318:. It is self-organized because no leader is dictating where each individual will reside, nor which task an individual will perform once they get there. Instead, zones may be a by-product of division of labor, whereby individuals end up in a particular location for a period based on the task they perform, or dominance interactions, whereby dominant individuals are granted access to the most desirable places inside the nest. Spatial patterns exhibited by individuals of social insect colonies are not obvious, because it is difficult to observe and differentiate among individuals inside a nest cavity or flying across a foraging patch. However, when careful attention is given to the individual worker, the spatial organization of workers in the nest becomes apparent.
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together, the colony grows quickly, yet only one individual will become the primary egg-layer. Through a series of dominance interactions, the most aggressive wasp will emerge as the dominant individual and will become the primary egg-layer for the group (the prime role for ensuring your genes are passed on to subsequent generations), whereas the remaining subordinate wasps will perform other tasks, such as nest construction or foraging. There is evidence that these dominance interactions affect the spatial zones individuals occupy as well. In paper wasps (
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247:, dominant individuals are more likely to reside in the central areas of the nest, where they take care of the brood, while the subordinate individuals are pushed towards the edge, where they are more likely to forage. It is unknown whether division of space or establishment of dominance occurs first and if the other is a result of it.
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Spatial organization can be defined as how something is organized internally as well as externally concerning its surroundings. It can be viewed both on a large or small scale and may also include in its discussion, the factors and conditions that lead to a specific organization pattern. In the frame
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foragers maintain foraging zones in flower patches, which means that bees consistently return to the same areas within a patch and there is little overlap between individuals. These zones can expand and contract when neighboring foragers are removed or introduced, respectively. By dividing foraging
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of biology this may include the abiotic and biotic factors that a population is immersed in. In the frame of civilization, spatial organization may include if an area is rural, suburban, or urban. Spatial organization can even include how one manages and organizes their lawn to meet social norms.
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first become adults in or around the center of the nest". Individuals can remain in an area for an extended period, as long as tasks need to be performed there. Over time, an individual's zone may shift as tasks are accomplished and workers search for other areas where tasks need to be performed.
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in the area of the nest where they emerged, and gradually move towards the periphery of the nest as demands to perform particular tasks change. This hypothesis is based on two observations: "(1) that there is spatial structure in the layout of tasks in social insect colonies and (2) that workers
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colonies, a single inseminated queen may find (initiate) a colony after waking up from hibernation (overwintering). However, it is common in many species that multiple inseminated females join these foundresses instead of founding their own nest. When multiple inseminated females found a colony
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among the foragers; that is, no lead forager is dictating where the bees will forage. Instead, the maintenance of these foraging zones is due to simple rules followed by each individual forager. Studies to determine these “rules” are an important area of research in
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patches into miniature ‘foraging territories’, individuals can maximize the number of flowers visited with minimal interruptions or competition between foragers. These ‘foraging territories’ divided among individuals from the same colony are the result of
210:, for example, begin their adult life caring for brood located in the area near where they emerged (i.e. nurse bees). Eventually, workers move away from the brood rearing area and begin to perform other tasks, such as food storage, guarding, or foraging.
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appropriate to the area they reside. For example, individuals that remain in the center of an ant nest are more likely to feed larvae, whereas individuals found at the periphery of the nest are more likely to forage.
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There is also evidence that foragers, which are the insects that leave the nest to collect the valuable resources for the developing colony, can divide space outside the nest. Makino & Sakai showed that
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proposed that by remaining in small, non-random areas inside the nest, the distance an individual moves between tasks may be minimized, and overall colony efficiency would increase.
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emerge after thousands of particles interact millions of times. On the other hand, individuals in biological groups may be arranged non-randomly due to selfish behavior,
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There are a variety of ways in which individuals can divide space inside a nest. According to the "foraging-for-work" hypothesis, adult workers begin performing
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colony can be spatially organized, or arranged non-randomly inside the nest. These miniature territories, or spatial fidelity zones have been described in
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Baracchi, D; Zaccaroni, M; Cervo, R; Turillazzi, S (2010). "Home Range
Analysis in the Study of Spatial Organization on the Comb in the Paper Wasp
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or biological group are arranged non-randomly in space. Abiotic patterns, such as the ripple formations in
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Robbins, P. and J. Sharp. 2003. The Lawn-Chemical
Economy and Its Discontents. Antipode, 35(5): 955-979.
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Seeley, T. D. (1982). "Adaptive significance of the age polyethism schedule in honeybee colonies".
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and the generation of interaction-based task allocation: a new organizational mechanism in ants".
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Camazine, S.; Deneubourg, J.-L.; Franks, N. R.; Sneyd, J.; Theraulaz, G.; Bonabeau, E. (2001).
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observed in foraging territories is a microcosm for the self-organization seen in the entire
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Sendova-Franks, A. B.; Franks, N. R. (1995). "Spatial relationships within nests of the ant
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groups, suggesting that the arrangement of individuals may provide advantages for the
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Makino, TT; Sakai, S (2004). "Findings on spatial foraging patterns of bumblebees (
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310:. Spatial organization observed across social insect colonies can be considered an
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422:(1976). "Behavioral discretization and the number of castes in an ant species".
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133:) can be determined after each individual is painted with a distinguishing mark.
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Franks, NR; Tofts, C. (1994). "Foraging for work: how tasks allocate workers".
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624:"Social and spatial organization in colonies of a primitively eusocial wasp
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Robson, SKA; Bean, K; Hansen, J; Norling, K; Rowe, RJ; White, D (2000).
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768:) reduce their foraging area?: Bee-removal experiments in a net cage".
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Makino, TT; Sakai, S. (2005). "Does interaction between bumblebees (
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Miscellaneous
Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan
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Powell, S.; Tschinkel, W. R. (1999). "Ritualized conflict in
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Space inside the nest may also be divided as a result of
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179:). While residing in these zones, workers perform the
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The Self-Made
Tapestry: Pattern formation in nature
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714:(1969). "The social biology of Polistine wasps".
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379:(1971). "Geometry for the selfish herd".
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
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85:or the oscillating wave patterns of the
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97:(1971) proposed that in a non-related "
93:interactions, or cooperative behavior.
628:(de Saussure) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)"
77:can be observed when components of an
932:Patterns of self-organization in ants
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129:Spatial patterns exhibited by ants (
770:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
739:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
481:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
424:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
355:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
942:symmetry breaking of escaping ants
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243:), as well as in the ant species
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645:10.1046/j.1440-6055.2000.00135.x
632:Australian Journal of Entomology
604:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01770.x
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381:Journal of Theoretical Biology
234:interactions. For example, in
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314:property of a self-organized
87:Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
903:Mixed-species foraging flock
854:Agent-based model in biology
393:10.1016/0022-5193(71)90189-5
1150:Particle swarm optimization
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859:Collective animal behavior
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782:10.1007/s00265-004-0877-3
751:10.1007/s00265-004-0773-x
222:The dominant paper wasp (
1188:Self-propelled particles
626:Ropalidia revolutionalis
557:Leptothorax unifasciatus
241:Ropalidia revolutionalis
177:Ropalidia revolutionalis
34:may need to be rewritten
1269:Collective intelligence
1135:Ant colony optimization
1289:Microbial intelligence
949:Shoaling and schooling
676:10.1006/anbe.1994.1261
573:10.1006/anbe.1995.0226
531:10.1006/anbe.1999.1238
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155:Odontomachus brunneus
131:Temnothorax rugatulus
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1309:Spatial organization
1274:Decentralised system
1112:Sea turtle migration
966:Swarming (honey bee)
712:West-Eberhard, M. J.
696:The Insect Societies
463:99 Percent Invisible
75:Spatial organization
1284:Group size measures
846:Biological swarming
292:mathematic modeling
214:Dominance hierarchy
121:In eusocial insects
1299:Predator satiation
1160:Swarm (simulation)
1155:Swarm intelligence
1130:Agent-based models
961:Swarming behaviour
588:Polistes Dominulus
493:10.1007/BF00299306
465:. August 18, 2015.
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328:Cellular automaton
288:behavioral ecology
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173:Polistes dominulus
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1319:Military swarming
1264:Animal navigation
1183:Collective motion
1170:Collective motion
1037:reverse migration
971:Swarming motility
304:self-organization
275:self-organization
197:Foraging-for-work
137:Individuals in a
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44:lead layout guide
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1345:Organization
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1259:Allee effect
1233:Nanorobotics
1223:Ant robotics
1200:Vicsek model
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38:Please help
33:
31:lead section
1279:Eusociality
1228:Microbotics
1098:butterflies
1069:sardine run
1003:altitudinal
925:pack hunter
567:: 121–136.
192:In the nest
169:paper wasps
1193:clustering
1086:philopatry
1064:salmon run
1059:Lessepsian
334:References
270:bumble bee
236:paper wasp
208:Honey bees
143:honey bees
83:sand dunes
1314:Stigmergy
1294:Mutualism
954:bait ball
638:: 20–24.
347:Ball, P.
232:dominance
103:predation
91:dominance
1339:Category
1243:Symbrion
1205:BIO-LGCA
1008:tracking
937:ant mill
879:sort sol
874:flocking
838:Swarming
722:: 1–101.
692:(1971).
592:Ethology
539:10564598
322:See also
312:emergent
282:, basic
107:eusocial
1103:monarch
1032:flyways
1013:history
864:Droving
401:5104951
284:biology
167:), and
79:abiotic
1076:Homing
898:Locust
537:
399:
359:
308:colony
290:, and
1140:Boids
1081:natal
869:Flock
203:tasks
111:group
920:Pack
886:Herd
535:PMID
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