378:. Over of the years variations in the terminal configuration have been introduced by manufacturers. The exact terminal construction varies depending on the use of the spark plug. Most passenger car spark plug wires snap onto the terminal of the plug, but some wires have eyelet connectors which are fastened onto the plug under a nut. The standard solid non-removable nut SAE configuration is common for many cars and trucks. Plugs which are used for these applications often have the end of the terminal serve a double purpose as the nut on a thin threaded shaft so that they can be used for either type of connection. This type of spark plug has a removable nut or knurl, which enables its users to attach them to two different kinds of spark plug boots. Some spark plugs have a bare thread, which is a common type for motorcycles and ATVs. Finally, in very recent years, a cup-style terminal has been introduced, which allows for a longer ceramic insulator in the same confined space.
944:"Indexing" of plugs upon installation involves installing the spark plug so that the open area of its gap, not shrouded by the ground electrode, faces the center of the combustion chamber rather than one of its walls. The theory holds that this will maximize the exposure of the fuel-air mixture to the spark, also ensuring that every combustion chamber is even in layout and therefore resulting in better ignition. Indexing is accomplished by marking the location of the gap on the outside of the plug, installing it, and noting the direction in which the mark faces. Then the plug is removed and washers are added to change the orientation of the tightened plug. This must be done individually for each plug, as the orientation of the gap with respect to the threads of the shell is
753:
electrode surrounded by the spark plug thread, which effectively becomes the ground electrode (see "surface-discharge spark plug", below). Also there is the use of a V-shaped notch in the tip of the ground electrode. Multiple ground electrodes generally provide longer life, as when the spark gap widens due to electric discharge wear, the spark moves to another closer ground electrode. The disadvantage of multiple ground electrodes is that a shielding effect can occur in the engine combustion chamber inhibiting the flame face as the fuel air mixture burns. This can result in a less efficient burn and increased fuel consumption. They also are difficult or nearly impossible to adjust to another uniform gap size.
563:
carbon deposits caused by stop–start urban conditions, and would foul in these conditions, making the engine misfire. Similarly, a plug that was hot enough to run smoothly in town could melt when called upon to cope with extended high speed running on motorways. The answer to this problem, devised by the spark plug manufacturers, was to use a different material and design for the centre electrode that would be able to carry the heat of combustion away from the tip more effectively than a solid nickel alloy could. Copper was the material chosen for the task and a method for manufacturing the copper-cored centre electrode was created by
518:, as many people call it) of the spark plug withstands the torque of tightening the plug, serves to remove heat from the insulator and pass it on to the cylinder head, and acts as the ground for the sparks passing through the central electrode to the side electrode. Spark plug threads are cold rolled to prevent thermal cycle fatigue. It's important to install spark plugs with the correct "reach," or thread length. Spark plugs can vary in reach from 0.095 to 2.649 cm (0.0375 to 1.043 in), such for automotive and small engine applications. Also, a marine spark plug's shell is double-dipped, zinc-chromate coated metal.
766:
be reduced, leading to misfire or incomplete combustion. So a new type of "surface discharge" plug was developed, presenting an almost flat face to the combustion chamber. A stubby centre electrode projects only very slightly, and the entire earthed body of the plug acts as the side electrode. The electrodes thus sit just beyond the reach of the passing apex seal, while the spark is accessible to the fuel/air mixture. The arc gap remains constant throughout the entire service life of a surface-gap spark plug,
779:
1446:
section of the 1997 AC Delco Spark Plug
Catalog, page 250 to 264. Gaps in the 1920s for many makes were often 0.64 mm (0.025 in). However, many modern cars have gaps not much larger, such as those made by Volvo from 1967 to 2014 normally had gaps of 0.71 to 0.76 mm (0.028 to 0.030 in). See this make's listings in the 2015 Champion Master Spark Plug Application Catalog, pp. 333 to 339, for which the only exception were some 4.4 liter engines.
881:. By examining "hotter" and "cooler" spark plugs of the same manufacturer side by side, the principle involved can be very clearly seen; the cooler plugs have a more substantial ceramic insulator filling the gap between the center electrode and the shell, effectively allowing more heat to be carried off by the shell, while the hotter plugs have less ceramic material, so that the tip is more isolated from the body of the plug and retains heat better.
239:
925:. Spark plug readings are only valid for the most recent engine operating conditions and running the engine under different conditions may erase or obscure characteristic marks previously left on the spark plugs. The most valuable information is gathered by running the engine at high speed and full load, immediately cutting the ignition off and stopping without idling or low speed operation and removing the plugs for reading.
418:
932:
896:
has, however, largely become obsolete now that cars' fuel/air mixtures and cylinder temperatures are maintained within a narrow range, for purposes of limiting emissions. Racing engines, however, still benefit from picking a proper plug heat range. Very old racing engines will sometimes have two sets of plugs, one just for starting and another to be installed for driving once the engine is warmed up.
831:
644:) allows the use of a smaller center wire, which has sharper edges but will not melt or corrode away. These materials are used because of their high melting points and durability, not because of their electrical conductivity (which is irrelevant in series with the plug resistor or wires). The smaller electrode also absorbs less heat from the spark and initial flame energy.
450:
46:
361:), sealing type (taper or crush washer), and spark gap. Common thread (nut) sizes in Europe are 10 mm (16 mm), 14 mm (21 mm; sometimes, 16 mm), and 18 mm (24 mm, sometimes, 21 mm). In the United States, common thread (nut) sizes are 10mm (16mm), 12mm (14mm, 16mm or 17.5mm), 14mm (16mm, 20.63mm) and 18mm (20.63mm).
745:
918:
another example, if the plug is too cold, there will be deposits on the nose of the plug. Conversely if the plug is too hot, the porcelain will be porous looking, almost like sugar. The material which seals the central electrode to the insulator will boil out. Sometimes the end of the plug will appear glazed, as the deposits have melted.
796:
527:
315:. The ionized gas becomes a conductor and allows current to flow across the gap. Spark plugs usually require voltage of 12,000–25,000 volts or more to "fire" properly, although it can go up to 45,000 volts. They supply higher current during the discharge process, resulting in a hotter and longer-duration spark.
948:. Some plugs are made with a non-random orientation of the gap and are usually marked as such by a suffix to the model number; typically these are specified by manufacturers of very small engines where the spark plug tip and electrodes form a significantly large part of the shape of the combustion chamber. The
307:. As current flows from the coil, a voltage develops between the central and side electrodes. Initially no current can flow because the fuel and air in the gap is an insulator, but as the voltage rises further it begins to change the structure of the gases between the electrodes. Once the voltage exceeds the
899:
Spark plug manufacturers use different numbers to denote heat range of their spark plugs. Some manufacturers, such as Denso and NGK, have numbers that become higher as they get colder. By contrast, Champion, Bosch, BRISK, Beru, and ACDelco use a heat range system in which the numbers become bigger as
752:
Over the years variations on the basic spark plug design have attempted to provide either better ignition, longer life, or both. Such variations include the use of two, three, or four equally spaced ground electrodes surrounding the central electrode. Other variations include using a recessed central
731:
The gap adjustment (also called "spark plug gapping") can be crucial to proper engine operation. A narrow gap may give too small and weak a spark to effectively ignite the fuel-air mixture, but the plug will almost always fire on each cycle. A gap that is too wide might prevent a spark from firing at
562:
In the late 1970s, the development of engines reached a stage where the heat range of conventional spark plugs with solid nickel alloy centre electrodes was unable to cope with their demands. A plug that was cold enough to cope with the demands of high speed driving would not be able to burn off the
480:
in
Germany to counteract this. Sintered alumina is a superior material to mica or porcelain because it is a relatively good thermal conductor for a ceramic, it maintains good mechanical strength and (thermal) shock resistance at higher temperatures, and this ability to run hot allows it to be run at
765:
has a permanently varying combustion area; and the spark plug is inevitably swept by the rotor's apex seals. If a spark plug were to protrude into the Wankel's combustion chamber it would be hit by the passing apex seal, but if the plug were recessed to avoid this, mixture access to the spark would
413:
to improve resistance to surface spark tracking. Its major functions are to provide mechanical support and electrical insulation for the central electrode, while also providing an extended spark path for flashover protection. This extended portion, particularly in engines with deeply recessed plugs,
908:
The spark plug's firing end will be affected by the internal environment of the combustion chamber. As the spark plug can be removed for inspection, the effects of combustion on the plug can be examined. An examination, or "reading" of the characteristic markings on the firing end of the spark plug
675:
and is welded or hot forged to the side of the metal shell. The side electrode also runs very hot, especially on projected nose plugs. Some designs have provided a copper core to this electrode, so as to increase heat conduction. Multiple side electrodes may also be used, so that they don't overlap
917:
is occurring, often unheard. The damage that is occurring to the tip of the spark plug is also occurring on the inside of the cylinder. Heavy detonation can cause outright breakage of the spark plug insulator and internal engine parts before appearing as sandblasted erosion but is easily heard. As
786:
Most spark plugs seal to the cylinder head with a single-use hollow or folded metal washer which is crushed slightly between the flat surface of the head and that of the plug, just above the threads. Some spark plugs have a tapered seat that uses no washer. The torque for installing these plugs is
695:
Spark plugs are typically designed to have a spark gap which can be adjusted by the technician installing the spark plug, by bending the ground electrode slightly. The same plug may be specified for several different engines, requiring a different gap for each. Spark plugs in automobiles generally
895:
It was common before the modern era of computerized fuel injection to specify at least a couple of different heat ranges for plugs for an automobile engine; a hotter plug for cars that were mostly driven slowly around the city, and a colder plug for sustained high-speed highway use. This practice
816:
The protrusion of the tip into the chamber also affects plug performance, however; the more centrally located the spark gap is, generally the better the ignition of the air-fuel mixture will be, although experts believe the process is more complex and dependent on combustion chamber shape. On the
586:
are designed this way. Waste spark systems place a greater strain upon spark plugs since they alternately fire electrons in both directions (from the ground electrode to the central electrode, not just from the central electrode to the ground electrode). As a result, vehicles with such a system
440:
By lengthening the surface between the high voltage terminal and the grounded metal case of the spark plug, the physical shape of the ribs functions to improve the electrical insulation and prevent electrical energy from leaking along the insulator surface from the terminal to the metal case. The
864:
A spark plug is said to be "hot" if it is a better heat insulator, keeping more heat in the tip of the spark plug. A spark plug is said to be "cold" if it can conduct more heat out of the spark plug tip and lower the tip's temperature. Whether a spark plug is "hot" or "cold" is known as the heat
821:
and performs better, for a longer period. Special "anti-fouling" adapters are sold which fit between the plug and the head to reduce the protrusion of the plug for just this reason, on older engines with severe oil burning problems; this will cause the ignition of the fuel-air mixture to be less
1445:
For example, in the 1967 Champion spark plug catalog, the "Deluxe Gap Tool & Gauges" on p. 38 is designed to handle gaps from 0.38 to 1.02 mm (0.015 to 0.040 in), which is less than the gap required by many modern cars. As for older cars before c. 1960, notice the vintage vehicle
846:
at the tip of the spark plug within the running engine, normally between 500 and 800 °C (932 and 1,472 °F). This is important because it determines the efficiency of plug self-cleaning and is determined by a number of factors, but primarily the actual temperature within the combustion
799:
Different spark plug sizes. The left and right plug are identical in threading, electrodes, tip protrusion, and heat range. The centre plug is a compact variant, with smaller hex and porcelain portions outside the head, to be used where space is limited. The rightmost plug has a longer threaded
718:
lash, will give erroneous results, due to the shape of spark plug electrodes. The simplest gauges are a collection of keys of various thicknesses which match the desired gaps and the gap is adjusted until the key fits snugly. With current engine technology, universally incorporating solid state
808:
The length of the threaded portion of the plug should be closely matched to the thickness of the head. If a plug extends too far into the combustion chamber, it may be struck by the piston, damaging the engine internally. Less dramatically, if the threads of the plug extend into the combustion
654:
from 1940 to 1953. While the amount of radiation from the plugs was minuscule and not a threat to the consumer, the benefits of such plugs quickly diminished after approximately a month because of polonium's short half-life, and because buildup on the conductors would block the radiation that
152:
when they are not firing, spark plugs are used to measure ionization in the cylinders – this ionic current measurement is used to replace the ordinary cam phase sensor, knock sensor and misfire measurement function. Spark plugs may also be used in other applications such as furnaces wherein a
887:
from the combustion chamber escapes through the exhaust gases, the side walls of the cylinder and the spark plug itself. The heat range of a spark plug has only a minute effect on combustion chamber and overall engine temperature. A cold plug will not materially cool down an engine's running
1455:
For example, the Ford Crown
Victoria's 4.6 liter engine required a 1.1 mm (0.044 in) gap when using CNG, but requires a 1.4 mm (0.054 in) gap when using gas. See the 2015 Champion Master Spark Plug Application Catalog, p. 124; a technical explanation is found on p.
441:
disrupted and longer path makes the electricity encounter more resistance along the surface of the spark plug even in the presence of dirt and moisture. Some spark plugs are manufactured without ribs; improvements in the dielectric strength of the insulator make them less important.
787:
supposed to be lower than a washer-sealed plug. Spark plugs with tapered seats should never be installed in vehicles with heads requiring washers, and vice versa. Otherwise, a poor seal or incorrect reach would result because of the threads not properly seating in the heads.
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the combustion chamber of the engine when installed, seals are required to ensure there is no leakage from the combustion chamber. The internal seals of modern plugs are made of compressed glass/metal powder, but old style seals were typically made by the use of a multi-layer
590:
It would be easiest to pull electrons from a pointed electrode but a pointed electrode would erode after only a few seconds. Instead, the electrons emit from the sharp edges of the end of the electrode; as these edges erode, the spark becomes weaker and less reliable.
337:
as the gases burn on their own. The size of this fireball, or kernel, depends on the exact composition of the mixture between the electrodes and the level of combustion chamber turbulence at the time of the spark. A small kernel will make the engine run as though the
732:
all or may misfire at high speeds, but will usually have a spark that is strong for a clean burn. A spark which intermittently fails to ignite the fuel-air mixture may not be noticeable directly, but will show up as a reduction in the engine's power and
851:
currently being produced by the engine will strongly influence spark plug operating temperature because the maximal temperature and pressure occur when the engine is operating near peak torque output (torque and rotational speed directly determine the
538:
noise from the sparking. Non-resistor spark plugs, commonly sold without an "R" in the plug type part number, lack this element to reduce electro-magnetic interference with radios and other sensitive equipment. The tip can be made of a combination of
574:, i.e. negative polarity relative to the engine block) because it is normally the hottest part of the plug; it is easier to emit electrons from a hot surface, because of the same physical laws that increase emissions of vapor from hot surfaces (see
817:
other hand, if an engine is "burning oil", the excess oil leaking into the combustion chamber tends to foul the plug tip and inhibit the spark; in such cases, a plug with less protrusion than the engine would normally call for often collects less
876:
of the plug exposed within the combustion chamber. For normal use, the selection of a spark plug heat range is a balance between keeping the tip hot enough at idle to prevent fouling and cold enough at maximal power to prevent pre-ignition or
727:
and breaker point distributors, to the extent that spark plug gauges from that era cannot always measure the required gaps of current cars. Vehicles using compressed natural gas generally require narrower gaps than vehicles using gasoline.
865:
range of the spark plug. The heat range of a spark plug is typically specified as a number, with some manufacturers using ascending numbers for hotter plugs, and others doing the opposite – using ascending numbers for colder plugs.
453:
Two spark plugs in comparison views in multiple angles, one of which is consumed regularly, while the other has the insulating ceramic broken and the central electrode shortened, due to manufacturing defects and / or temperature
481:"self cleaning" temperatures without rapid degradation. It also allows a simple single piece construction at low cost but high mechanical reliability. The dimensions of the insulator and the metal conductor core determine the
856:
output). The temperature of the insulator responds to the thermal conditions it is exposed to in the combustion chamber, but not vice versa. If the tip of the spark plug is too hot, it can cause pre-ignition or sometimes
578:). In addition, electrons are emitted where the electrical field strength is greatest; this is from wherever the radius of curvature of the surface is smallest, from a sharp point or edge rather than a flat surface (see
587:
should have precious metals on both electrodes, not just on the central electrode, in order to increase service replacement intervals since they wear down the metal more quickly in both directions, not just one.
912:
A light brownish discoloration of the tip of the block indicates proper operation; other conditions may indicate malfunction. For example, a sandblasted look to the tip of the spark plug means persistent, light
952:
has indexed spark plugs from factory, with four different part numbers available corresponding to the different degrees of indexing to achieve most efficient combustion and maximal fuel efficiency.
770:
A further advantage of the surface-gap design is that the side electrode cannot break off and potentially cause engine damage, though this also doesn't often happen with conventional spark plugs.
1436:
For example, notice the 2015-2016 Champion master catalog from Europe's type chart, which flips out from the back. In many cases, depending on the design, "platinum" is listed as the metal type.
485:
of the plug. Short insulators are usually "cooler" plugs, while "hotter" plugs are made with a lengthened path to the metal body, though this also depends on the thermally conductive metal core.
2192:
1036:
Lagana, A. A. M.; Lima, L. L.; Justo, J. F.; Arruda, B. A.; Santos, M. M. D. (2018). "Identification of combustion and detonation in spark ignition engines using ion current signal".
861:, and damage may occur. If it is too cold, electrically conductive deposits may form on the insulator, causing a loss of spark energy or the actual shorting-out of the spark current.
813:; in addition, deposits which form between the exposed threads may make it difficult to remove the plugs, even damaging the threads on aluminium heads in the process of removal.
1523:
909:
can indicate conditions within the running engine. Engine and spark plug manufacturers will publish information about the characteristic markings in spark plug reading charts.
322:. The intense heat in the spark channel causes the ionized gas to expand very quickly, like a small explosion. This is the "click" heard when observing a spark, similar to
602:
cleaning with tools such as a wire brush leaves traces of metal on the insulator which can provide a weak conduction path and thus weaken the spark (increasing emissions).
133:
between the inner end of the central electrode and usually one or more protuberances or structures attached to the inner end of the threaded shell and designated the
299:
The function of a spark plug is to produce a spark at the required time to ignite the combustible mixture. The plug is connected to the high voltage generated by an
2185:
432:
A further feature of sintered alumina is its good heat conduction – reducing the tendency for the insulator to glow with heat and so light the mixture prematurely.
761:
A piston engine has a part of the combustion chamber that is always out of reach of the piston; and this zone is where the conventional spark plug is located. A
663:
plug that preceded it, was that the radiation would improve ionization of the fuel in the cylinder and thus allow the plug to fire more quickly and efficiently.
900:
the plugs get hotter. As a result, heat range numbers need to be translated between the different manufacturers and cannot be casually interchanged as equals.
354:
and therefore must also seal the combustion chamber against high pressures and temperatures without deteriorating over long periods of time and extended use.
476:
in the 1930s, lead deposits on the mica became a problem and reduced the interval between needing to clean the spark plug. Sintered alumina was developed by
2614:
2178:
736:. Gap adjustment is not recommended for iridium and platinum spark plugs, because there is a risk of damaging a metal disk welded to the electrode.
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the central electrode. The ground electrode can also have small pads of platinum or even iridium added to them in order to increase service life.
458:
On modern (post 1930s) spark plugs, the tip of the insulator protruding into the combustion chamber is the same sintered aluminium oxide (alumina)
2584:
169:(credit is also given to Edmond Berger, who invented but never patented the spark plug on February 2, 1839) used an electric spark plug in his
333:
The heat and pressure force the gases to react with each other, and at the end of the spark event there should be a small ball of fire in the
2280:
2091:
1245:
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chamber. There is no direct relationship between the actual operating temperature of the spark plug and spark voltage. However, the level of
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increase engine temperature.) Rather, the main effect of a "hot" or "cold" plug is to affect the temperature of the tip of the spark plug.
534:
The central electrode is connected to the terminal through an internal wire and commonly a ceramic series resistance to reduce emission of
691:
A disk with a tapered edge; the edge is thicker going counter-clockwise, and a spark plug will be hooked along the edge to check the gap.
685:
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2030:
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Spark plug reading viewers, which are simply combined flashlight/magnifiers, are available to improve the reading of the spark plugs.
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equipment and file the end of the electrode to restore the sharp edges, but this practice has become less frequent for three reasons:
582:). Using the colder, blunter side electrode as negative requires up to 45 percent higher voltage, so few ignition systems aside from
1267:
1083:
651:
1220:
38:
1323:
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768:
and the spark path will continually vary (instead of darting from the centre to the side electrode as in a conventional plug).
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have a gap between 0.6 and 1.8 mm (0.024 and 0.071 in). The gap may require adjustment from the out-of-the-box gap.
2528:
1708:
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868:
The heat range of a spark plug is affected by the construction of the spark plug: the types of materials used, the length of
2005:
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For examples, see the listing in the plug type chart of the 2015 Champion master spark plug application catalog, pp. VI
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31:
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At one time it was common to remove the spark plugs, clean deposits off the ends either manually or with specialized
1490:
For example, notice the torque recommendations on p. 823 of the 2015 Champion Master Spark Plug
Application Catalog.
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2795:
2564:
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plugs are so cheap relative to labor cost, economics dictate replacement, particularly with modern long-life plugs.
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is a disc with a sloping edge, or with round wires of precise diameters, and is used to measure the gap. Use of a
173:, the first internal combustion piston engine. Lenoir is generally credited with the invention of the spark plug.
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1952:
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As the current of electrons surges across the gap, it raises the temperature of the spark channel to 60,000
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506:, but some manufacturers use the cheaper method of a taper interface and simple compression to attempt sealing.
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as the upper portion, merely unglazed. It is designed to withstand 650 °C (1,200 °F) and 60 kV.
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A spark plug is composed of a shell, insulator and the central conductor. It passes through the wall of the
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194:(GB 26907/1898). Only the invention of the first commercially viable high-voltage spark plug as part of a
230:, who developed the KLG brand. Helen Blair Bartlett played a vital role in making the insulator in 1930.
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temperature. (A too hot plug may, however, indirectly lead to a runaway pre-ignition condition that
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combustible fuel/air mixture must be ignited. In this case, they are sometimes referred to as
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helps extend the terminal above the cylinder head so as to make it more readily accessible.
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An idling engine will have a different impact on the spark plugs than one running at full
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iridium and platinum plugs that have longer lifetimes than copper have become more common.
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Older spark plugs, particularly in aircraft, used an insulator made of stacked layers of
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Construction of hot and cold spark plugs – a longer insulator tip makes the plug hotter
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chamber, the sharp edges of the threads act as point sources of heat which may cause
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300:
118:
110:
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The Bosch
Automotive Handbook, 8th Edition, Bentley Publishers, copyright May 2011,
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improved engine performance. The premise behind the polonium spark plug, as well as
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89:, while containing combustion pressure within the engine. A spark plug has a metal
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The development of noble metal high temperature electrodes (using metals such as
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The side electrode (also known as the "ground strap") is made from high nickel
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The central electrode is usually the one designed to eject the electrons (the
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Spark plugs are specified by size, either thread or nut (often referred to as
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17:
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1347:- Electrical - Ignition Coils and Condensers, CTS-2013-E p. 5 (PDF page 545)
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130:
94:
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125:. The central electrode protrudes through the porcelain insulator into the
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Notice the back inside page of the 2015-2016 Champion catalog from Europe.
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The Bosch book of the Motor Car, Its evolution and engineering development
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2015:
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Denton, Tom (2013). "Development of the automobile electrical system".
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98:
37:
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1648:
945:
848:
660:
637:
544:
540:
319:
275:
795:
526:
409:, printed with the manufacturer's name and identifying marks, then
2678:
930:
829:
794:
777:
743:
683:
672:
525:
448:
416:
237:
44:
36:
222:, who developed and manufactured their father's idea and also to
2096:
1014:
884:
641:
548:
466:
374:
The top of the spark plug contains a terminal to connect to the
342:
was delayed, and a large one as though the timing was advanced.
247:
2174:
1505:
1543:
822:
effective, but in such cases, this is of lesser significance.
782:
Old spark plug removed from a car, new one ready to install.
117:. The spark plug's metal shell is screwed into the engine's
1201:
210:. Subsequent manufacturing improvements can be credited to
27:
Device that generates sparks in internal combustion engines
723:, the gaps used are larger on average than in the era of
710:
with flat blades instead of round wires, as is used on
386:
The main part of the insulator is typically made from
101:
insulator. The central electrode, which may contain a
73:) is a device for delivering electric current from an
1471:
VIN Sonar | help - Automotive Guides and Online Tools
1391:. Oak Ridge Associated Universities. January 20, 1999
148:
Spark plugs may also be used for other purposes; in
2732:
2666:
2643:
2597:
2542:
2516:
2507:
2382:
2324:
2221:
2212:
2114:
2074:
2029:
1986:
1935:
1902:
1884:
1831:
1785:
1747:
1667:
1552:
1314:V.A.W., Hillier (1991). "74: The ignition system".
1467:"How to Choose Proper Spark Plugs for Your Engine"
421:Dissected modern spark plug showing the one-piece
1368:See p. 824 of the 2015 Champion Master Catalog.
1179:"Women in Transportation - Automobile Inventions"
469:, compressed by tension in the centre electrode.
176:Early patents for spark plugs included those by
85:to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an
1318:(4th ed.). Stanley Thornes. p. 450.
1009:. St. Martin's Press. 1975. pp. 206–207.
2186:
1517:
1345:Truck Service Manual TM 5-4210-230-14&P-1
206:in 1902 made possible the development of the
8:
1075:Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems
748:Spark plug with two side (ground) electrodes
93:shell, electrically isolated from a central
2513:
2218:
2193:
2179:
2171:
1524:
1510:
1502:
1096:1860 Lenoir produced the first spark-plug.
1078:(revised ed.). Routledge. p. 6.
428:insulator. The lower portion is unglazed.
1590:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
1316:Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology
1410:Pittman, Cassandra (February 3, 2017).
1295:. MarineEngineDigest.com. 29 April 2012
998:
842:of a spark plug is the actual physical
632:, as well as the relatively high value
186:for an ignition timing system, 1898),
1339:
1337:
1335:
1184:Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
1137:"A.S.E.C.C.'s History of Spark Plugs"
41:Spark plug with single side electrode
7:
1370:http://www.fme-cat.com/catalogs.aspx
2207:components, systems and terminology
1258:Air Commodore F. R. Banks (1978).
719:ignition systems and computerized
109:wire to the output terminal of an
25:
800:portion, to be used in a thicker
502:. The external seal is usually a
292:(W) Water jacket for coolant flow
1221:"Denso's "Basic Knowledge" page"
1191:from the original on 2016-06-23.
1692:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
1160:. Gracesguide.co.uk. 2011-08-30
482:
311:of the gases, the gases become
2529:Propeller speed reduction unit
1108:Donnelly, Jim (January 2006).
740:Variations on the basic design
667:Side (ground, earth) electrode
530:Central and lateral electrodes
1:
650:spark plugs were marketed by
514:The metal case/shell (or the
2339:Capacitor discharge ignition
774:Sealing to the cylinder head
757:Surface-discharge spark plug
493:Because the spark plug also
105:, is connected by a heavily
405:ceramic material with high
202:by Robert Bosch's engineer
32:Spark plug (disambiguation)
2812:
1533:Internal combustion engine
1416:The Instrumentation Center
1050:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.04.080
190:(GB 24859/1898, 1898) and
29:
2349:Electronic fuel injection
2150:
2001:Diesel particulate filter
1953:Idle air control actuator
1894:Engine control unit (ECU)
1539:
1389:"Radioactive spark plugs"
1343:International Harvester,
1293:"Marine Spark Plug Savvy"
967:Glow plug (diesel engine)
242:Components of a typical,
2395:Aircraft engine starting
2066:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
1978:Throttle position sensor
1687:Overhead camshaft layout
1262:. Airlife. p. 113.
972:Glow plug (model engine)
472:With the development of
2440:Mean effective pressure
1605:Core plug (freeze plug)
1139:. Asecc.com. 1927-10-27
346:Spark plug construction
228:Guinness brewing family
188:Frederick Richard Simms
69:, and, colloquially, a
2480:Time between overhauls
1418:. University of Toledo
936:
935:Two spark plug viewers
835:
805:
783:
749:
692:
657:Alfred Matthew Hubbard
531:
455:
429:
296:
129:, forming one or more
121:and thus electrically
54:
42:
2755:Ice protection system
2495:Volumetric efficiency
2460:Overhead valve engine
1358:Wasted Spark Ignition
934:
840:operating temperature
833:
798:
781:
747:
687:
529:
452:
420:
241:
208:spark-ignition engine
83:spark-ignition engine
48:
40:
2740:Auxiliary power unit
2620:Flight data recorder
1846:Compression ignition
940:Indexing spark plugs
150:Saab Direct Ignition
30:For other uses, see
2709:Pressure carburetor
2445:Naturally aspirated
2415:Engine displacement
1996:Catalytic converter
904:Reading spark plugs
859:detonation/knocking
576:thermionic emission
407:dielectric strength
309:dielectric strength
260:(I) Intake camshaft
224:Kenelm Lee Guinness
183:U.S. patent 609,250
2724:Updraft carburetor
2598:Engine instruments
2524:Propeller governor
2420:Four-stroke engine
2122:Knocking / pinging
1714:Combustion chamber
1375:2018-06-01 at the
982:List of auto parts
937:
836:
806:
784:
750:
693:
532:
456:
430:
352:combustion chamber
297:
127:combustion chamber
79:combustion chamber
55:
43:
2796:Engine components
2768:
2767:
2605:Annunciator panel
2593:
2592:
2503:
2502:
2485:Two-stroke engine
2455:Overhead camshaft
2435:Manifold pressure
2405:Compression ratio
2168:
2167:
2137:Stratified charge
1904:Electrical system
1886:Engine management
1719:Compression ratio
1659:Starter ring gear
1558:rotating assembly
1246:978-0-8376-1686-5
1223:. Globaldenso.com
1110:"Albert Champion"
522:Central electrode
365:Parts of the plug
244:four stroke cycle
53:on the spark plug
16:(Redirected from
2803:
2786:Ignition systems
2750:Hydraulic system
2570:Counter-rotating
2514:
2266:Hydraulic tappet
2219:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2172:
2011:Exhaust manifold
1876:Spark plug wires
1762:Boost controller
1749:Forced induction
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977:Hot-tube ignitor
769:
580:corona discharge
510:Metal case/shell
185:
21:
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2745:Coffman starter
2728:
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2662:
2653:Carburetor heat
2645:Engine controls
2639:
2589:
2565:Contra-rotating
2538:
2499:
2430:Ignition timing
2378:
2359:Ignition system
2326:
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2142:Top dead centre
2110:
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1982:
1931:
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1827:
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1699:Tappet / lifter
1682:Flathead layout
1672:
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1377:Wayback Machine
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1260:I Kept No Diary
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879:engine knocking
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734:fuel efficiency
701:spark plug gap
682:
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524:
512:
491:
447:
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384:
376:ignition system
372:
367:
348:
340:ignition timing
295:
236:
212:Albert Champion
200:ignition system
181:
163:
75:ignition system
63:British English
61:(sometimes, in
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28:
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12:
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5:
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2031:Cooling system
2027:
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2018:
2013:
2008:
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1998:
1992:
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1988:Exhaust system
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1958:Inlet manifold
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1498:External links
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791:Tip protrusion
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721:fuel injection
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680:Spark plug gap
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284:
282:Connecting rod
278:
272:
266:
264:(S) Spark plug
261:
258:
251:
250:piston engine.
235:
232:
218:, sons of Sir
216:Lodge brothers
204:Gottlob Honold
167:Étienne Lenoir
162:
159:
155:flame igniters
145:electrode(s).
87:electric spark
51:electric spark
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2808:
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2791:Electric arcs
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2733:Other systems
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2670:and induction
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2625:Glass cockpit
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2470:Shock cooling
2468:
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2465:Rotary engine
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2256:Cylinder head
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2205:piston engine
2203:
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2021:Oxygen sensor
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1936:Intake system
1934:
1928:
1927:Starter motor
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1798:Petrol engine
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1793:Diesel engine
1791:
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1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
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1760:
1758:
1757:Blowoff valve
1755:
1754:
1752:
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1746:
1740:
1737:
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1674:Cylinder head
1670:
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1565:Balance shaft
1563:
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1271:
1269:0-9504543-9-7
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1248:, pp 581–585.
1247:
1243:
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1234:
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1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1159:
1158:"Lodge Plugs"
1153:
1150:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:9781136073823
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975:
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968:
965:
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962:Coso artifact
960:
959:
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951:
950:Honda Insight
947:
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933:
929:
926:
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823:
820:
814:
812:
803:
802:cylinder head
797:
790:
788:
780:
773:
771:
764:
763:Wankel engine
756:
754:
746:
739:
737:
735:
729:
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717:
713:
709:
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704:
697:
690:
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659:'s prototype
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474:leaded petrol
470:
468:
463:
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451:
445:Insulator tip
444:
442:
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427:
424:
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369:
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301:ignition coil
291:
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119:cylinder head
116:
112:
111:ignition coil
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:sparking plug
64:
60:
52:
47:
39:
33:
19:
18:Sparking plug
2760:Recoil start
2719:Turbocharger
2714:Supercharger
2580:Single-blade
2490:Valve timing
2368:
2311:Sleeve valve
2296:Poppet valve
2271:Main bearing
2051:Electric fan
1870:
1851:Coil-on-plug
1777:Turbocharger
1772:Supercharger
1644:Main bearing
1634:Firing order
1624:Displacement
1570:Block heater
1554:Engine block
1542:Part of the
1541:
1486:
1475:. Retrieved
1473:. 2022-01-27
1470:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1415:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1383:
1364:
1352:
1325:0-7487-05317
1315:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1259:
1253:
1236:
1225:. Retrieved
1215:
1206:
1197:
1182:
1173:
1162:. Retrieved
1152:
1141:. Retrieved
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1113:
1103:
1095:
1089:. Retrieved
1074:
1066:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1006:
1001:
943:
927:
920:
911:
907:
898:
894:
889:
883:
874:surface area
867:
863:
837:
815:
811:pre-ignition
807:
785:
760:
751:
730:
708:feeler gauge
700:
698:
694:
688:
670:
646:
611:
596:sandblasting
593:
589:
584:wasted spark
569:
561:
557:noble metals
533:
515:
513:
504:crush washer
492:
471:
464:
457:
439:
431:
385:
373:
358:
356:
349:
332:
317:
298:
263:
254:(E) Exhaust
220:Oliver Lodge
192:Robert Bosch
178:Nikola Tesla
175:
164:
154:
147:
142:
138:
134:
70:
66:
58:
56:
2781:Spark plugs
2704:Intercooler
2630:Hobbs meter
2555:Blade pitch
2550:Autofeather
2543:Terminology
2450:Monosoupape
2410:Dead centre
2383:Terminology
2291:Piston ring
2261:Gudgeon pin
2075:Lubrication
2039:Air cooling
1856:Distributor
1808:Fuel filter
1786:Fuel system
1767:Intercooler
1734:Timing belt
1724:Head gasket
1654:Piston ring
1121:February 6,
1044:: 469-477.
987:Ninja rocks
844:temperature
725:carburetors
712:distributor
2775:Categories
2694:Gascolator
2684:Carburetor
2635:Tachometer
2517:Components
2509:Propellers
2425:Horsepower
2390:Air-cooled
2369:Spark plug
2334:Alternator
2327:components
2325:Electrical
2306:Rocker arm
2246:Crankshaft
2224:components
2222:Mechanical
2127:Power band
2087:Oil filter
2061:Thermostat
2006:EGT sensor
1968:MAF sensor
1963:MAP sensor
1948:Air filter
1912:Alternator
1871:Spark plug
1803:Carburetor
1729:Rocker arm
1669:Valvetrain
1600:Crankshaft
1544:Automobile
1477:2022-05-12
1422:August 23,
1412:"Polonium"
1395:October 7,
1299:1 December
1227:2011-09-17
1164:2011-09-17
1143:2011-09-17
1091:2018-08-20
993:References
915:detonation
826:Heat range
714:points or
689:Gap gauge:
483:heat range
401:), a very
288:Crankshaft
171:gas engine
131:spark gaps
59:spark plug
2354:Generator
1861:Glow plug
1823:Fuel tank
1818:Fuel pump
1585:Crankcase
1070:Compare:
1058:104060623
870:insulator
652:Firestone
630:ruthenium
626:palladium
382:Insulator
335:spark gap
324:lightning
234:Operation
226:, of the
214:, to the
107:insulated
95:electrode
2658:Throttle
2575:Scimitar
2281:Oil pump
2251:Cylinder
2241:Crankpin
2231:Camshaft
2202:Aircraft
2160:Category
2105:Dry sump
2101:Wet sump
2092:Oil pump
2056:Radiator
1973:Throttle
1833:Ignition
1704:Camshaft
1629:Flywheel
1610:Cylinder
1595:Crankpin
1373:Archived
1189:Archived
1115:Hemmings
1015:75-39516
956:See also
923:throttle
872:and the
648:Polonium
634:platinum
622:tungsten
553:chromium
423:sintered
388:sintered
370:Terminal
256:camshaft
165:In 1860
123:grounded
103:resistor
91:threaded
2534:Spinner
2374:Starter
2364:Magneto
2301:Pushrod
2132:Redline
2016:Muffler
1917:Battery
1841:Magneto
1023:2175044
819:fouling
618:iridium
614:yttrium
572:cathode
565:Floform
478:Siemens
460:ceramic
426:alumina
391:alumina
328:thunder
313:ionized
305:magneto
198:-based
196:magneto
161:History
115:magneto
99:ceramic
77:to the
2672:system
2475:Stroke
2316:Tappet
2286:Piston
2155:Portal
1943:Airbox
1922:Dynamo
1649:Piston
1639:Stroke
1618:layout
1546:series
1322:
1266:
1244:
1082:
1056:
1021:
1013:
946:random
849:torque
661:radium
638:silver
545:nickel
541:copper
516:jacket
411:glazed
276:Piston
270:Valves
143:ground
2679:Avgas
2615:EICAS
2115:Other
1739:Valve
1709:Chest
1356:NGK,
1054:S2CID
854:power
716:valve
703:gauge
673:steel
628:, or
555:, or
500:braze
495:seals
489:Seals
454:swing
141:, or
139:earth
97:by a
81:of a
2668:Fuel
2610:EFIS
2400:Bore
2097:Sump
1614:bank
1575:Bore
1456:825.
1424:2018
1397:2021
1320:ISBN
1301:2012
1264:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1123:2019
1080:ISBN
1038:Fuel
1019:OCLC
1011:LCCN
885:Heat
838:The
642:gold
559:.
549:iron
467:mica
436:Ribs
403:hard
359:Euro
326:and
286:(C)
280:(R)
274:(P)
268:(V)
248:DOHC
180:(in
135:side
71:plug
65:, a
2082:Oil
1671:and
1556:and
1046:doi
1042:227
890:can
640:or
636:,
393:(Al
303:or
113:or
49:An
2777::
2103:,
1616:,
1469:.
1414:.
1334:^
1187:.
1181:.
1112:.
1094:.
1052:.
1040:.
1017:.
699:A
624:,
620:,
616:,
567:.
551:,
543:,
536:RF
330:.
246:,
157:.
137:,
57:A
2194:e
2187:t
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1612:(
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1426:.
1399:.
1328:.
1303:.
1272:.
1230:.
1167:.
1146:.
1125:.
1060:.
1048::
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804:.
547:-
399:3
397:O
395:2
320:K
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
