanish-Italian ties were close. Though Italy fought alongside
Germany during the war, Spain was recovering from a civil war and remained neutral. In February 1941, the meeting between Mussolini and Franco in Bordighera took place; during the meeting the
628:
and the RSI. Badoglio sought Madrid's good offices to expedite negotiations with the Allies, but he was turned down. Major
Fascist figures who sought Spanish passports were almost always denied assistance. During the final months of the war new ambassadors were appointed by both Spain
422:
as well as the
Italian economic interests in Spain lied there, hence that region became a significant point of attention for the Italian diplomacy during the Spanish Second Republic, and the Italian diplomacy established some contacts with incipient filo-fascist elements within
375:(1923) got to power, conditions for closer relations became more clear, with the notion of a rapprochement to Italy becoming more interesting to the Spanish Government policy, particularly in terms of the profit those improved relations could deliver to Spain vis-à-vis the
751:
the "relaunch" of the relationship between the parliaments of Spain and Italy and raised the prospect of creating an investment forum between companies from both countries pertaining to projects making use of EU funds. In
November, the Italian Prime Minister,
399:. While showing a will for friendship and rapprochement, the "Treaty for Conciliation and Arbitration" signed in August 1926 between the two countries delivered limited substance in practical terms, compared to the expectations at the starting point of the
615:, formally remained at the post of the Spanish representative in the Kingdom, though he returned to Madrid; in practice before the Badoglio administration Spain was represented by lower-rank officials. However, Spain maintained informal relations with the
591:
The fall of
Mussolini came as a shock to the Franco administration. During the first few weeks the tightly-censored Spanish press limited themselves to laconic, matter-of-fact information when providing news on the Italian developments. However, after the
700:
Diplomatic relations under the EU have been mired by underlying issues of common mistrust between both countries; cultural proximity and common challenges notwithstanding. They underwent a period of "freezing cold" during the simultaneous premierships of
240:, entailing far-reaching environmental outcome in terms of pollution records, unmatched in the Mediterranean region until the Industrial Revolution. Rome's imperial authority over Hispania receded and was ultimately severed in the 5th century, during the
485:(CTV), a fascist expeditionary force from Italy, brought in about 78,000 Italian troops, sent to help Franco and vowing to establish a Fascist Spain and a Fascist Europe. In 1937, key military actions in which the CTV took part included the battles of
1086:
596:
had been made public, the
Spanish papers extensively quoted the official German statement, which lambasted the Italian treason. Some Spanish officers sent their Italian military decorations back to the Italian embassy in Madrid.
533:
also provided key logistical support to the Rebels, including escort of commercial shipment transporting war supplies, and, seeking to facilitate the naval blockade on the
Republic, it also allowed the Rebel Navy the use of
619:. The former Italian consul in Málaga, Eugenio Morreale, became an unofficial Mussolini representative in Madrid; the Spanish consul in Milan, Fernando Chantel, became an unofficial Franco representative in RSI.
1643:
1663:
1447:
1081:
1605:
709:, who did not get along on a personal level. Both governments outlined plans for the empowerment of a Madrid-Rome axis vis-à-vis EU negotiations of post COVID-19 reconstruction during the
2826:
2726:
2671:
2081:
1585:
1011:
323:
overcame the opposition of the Queen, Spain finally recognised the
Kingdom of Italy on 15 July 1865. Soon later, in 1870, following the dethronement of Isabella II at the
1565:
1462:
2005:
756:, stated that cooperation on energy, "real economy" and immigration will continue, strengthening bilateral relations within the common framework of the EU and NATO.
1506:
857:
725:
to
Italian premiership, however, further distanced the position between both countries, contrasting to the hitherto "relative alignment" cultivated by Conte.
468:
1994:
3247:
908:
311:
failed to initially recognise the country, still considering Victor
Emmanuel as the "Sardinian King". The recognition was met by the opposition of Queen
881:
845:
3191:
2664:
2074:
1442:
506:
2996:
203:
2926:
665:
in 1970, with Spain henceforth serving as a den for some Italian far-right terrorists, who eventually played themselves a role in the so-called
527:
Italian submarines carried out a campaign against Republican ships, also targeting Mediterranean ports together with surface ships. The Italian
455:
953:
Gosner, L. (2016). "Extraction and empire: multi-scalar approaches to Roman mining communities and industrial landscapes in southwest Iberia".
516:
2736:
3535:
3530:
2649:
2059:
1866:
1843:
1019:
3448:
3094:
2314:
3499:
3495:
2628:
2624:
955:
3463:
3367:
3504:
2657:
2633:
2067:
1855:
Spanish-Italian Relations and the Influence of the Major Powers, 1943-1957. Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World
1668:
1648:
228:
in the southwest of the peninsula (which required a massive number of forced laborers, initially from Hispania and latter also from the
3525:
3427:
3267:
2572:
2452:
1527:
37:
2216:
3001:
2761:
2236:
497:. Between 1938 and 1939, according to the historian Rodrigo Javier, "the Italians were crucial to the success of the Rebel army...in
1759:"El Mediterráneo, campo de batalla de la Guerra Civil española: la intervención naval italiana. Una primera aproximación documental"
937:
3156:
2841:
2711:
2376:
2156:
1422:
1970:
1770:
1724:
1547:
3453:
3417:
3362:
3161:
3146:
3131:
3027:
2936:
2766:
2562:
2512:
2381:
2366:
2351:
743:
In January 2022, Spain proposed to Italy the signing of a Friendship Treaty between the two countries. Spanish foreign minister
440:
383:
offered a prospect for greater ascendancy over a country with a government now widely interested in the reforms carried out in
380:
3479:
3357:
3337:
3196:
3111:
3042:
3037:
2916:
2801:
2791:
2721:
2588:
2537:
2507:
2331:
2272:
2267:
2211:
611:
government, even though some Italian consuls in Spain declared loyalty to Mussolini. The Spanish ambassador in Fascist Italy,
3443:
3332:
3166:
3141:
3074:
3057:
3011:
2971:
2941:
2876:
2608:
2386:
2361:
2292:
2246:
2186:
384:
248:
would go on to hold nonetheless substantial clout over Christian polities of the Peninsula for the rest of the middle ages.
869:
287:
remained for the time being ruled by the Council of Aragon. The Council of Italy was dissolved for good in the wake of the
1795:"Francia en el horizonte. La política de aproximación italiana a la España de Primo de Rivera a través del campo cultural"
1683:
542:
308:
3407:
3402:
3382:
3302:
3252:
3181:
3136:
3126:
2991:
2981:
2956:
2911:
2741:
2716:
2547:
2522:
2482:
2442:
2401:
2356:
2341:
2206:
2131:
339:
Despite some incipient attempts to promote further understanding between the two countries, immediately after the end of
2638:
2033:
1360:
those in Barcelona, Málaga and Tetuan. Consuls in San Sebastián and Sevilla opted for Badoglio, Katona 2012, pp. 678-679
612:
601:
424:
3422:
3387:
3347:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3292:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3257:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3201:
3121:
3064:
3032:
3006:
2961:
2931:
2891:
2881:
2851:
2836:
2831:
2816:
2806:
2796:
2776:
2701:
2567:
2527:
2497:
2472:
2462:
2457:
2447:
2437:
2432:
2411:
2336:
2302:
2282:
2262:
2241:
2161:
2151:
2146:
2126:
2111:
694:
324:
300:
156:
3412:
3397:
3392:
3377:
3372:
3352:
3327:
3297:
3287:
3262:
3186:
3176:
3116:
3106:
3079:
3047:
2976:
2966:
2946:
2901:
2896:
2886:
2821:
2756:
2706:
2557:
2542:
2532:
2517:
2502:
2487:
2477:
2467:
2406:
2396:
2321:
2226:
2196:
2191:
2116:
630:
2687:
2097:
1610:
903:
898:
486:
356:
3458:
3342:
3206:
3171:
3151:
3101:
3069:
3052:
2951:
2906:
2846:
2811:
2781:
2771:
2751:
2746:
2731:
2492:
2416:
2391:
2371:
2346:
2326:
2287:
2277:
2201:
2141:
2136:
2121:
1007:
La Gobernación de la Monarquía de España. Consejos, Juntas y Secretarios de la administración de corte (1556-1700)
658:
444:
3089:
3084:
2986:
2921:
2786:
2309:
2297:
2231:
1077:
coord. por José Ignacio Fortea Pérez, Juan Eloy Gelabert González, 2008, ISBN 978-84-9718-559-2 , pags. 337-370.
432:
2221:
436:
166:
650:
1877:
555:
in Mallorca, from which Italians were given permission by the rebel authorities to bomb locations across the
1083:
El gobierno de las imágenes: Ceremonial y mecenazgo en la Italia Española de la segunda mitad del siglo XVII
646:
616:
560:
482:
415:
1713:"Italia en la Guerra Civil Española: el capitán Villegas y el origen de la Aviación Legionaria de Baleares"
1712:
1486:
2050:
1835:
974:
777:
744:
737:
662:
593:
568:
372:
1005:
634:
224:, which are spoken in both current-day countries of Italy and Spain. As a result of the conquest, mining
1802:
1606:"Meloni dice que Italia y España seguirán cooperando en materia energética, economía real e inmigración"
645:
After World War II, the Francoist dictatorship provided financial support to post-fascist Italian party
494:
460:
388:
320:
2171:
1758:
232:
and other locations of the Mediterranean), increased by leaps and bounds, bringing the interaction of
773:
624:
552:
535:
312:
129:
117:
2022:"Mussolini y Primo de Rivera: las relaciones políticas y económicas de dos dictaturas mediterráneas"
600:
Since mid-September 1943 two Italian states, the one headed by Mussolini and the one headed by king
502:
490:
478:
396:
344:
284:
276:
418:
enjoyed support from Mussolini. One of the most important Italian communities in Spain resided in
406:
A diplomatic "honeymoon" between the two regimes followed the signing of the treaty, nonetheless.
1954:
1858:
1816:
1548:"Visita de Estado de su Excelencia el presidente de la república italiana, Sr. Sergio Mattarella"
666:
1932:
1751:
Transnational fascism in the twentieth century: Spain, Italy and the global neo-fascist network
2021:
1981:
1966:
1919:
1862:
1839:
1774:
1738:
1015:
986:
933:
789:
729:
520:
474:
431:, although Italy eventually went on to bet on Spanish fascism. Although both monarchists from
328:
268:
256:
252:
221:
144:
1829:
1068:
1946:
1911:
1892:
1806:
1728:
1625:
1059:
769:
765:
718:
710:
548:
498:
392:
376:
368:
348:
304:
288:
272:
241:
175:
125:
121:
109:
101:
2054:
1933:"A fascist warfare? Italian fascism and war experience in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39)"
1090:
608:
556:
352:
443:
engaged in negotiations asking help from Fascist Italy regarding the preparations of the
428:
1937:
1896:
753:
714:
686:
280:
264:
260:
207:
171:
160:
136:
17:
768:, famous Italian explorers and travelers were part of modern Spanish history, such as
3519:
2013:
1958:
1820:
1427:
1064:, en Studia historica. Historia moderna, ISSN 0213-2079, Nº 8, 1990 , pags. 163-182.
748:
702:
1831:
Cataluña bajo vigilancia: El consulado italiano y el fascio de Barcelona (1930-1943)
387:. Relations during this period were often embedded in a diplomatic triangle between
722:
706:
654:
529:
316:
245:
225:
217:
193:
1995:"La política mediterránea de Primo de Rivera: el triángulo Hispano-ltalo-Francés"
1590:
1511:
1467:
585:
559:
controlled by the Republic (including the bombings of Barcelona investigated as
340:
198:
2017:
1978:
Cuadernos de trabajos de la Escuela Española de Historia y Arqueología en Roma
1915:
1664:"Exploradores y viajeros por España y el nuevo mundo (Francesco Guicciardini)"
1532:
1491:
331:, was elected King of Spain, reigning from 1871 until his abdication in 1873.
1985:
1950:
1923:
1778:
1742:
1463:"Presidente italiano ve a Málaga ejemplo de la "profunda amistad" con España"
990:
1570:
820:
803:
733:
419:
1794:
1507:"Sánchez y Conte apuestan por potenciar el eje Roma-Madrid dentro de la UE"
343:
there were still issues restraining further Italian-Spanish engagement in
1586:"España propone a Italia firmar un tratado de amistad entre ambos países"
799:
795:
212:
1811:
1733:
1644:"Exploradores y viajeros por España y el nuevo mundo (Cristóbal Colón)"
237:
233:
1971:"De la conspiración al alzamiento. Mussolini y el alzamiento nacional"
1566:"España pide a Italia firmar un tratado de amistad entre ambos países"
128:. Both countries established diplomatic relations some time after the
1443:"Italia: relaciones comerciales con España y sectores de oportunidad"
835:
816:
1139:
1137:
607:
The Italian ambassador in Madrid Paulucci di Calboli opted for the
477:, Mussolini changed the strategy and intervened on the side of the
2861:
2682:
2092:
831:
682:
678:
622:
In practice, Spain maintained distance towards both the so-called
511:
454:
72:
61:
2047:
459:
Italian tankettes advancing with a flame thrower tank during the
827:
690:
347:, including a sector of public opinion showing aversion towards
229:
152:
148:
140:
2653:
2063:
512:
1528:"Italia y España ponen a prueba su alianza en la era Draghi"
1192:
1190:
1188:
1322:
La dictadura franquista. La institucionalització d’un régim
1787:
Spain in Italy: Politics, Society, and Religion 1500-1700
1070:
Revueltas urbanas en la Italia española (siglos XVI-XVII)
653:. Starting in the 1960s, Franco also provided support to
637:), though Sangróniz arrived no earlier than in May 1945.
1128:
1116:
1104:
887:
Building hosting the Consulate-General of Spain in Milan
1630:
Biografías y Vidas: la enciclopedia biográfica en línea
1487:"Las dos potencias del sur de Europa se dan la espalda"
1320:, Antoni Segura, Andreu Mayayo, Teresa Abelló (eds.),
649:(MSI), by means of a scheme set up by foreign minister
732:
made a state visit to Spain, and was received by King
363:
Rapprochement between the Mediterranean dictatorships
1876:
López Vega, Antonio; Martínez Neira, Manuel (2011).
1061:
Colegiales mayores de Castilla en la Italia española
3488:
3472:
3436:
3215:
3020:
2869:
2694:
2617:
2601:
2581:
2425:
2255:
2179:
2104:
1485:Abellán, Lucía; Verdú, Daniel (30 September 2019).
523:: 'The Italian invader's claw wants to enslave us'.
87:
82:
44:
1318:Relaciones ítalo-españolas en el periodo 1943-1945
1208:
447:, Mussolini decided not to take part at the time.
1684:"Europe: where do people live? | World news"
1292:
1280:
571:, led a wild repression in the Balearic islands.
499:breaking through and stabilizing the Aragon front
1155:
519:poster decrying the Italian intervention in the
1012:Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales
414:The early monarchist conspirations against the
2002:Revista de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia
1526:Verdú, Daniel; Cué, Carlos E. (18 June 2021).
2665:
2075:
2006:Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
1480:
1478:
1143:
451:Italian intervention in the Spanish Civil War
8:
1324:, Barcelona 2012, ISBN 9788491687139, p. 672
473:After 18 July 1936 and the beginning of the
469:Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War
30:
798:publication in 2016 estimated that 187,847
721:as his Spanish counterpart. The arrival of
2672:
2658:
2650:
2578:
2082:
2068:
2060:
2026:Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia
1836:Publicacions de la Universitat de València
1268:
1256:
1244:
1196:
930:El Imperio Romano y sus pueblos limítrofes
410:Conspirations against the Spanish Republic
1810:
1732:
1179:
1167:
1075:Ciudades en conflicto: (siglos XVI-XVIII)
143:as currency) and are both members of the
1785:Dandelet, Thomas, and John Marino, eds.
1749:Albanese, Matteo, and Pablo Del Hierro.
977:(2020). "Epistemicide: the Roman Case".
327:, the second son of Victor Emmanuel II,
165:
1878:"España y la(s) cuestión(es) de Italia"
1232:
1220:
1046:
1034:
920:
863:Consulate-General of Italy in Barcelona
841:
279:underpinning the administration of the
1416:
1414:
909:Spanish–Italian Amphibious Battlegroup
661:, also lending sanctuary to putschist
503:the occupation of Barcelona and Girona
135:Both nations are member states of the
29:
1396:
1304:
295:Establishment of diplomatic relations
7:
1129:López Vega & Martínez Neira 2011
1117:López Vega & Martínez Neira 2011
1105:López Vega & Martínez Neira 2011
956:Archaeological Review from Cambridge
747:proposed to his Italian counterpart
728:In November 2021, Italian President
379:. For Italy, the installment of the
1763:Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea
1717:Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea
1669:Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library
1649:Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library
1897:"Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922–45"
1828:González i Vilalta, Arnau (2009).
1711:Aguilera Povedano, Manuel (2019).
1421:Val, Eusebio (22 September 2016).
631:José Antonio de Sangróniz y Castro
271:became ruled by the newly created
25:
1885:Giornale di Storia Costituzionale
685:are full member countries of the
507:concluding the Levantine campaign
2860:
2727:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2681:
2170:
2091:
1853:Hierro Lecea, Pablo del (2015).
1793:Domínguez Méndez, Rubén (2013).
1757:Campo Rizo, José Manuel (1997).
1423:"Franco financió al neofascismo"
1093:Madrid, 2008. ISBN 9788484894049
880:
868:
856:
844:
66:
55:
36:
1904:Mediterranean Historical Review
551:established an air base of the
381:dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
204:conquered the Iberian Peninsula
1993:Sueiro Seoane, Susana (1987).
1753:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016).
315:, influenced by the stance of
139:(and both nations utilize the
1:
543:Italian occupation of Majorca
3536:Bilateral relations of Spain
3531:Bilateral relations of Italy
3496:Diplomatic missions of Spain
2625:Diplomatic missions of Italy
2034:Real Academia de la Historia
810:Resident diplomatic missions
633:) and the Kingdom of Italy (
425:Republican Left of Catalonia
283:, a composite monarchy. The
216:. The Romans introduced the
174:with Spanish Prime Minister
3505:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2634:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1004:Barrios, Feliciano (2015).
819:and a consulate-general in
695:Union for the Mediterranean
617:Repubblica Sociale Italiana
351:(a prominent example being
335:Situation after World War I
157:Union for the Mediterranean
3552:
2688:Foreign relations of Spain
2098:Foreign relations of Italy
1552:Casa de Su Majestad el Rey
1067:Luis Antonio Ribot García
904:Foreign relations of Spain
899:Foreign relations of Italy
851:Embassy of Italy in Madrid
830:and consulate-generals in
787:
713:of Italian prime minister
594:Italian-American armistice
540:
466:
299:After the proclamation of
2858:
2168:
2048:Italian embassy in Madrid
1916:10.1080/09518969808569738
802:live in Spain and 19,094
613:Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta
584:asked Franco to join the
483:Corps of Volunteer Troops
206:, which later became the
78:
65:
54:
35:
31:Italian-Spanish relations
1951:10.1177/0968344517696526
1931:Rodrigo, Javier (2019).
1369:Katona 2012, pp. 680-681
1342:Katona 2012, pp. 676-678
1080:Diana Carrio Invernizzi
875:Embassy of Spain in Rome
826:Spain has an embassy in
815:Italy has an embassy in
635:Tommaso Gallarati Scotti
538:in Sicily and Sardinia.
325:1868 Glorious Revolution
114:Relaciones Italia-España
88:Embassy of Italy, Madrid
1209:González i Vilalta 2009
1058:* Pere Molas i Ribalta
975:Padilla Peralta, Dan-el
647:Italian Social Movement
561:crimes against humanity
547:Italians forces in the
416:Second Spanish Republic
246:Rome-based Latin Church
170:Italian Prime Minister
106:Relazioni Italia-Spagna
18:Spain - Italy relations
3248:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1799:Memoria y Civilización
1293:Aguilera Povedano 2019
1281:Aguilera Povedano 2019
928:Fergus Millar (1992).
778:Francesco Guicciardini
738:Royal Palace of Madrid
663:Junio Valerio Borghese
569:Arconovaldo Bonaccorsi
524:
464:
373:Miguel Primo de Rivera
267:hitherto ruled by the
220:, the ancestor of the
179:
113:
105:
91:Embassy of Spain, Rome
3526:Italy–Spain relations
1803:University of Navarre
1771:Ediciones Complutense
1725:Ediciones Complutense
1180:Tusell & Saz 1982
1168:Tusell & Saz 1982
1156:Domínguez Méndez 2013
651:Alberto Martín-Artajo
515:
495:fiasco of Guadalajara
461:battle of Guadalajara
458:
178:in Rome, 5 April 2023
169:
98:Italy–Spain relations
3192:United Arab Emirates
2639:Ambassadors of Italy
1014:. pp. 527–530.
774:Christopher Columbus
625:Kingdom of the South
553:Aviazione Legionaria
313:Isabella II of Spain
226:extractive processes
130:unification of Italy
118:interstate relations
3489:Diplomatic missions
2997:Trinidad and Tobago
2618:Diplomatic missions
1554:. 16 November 2021.
1471:. 16 November 2021.
1408:Katona 2012, p. 682
1387:Katona 2012, p. 681
1378:Katona 2012, p. 679
1351:Katona 2012, p. 677
1333:Katona 2012, p. 675
1283:, pp. 285–286.
1170:, pp. 443–445.
1146:, pp. 185–186.
1049:, pp. 532–533.
602:Victor Emmanuel III
433:Renovación Española
355:-born Queen Mother
285:Kingdom of Sardinia
277:polysynodial system
32:
27:Bilateral relations
2927:Dominican Republic
2217:Dominican Republic
2053:2023-07-26 at the
1967:Saz-Campos, Ismael
1859:Palgrave Macmillan
1812:10.15581/001.16.75
1734:10.5209/chco.66105
1626:"Américo Vespucio"
1614:. 3 November 2022.
1594:. 13 January 2022.
1574:. 13 January 2022.
1515:. 20 October 2020.
1451:. 20 October 2020.
1235:, pp. 87, 91.
1144:Sueiro Seoane 1987
1119:, pp. 96, 98.
1089:2009-02-13 at the
667:Spanish Transition
557:Peninsular Levante
525:
517:Spanish Republican
465:
321:Leopoldo O'Donnell
301:Victor Emmanuel II
275:, as a cog of the
230:Gallic borderlands
180:
83:Diplomatic mission
3513:
3512:
2737:Equatorial Guinea
2647:
2646:
2597:
2596:
1893:Payne, Stanley G.
1868:978-1-349-49654-9
1845:978-84-370-8309-4
1259:, pp. 70–71.
1247:, pp. 75–77.
1223:, pp. 86–87.
1211:, pp. 11–12.
1021:978-84-340-2266-9
790:Italians in Spain
760:Cultural exchange
730:Sergio Mattarella
659:National Vanguard
521:Spanish Civil War
475:Spanish Civil War
269:Council of Aragon
265:Catholic Monarchy
257:Kingdom of Naples
253:Kingdom of Sicily
222:Romance languages
145:Council of Europe
95:
94:
16:(Redirected from
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3449:Marshall Islands
3095:Kurdistan Region
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2827:Sahrawi Republic
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1801:(16). Pamplona:
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800:Italian citizens
770:Amerigo Vespucci
766:Age of Discovery
549:Balearic Islands
445:1936 coup d'état
439:and the Fascist
377:Tangier question
369:Benito Mussolini
289:Peace of Utrecht
273:Council of Italy
251:After 1557, the
242:Migration period
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40:
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792:
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437:traditionalists
412:
401:Primorriverista
367:Once dictators
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2042:External links
2040:
2039:
2038:
2014:Tusell, Javier
2010:
1990:
1963:
1938:War in History
1928:
1889:
1873:
1867:
1850:
1844:
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1790:
1789:(Brill, 2006).
1783:
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1597:
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1498:
1474:
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1434:
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1401:
1399:, p. 112.
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
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1335:
1326:
1309:
1307:, p. 110.
1297:
1295:, p. 291.
1285:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
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1201:
1199:, p. 321.
1184:
1182:, p. 444.
1172:
1160:
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1148:
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1097:
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1051:
1039:
1037:, p. 528.
1027:
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985:(2): 161–163.
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2011:
2007:
2004:(1). Madrid:
2003:
1996:
1991:
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1945:(1): 86–104.
1944:
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1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1428:La Vanguardia
1424:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1271:, p. 73.
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1131:, p. 99.
1130:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1107:, p. 96.
1106:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1000:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
970:
967:
963:(2): 125–126.
962:
958:
957:
949:
946:
941:
939:968-23-0886-0
935:
931:
924:
921:
914:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
892:
883:
878:
871:
866:
859:
854:
847:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
822:
818:
814:
813:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
791:
783:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
759:
757:
755:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
719:Pedro Sánchez
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:Mariano Rajoy
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
640:
638:
636:
632:
627:
626:
620:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
598:
595:
589:
587:
583:
574:
572:
570:
566:
563:). A Fascist
562:
558:
554:
550:
544:
539:
537:
532:
531:
522:
518:
514:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:Rebel faction
476:
470:
462:
457:
450:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
417:
409:
407:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:Fascist Italy
382:
378:
374:
370:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
334:
332:
330:
326:
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294:
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231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
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209:
205:
201:
200:
195:
187:
182:
177:
176:Pedro Sánchez
173:
168:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
90:
86:
81:
77:
74:
63:
53:
50:
48:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3322:
3157:Saudi Arabia
2842:South Africa
2712:Burkina Faso
2552:
2377:Saudi Arabia
2157:South Africa
2029:
2025:
2001:
1977:
1942:
1936:
1907:
1903:
1884:
1854:
1834:. Valencia:
1830:
1798:
1786:
1766:
1762:
1750:
1720:
1716:
1705:Bibliography
1691:. Retrieved
1687:
1678:
1667:
1658:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:Europa Press
1609:
1600:
1589:
1580:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1531:
1521:
1510:
1501:
1490:
1466:
1457:
1446:
1437:
1426:
1404:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1233:Rodrigo 2019
1228:
1221:Rodrigo 2019
1216:
1204:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1060:
1054:
1047:Barrios 2015
1042:
1035:Barrios 2015
1030:
1006:
999:
982:
978:
969:
960:
954:
948:
929:
923:
793:
763:
742:
727:
723:Mario Draghi
707:Matteo Renzi
699:
676:
673:21st century
655:Ordine Nuovo
644:
623:
621:
606:
599:
590:
581:
578:
575:World War II
564:
546:
530:Regia Marina
528:
526:
472:
429:Josep Dencàs
427:, including
413:
405:
400:
366:
338:
317:Pope Pius IX
298:
250:
218:Vulgar Latin
211:
197:
191:
134:
97:
96:
3454:New Zealand
3418:Switzerland
3363:Netherlands
3162:South Korea
3147:Philippines
3132:North Korea
3028:Afghanistan
2937:El Salvador
2767:Ivory Coast
2563:Switzerland
2513:Netherlands
2382:South Korea
2367:Philippines
2352:North Korea
2018:Saz, Ismael
1980:: 321–358.
1805:: 237–265.
1727:: 285–304.
1591:Agencia EFE
1512:Agencia EFE
1468:Cadena COPE
764:During the
371:(1922) and
341:World War I
303:as King of
116:) are the
3520:Categories
3480:Yugoslavia
3358:Montenegro
3338:Luxembourg
3197:Uzbekistan
3112:Kazakhstan
3043:Bangladesh
3038:Azerbaijan
2917:Costa Rica
2802:Mozambique
2792:Mauritania
2722:Cape Verde
2589:Yugoslavia
2538:San Marino
2508:Montenegro
2332:Kazakhstan
2303:Historical
2273:Bangladesh
2268:Azerbaijan
2212:Costa Rica
2036:: 413–484.
2008:: 183–223.
1769:. Madrid:
1723:. Madrid:
1693:2016-08-01
1397:Payne 1998
1305:Payne 1998
1010:. Madrid:
915:References
788:See also:
693:, and the
677:Nowadays,
565:squadristi
541:See also:
536:anchorages
489:, Bermeo,
467:See also:
441:falangists
263:under the
259:, and the
188:Precedents
159:, and the
3444:Australia
3333:Lithuania
3167:Sri Lanka
3142:Palestine
3075:Indonesia
3058:Hong Kong
3012:Venezuela
2972:Nicaragua
2942:Guatemala
2877:Argentina
2609:Australia
2387:Sri Lanka
2362:Palestine
2293:Indonesia
2247:Venezuela
2187:Argentina
1986:0392-0801
1959:159711547
1924:0951-8967
1887:(22): 96.
1821:252952903
1779:0214-400X
1773:: 55–87.
1743:0214-400X
1571:Swissinfo
991:2176-6436
821:Barcelona
734:Felipe VI
491:Santander
420:Catalonia
132:in 1860.
3500:in Spain
3408:Slovenia
3403:Slovakia
3383:Portugal
3303:Holy See
3253:Bulgaria
3182:Thailand
3137:Pakistan
3127:Malaysia
2992:Suriname
2982:Paraguay
2957:Honduras
2912:Colombia
2870:Americas
2742:Ethiopia
2717:Cameroon
2629:in Italy
2548:Slovenia
2523:Portugal
2483:Holy See
2443:Bulgaria
2402:Thailand
2357:Pakistan
2342:Malaysia
2222:Honduras
2207:Colombia
2180:Americas
2132:Ethiopia
2051:Archived
2020:(1982).
1969:(1981).
1895:(1998).
1087:Archived
979:Classica
893:See also
796:Eurostat
784:Diaspora
641:Cold War
609:Badoglio
493:and the
329:Amadeo I
307:in 1861
213:Hispania
120:between
3437:Oceania
3423:Ukraine
3388:Romania
3348:Moldova
3318:Ireland
3313:Iceland
3308:Hungary
3293:Germany
3283:Finland
3278:Estonia
3273:Denmark
3258:Croatia
3243:Belarus
3238:Belgium
3233:Austria
3228:Andorra
3223:Albania
3202:Vietnam
3122:Lebanon
3065:Georgia
3033:Armenia
3007:Uruguay
2962:Jamaica
2932:Ecuador
2892:Bolivia
2882:Bahamas
2852:Tunisia
2837:Somalia
2832:Senegal
2817:Nigeria
2807:Namibia
2797:Morocco
2777:Liberia
2702:Algeria
2602:Oceania
2568:Ukraine
2528:Romania
2498:Moldova
2473:Germany
2463:Finland
2458:Denmark
2448:Croatia
2438:Austria
2433:Albania
2412:Vietnam
2337:Lebanon
2283:Georgia
2263:Armenia
2242:Uruguay
2162:Tunisia
2152:Somalia
2147:Morocco
2127:Eritrea
2112:Algeria
1533:El País
1492:El País
749:Di Maio
745:Albares
736:at the
717:, with
505:and in
353:Austria
319:. Once
238:ecocide
234:slaving
183:History
110:Spanish
102:Italian
3473:Former
3413:Sweden
3398:Serbia
3393:Russia
3378:Poland
3373:Norway
3353:Monaco
3328:Latvia
3298:Greece
3288:France
3263:Cyprus
3216:Europe
3187:Turkey
3177:Taiwan
3117:Kuwait
3107:Jordan
3080:Israel
3048:Bhutan
2977:Panama
2967:Mexico
2947:Guyana
2902:Canada
2897:Brazil
2887:Belize
2822:Rwanda
2757:Guinea
2707:Angola
2695:Africa
2582:Former
2558:Sweden
2543:Serbia
2533:Russia
2518:Poland
2503:Monaco
2488:Kosovo
2478:Greece
2468:France
2426:Europe
2407:Turkey
2397:Taiwan
2322:Israel
2227:Mexico
2197:Canada
2192:Brazil
2117:Angola
2105:Africa
2030:CLXXIX
1984:
1957:
1922:
1865:
1842:
1819:
1777:
1741:
1018:
989:
936:
836:Naples
817:Madrid
689:(EU),
487:Málaga
481:. The
435:, the
395:, and
389:France
255:, the
244:. The
194:Romans
3459:Palau
3343:Malta
3323:Italy
3207:Yemen
3172:Syria
3152:Qatar
3102:Japan
3070:India
3053:China
2952:Haiti
2907:Chile
2847:Sudan
2812:Niger
2782:Libya
2772:Kenya
2752:Ghana
2747:Gabon
2732:Egypt
2553:Spain
2493:Malta
2417:Yemen
2392:Syria
2372:Qatar
2347:Nepal
2327:Japan
2288:India
2278:China
2202:Chile
2142:Libya
2137:Kenya
2122:Egypt
1998:(PDF)
1974:(PDF)
1955:S2CID
1900:(PDF)
1881:(PDF)
1817:S2CID
1073:, en
832:Milan
683:Spain
679:Italy
501:, in
397:Spain
393:Italy
349:Italy
345:Spain
309:Spain
305:Italy
199:Italy
126:Spain
122:Italy
73:Spain
62:Italy
3090:Iraq
3085:Iran
3021:Asia
2987:Peru
2922:Cuba
2787:Mali
2310:Iraq
2298:Iran
2256:Asia
2232:Peru
1982:ISSN
1920:ISSN
1863:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1775:ISSN
1739:ISSN
1448:CEOE
1016:ISBN
987:ISSN
934:ISBN
834:and
828:Rome
705:and
691:NATO
681:and
657:and
586:Axis
582:Duce
236:and
153:NATO
149:OECD
141:euro
124:and
1947:doi
1912:doi
1807:doi
1729:doi
776:or
509:".
359:).
210:of
3522::
3498:/
2627:/
2028:.
2024:.
2016:;
2000:.
1976:.
1953:.
1943:26
1941:.
1935:.
1918:.
1908:13
1906:.
1902:.
1883:.
1861:.
1857:.
1838:.
1815:.
1797:.
1767:19
1765:.
1761:.
1737:.
1721:41
1719:.
1715:.
1686:.
1666:.
1646:.
1628:.
1608:.
1588:.
1568:.
1550:.
1530:.
1509:.
1489:.
1477:^
1465:.
1445:.
1425:.
1413:^
1187:^
1136:^
983:33
981:.
961:31
959:.
932:.
794:A
780:.
772:,
740:.
669:.
588:.
567:,
391:,
291:.
202:,
163:.
155:,
151:,
147:,
112::
108:;
104::
2673:e
2666:t
2659:v
2083:e
2076:t
2069:v
1988:.
1961:.
1949::
1926:.
1914::
1871:.
1848:.
1823:.
1809::
1781:.
1745:.
1731::
1696:.
1672:.
1652:.
1632:.
1536:.
1495:.
1431:.
1024:.
993:.
942:.
838:.
823:.
629:(
463:.
100:(
20:)
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