27:
543:
that tarsier young are quite advanced and that they start traveling alone at as young as 23 days (Mackinnon et al. 1980). Hidayatik et al. did a 9-month survey in 2018 where they found that the tarsiers courtship behaviours consist of scent marking and genital marking for females and that males use genital inspection. They recorded that copulations lasted between 3 and 4 minutes and occurred only once per pair for the duration of the study (Hidayatik et al. 2018).
104:
236:
381:
79:
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these results suggest that subadults are actually guarding or babysitting the infants (Gursky et al. 1994). Infanticide has been reported by Gursky, but only in one case and by a neighboring adult male. "The only hypothesis that could not be rejected outright, on the basis of this single observation, was the competition for limited resources hypothesis (Gursky et al. 2011)."
546:
Sharon Gursky did a study in the a northern
Sulawesi rain forest in 1994 where she found that infants were alone from 40%-50% of the time. Gursky et al. found that the two subadults in the group were more regularly caring for the infant than the adult males, females or mothers were. They believe that
516:
At the very base of the tarsier society is that they live in groups and males and females have different roles. Males tend to travel longer distances and they occupy a larger area. Females tend to hunt more efficiently and they also consume more insects. A study done by Sharon Gursky in 1998 defines
542:
In a study done in North
Sulawesi, Indonesia in 2007, the Mackinnons found that the spectral tarsiers were monogamous and territorial. They found that families slept at the same sites each day and that they gave loud duet songs as they gathered at sleeping sites. As their study went on they found
371:
than lemurs and lorises. Some scholarly articles suggest dividing the genus into 3 and some references reflect this attempted revised taxonomy. "This taxonomic discrepancy is strongly supported by data collection of physiological attributes such as coat colors, tail lengths, and size as well as
396:, females of the species weigh between 102 and 114 grams (3.6 and 4.0 oz) while males are 118 to 130 grams (4.2 to 4.6 oz). It has a head-body length of 9.5 to 14 centimetres (3.7 to 5.5 in) and its tail length ranges from 20 to 26 centimetres (7.9 to 10.2 in).
630:. Archulete wrote: "Tarsier niches are largely as predator and prey. Their presence affects the population size of organisms that they feed on and of those who feed on them." She wrote they play host to parasites, inside and out including mites and intestinal worms.
521:
and Gursky et al. found that 14% of groups contained more than 1 adult female. "In one of the groups with two adult females, both females gave birth to infants (Gursky et al. 1998)." In the research done by
Sabrina Archuleta, it was found that tarsiers can be both
579:
and says it is used for navigation. "There are 5 main categories of vocalizations: chirps, twitters, choruses, doubles and whistles. Chirps, twitters, and choruses extended from the audible to the ultrasonic range, the doubles and whistles were pure ultrasound."
595:, individuals mob the threat." Gursky describes mobbing as all the individuals in an area responding to a threat with vocalizations and then each animal repeatedly lunging towards then retreating from the predator.
583:
Archuleta S. 2019 talks about how vocalizations include high pitched whistles and duets. She goes on to say that duets are like chattering melodies and high pitched whistles vary from simple calls to
1891:
591:; tarsiers may attack a predator in a group. "In the presence of bird predators, individuals vocalize and disperse to hide. When in the presence of a terrestrial predator, such as a
517:
group size as the number of individuals sharing a sleeping site. She goes on to say that these groups are usually composed of 2 to 6 individuals. The study was done in the
392:
The spectral tarsier has a body weight of 200 grams, with a body length of 240 mm, a head body length of 80 mm, and a tail length of 160 mm. When including
477:
on small birds and rodents, their diet consists mainly of insects that they capture on the ground, tree branches and leaves, and in the air (Mackinnon et al., 1980).
646:
assessment. Archuleta wrote: "Habitat loss and deforestation contributes to a decline in tarsier populations. Currently, tarsiers reside in many protected areas."
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17 years and the spectral may be similar. Old age begins affecting tarsier behavior at between 14 and 16 years of age, when their hair begins to turn gray.
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1313:
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Hidayatik, Nanik; Yusuf, Tuty
Laswardi; Agil, Muhammad; Iskandar, Entang; Sajuthi, Dondin (2018). "Sexual Behaviour of the Spectral Tarsier (
689:
1876:
1866:
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225:
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367:(Archuleta, 2019)." According to Gursky et al. 2003, based on phylogenic research, tarsiers are more closely related to monkeys and
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681:
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1871:
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328:
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Gursky, Sharon (March 2002). "Determinants of gregariousness in the spectral tarsier (Prosimian: Tarsius spectrum)".
667:
1727:
1098:
Gursky, Sharon L. (1 December 1994). "Infant care in the spectral tarsier (Tarsius spectrum) Sulawesi, Indonesia".
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103:
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According to the study done by the
Mackinnons, tarsiers scent mark their ranges by rubbing branches with
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576:
208:
1631:
1605:
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1526:
1508:
845:
Gursky, Sharon (6 January 2003). "The behavioral ecology of the spectral tarsier, Tarsius spectrum".
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Gursky-Doyen, Sharon (19 August 2011). "Infanticide by a male spectral tarsier (Tarsius spectrum)".
575:
vocalizations. These are high frequency and can only travel short distances. She identifies this as
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555:
This tarsier's average lifespan in the wild is around ten years. In captivity, the closely related
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Gursky suggested changing the conservation status of the spectral tarsier from indeterminate to
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MacKinnon, John; MacKinnon, Kathy (December 1980). "The behavior of wild spectral tarsiers".
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789:"Two new tarsier species (Tarsiidae, Primates) and the biogeography of Sulawesi, Indonesia"
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refers to the taxon that was recently reclassified and elevated to a separate species, the
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for insects and eating. They travel between trees and socialize, which usually includes
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40:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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because of their similar appearance and because they have a small stature and are also
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Gursky, Sharon (28 April 2015). "Ultrasonic
Vocalizations by the Spectral Tarsier,
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1084:
787:
Shekelle, Myron; Groves, Colin P.; Maryanto, Ibnu; Mittermeier, Russell A. (2017).
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964:
Gursky, Sharon (May 2000). "Sociality in the spectral tarsier,Tarsius spectrum".
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in 1998. As of 2019, the spectral tarsier is still listed as vulnerable on the
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1281:
1154:
765:
572:
433:
360:
348:
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313:. While its range used to also include the population on nearby southwestern
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432:, dense thickets of grass, bush, thorn scrubs, and secondary habitats on
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Groves, C.; Shekelle, M. (2010). "The genera and species of
Tarsiidae".
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10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(200005)51:1<89::AID-AJP7>3.0.CO;2-7
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A study done in 2019 by Sharon Gursky found that spectral tarsiers use
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530:. She found that some live in pairs or groups and some males may even
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Parts of this article (those related to studies by Gursky) need to be
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364:
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Gursky, Sharon (1998). "Conservation Status of the
Spectral Tarsier
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677:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
359:. It has been decided that tarsiers are members of the suborder
1636:
1556:
1295:
1184:
Gursky, Sharon (2019). "Echolocation in a
Nocturnal Primate?".
880:
317:, this population has been reclassified as a separate species,
614:. It was found that the primary predators of the tarsiers are
368:
363:, which is a suborder of primates that hosts tarsiers and the
20:
473:
diet, which is unique in primates. Although some species
847:
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews
1790:
1565:
1416:
1392:
1368:
887:. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonion
1892:Taxa named by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben
469:, it was found that tarsiers have a completely
1307:
8:
323:. Some of the earlier research published on
738:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T21491A9288932.en
1553:
1314:
1300:
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904:
902:
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77:
58:
1014:Population Density and Home Range Size".
736:
343:"Tarsiers were once thought to be of the
655:
452:, or coca crops (Archuleta, S. 2019)."
412:from island to island, including both
372:molecular data (Gursky et al. 2003)."
1005:
1003:
713:Shekelle, M. & Salim, A. (2008).
7:
1834:5081334D-B621-4E63-B7E3-279B3B44794E
1100:International Journal of Primatology
931:International Journal of Primatology
924:
922:
920:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
754:International Journal of Primatology
384:The skeleton of a spectral tarsier,
724:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
519:Tangkoko Dua Saudara Nature Reserve
420:. "They roost in dense vegetation,
510:
14:
1857:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
102:
25:
966:American Journal of Primatology
682:Johns Hopkins University Press
1:
674:; Reeder, D. M (eds.).
465:In a study done by John and
1464:Gursky's spectral tarsier (
1908:
1877:Primates of Southeast Asia
1867:Endemic fauna of Indonesia
408:that range in density and
1887:Mammals described in 1777
1539:
1330:
1322:Extant species of family
1282:10.1017/S0952836902000444
1155:10.1007/s10329-011-0264-4
766:10.1007/s10764-010-9443-1
489:mammals. They wake up at
329:Gursky's spectral tarsier
242:
233:
214:
207:
99:Scientific classification
97:
75:
66:
61:
1882:Vulnerable fauna of Asia
410:agricultural development
400:Distribution and habitat
333:Tarsius spectrumgurskyae
299:; for example, it lacks
913:. Animal Diversity Web.
347:suborder, grouped with
279:found on the island of
513:(Gursky et al. 2000).
404:Tarsiers are found in
389:
339:Evolutionary relations
1762:Paleobiology Database
1500:Siau Island tarsier (
1404:Horsfield's tarsier (
1192:(Suppl. 5): 379–391.
493:and spend the nights
383:
1380:Philippine tarsier (
885:Encyclopedia of Life
832:Animal Diversity Web
828:"Tarsius (tarsiers)"
826:Archuleta, Sabrina.
797:Primate Conservation
731:: e.T21491A9288932.
499:grooming one another
1872:Mammals of Sulawesi
1527:Niemitz's tarsier (
1509:Wallace's tarsier (
1466:T. spectrumgurskyae
1235:Folia Primatologica
1186:Folia Primatologica
1057:Folia Primatologica
1016:Folia Primatologica
634:Conservation status
626:, and a variety of
557:Horsfield's tarsier
297:Horsfield's tarsier
287:. It is apparently
69:Conservation status
1518:Makassar tarsier (
1428:Spectral tarsier (
1270:Journal of Zoology
1112:10.1007/BF02736071
943:10.1007/BF02692280
881:"Spectral Tarsier"
859:10.1002/evan.10035
672:Wilson, D. E.
664:Groves, C. P.
587:, which precludes
418:secondary habitats
390:
293:Philippine tarsier
275:) is a species of
243:Spectral tarsier (
1844:
1843:
1749:Open Tree of Life
1559:Taxon identifiers
1550:
1549:
1482:Sangihe tarsier (
1473:Jatna's tarsier (
1446:Lariang tarsier (
1247:10.1159/000371885
1198:10.1159/000497811
1069:10.1159/000486412
1055:) in Captivity".
1028:10.1159/000052713
1012:Tarsier spectrum:
911:"Tarsius tarsier"
909:Mogk, K. (2012).
691:978-0-8018-8221-0
585:predator warnings
461:Food and foraging
254:
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92:
62:Spectral tarsier
55:
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16:Species of mammal
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1455:Peleng tarsier (
1437:Dian's tarsier (
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1230:Tarsius spectrum
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1052:Tarsius spectrum
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760:(6): 1071–1082.
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704:
703:
680:(3rd ed.).
668:"Order Primates"
660:
589:mobbing behavior
386:Tarsius spectrum
325:Tarsius spectrum
303:toes. It is the
289:less specialized
272:Tarsius spectrum
257:Spectral tarsier
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1611:Tarsius_tarsier
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1567:Tarsius tarsier
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1491:Pygmy tarsier (
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717:Tarsius tarsier
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684:. p. 128.
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616:monitor lizards
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599:Natural threats
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467:Kathy MacKinnon
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266:Tarsius tarsier
261:Selayar tarsier
249:Selayar Islands
245:Tarsius tarsier
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200:T. tarsier
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1276:(3): 401–410.
1260:
1241:(3): 153–163.
1219:
1176:
1149:(4): 385–389.
1133:
1106:(6): 843–853.
1090:
1063:(2): 157–164.
1041:
1022:(1): 191–203.
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956:
937:(4): 361–379.
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872:
853:(6): 226–234.
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394:Tarsius fuscus
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320:Tarsius fuscus
307:for the genus
269:, also called
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1792:Lemur tarsier
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1475:T. supriatnai
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1395:Cephalopachus
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644:IUCN Red List
641:
633:
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628:birds of prey
625:
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567:Communication
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345:Strepsirrhini
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209:Binomial name
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607:and special
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538:Life history
515:
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440:and growing
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305:type species
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1658:iNaturalist
1591:Wikispecies
1529:T. niemitzi
1511:T. wallacei
1439:T. dentatus
891:27 February
471:carnivorous
434:plantations
361:haplorrhine
247:) range in
1851:Categories
1807:Q122279036
1502:T. tumpara
1493:T. pumilus
1448:T. lariang
1430:T. tarsier
1360:Haplorhini
1358:Suborder:
650:References
640:vulnerable
609:epigastric
573:ultrasonic
561:live up to
532:live alone
528:polygynous
524:monogamous
511:vocalizing
349:Lemuroidea
166:Haplorhini
162:Suborder:
84:Vulnerable
1689:162369551
1520:T. fuscus
1334:Kingdom:
1324:Tarsiidae
1214:146037219
1120:1573-8604
487:nocturnal
475:will prey
357:nocturnal
353:Lorisidae
291:than the
285:Indonesia
194:Species:
176:Tarsiidae
122:Kingdom:
116:Eukaryota
1862:Tarsiers
1801:Wikidata
1775:Species+
1715:12100176
1576:Wikidata
1543:Category
1354:Primates
1348:Mammalia
1342:Chordata
1340:Phylum:
1336:Animalia
1255:25925962
1206:31416091
1163:21853266
1143:Primates
1077:29597228
1036:84689583
994:46636797
986:10811442
951:20758661
867:85603691
774:21220811
700:62265494
666:(2005).
551:Lifespan
495:foraging
481:Behavior
315:Sulawesi
301:adhesive
226:Erxleben
172:Family:
156:Primates
146:Mammalia
136:Chordata
132:Phylum:
126:Animalia
112:Domain:
89:IUCN 3.1
46:May 2024
1829:ZooBank
1821:9607916
1702:1000926
1663:1064525
1650:4266949
1582:Q859277
1419:Tarsius
1371:Carlito
1352:Order:
1346:Class:
1171:9370511
1128:9327191
1085:4491170
507:playing
456:Biology
450:coconut
438:logging
414:primary
406:forests
376:Anatomy
365:simians
310:Tarsius
281:Selayar
277:tarsier
228:, 1777)
187:Tarsius
182:Genus:
152:Order:
142:Class:
87: (
36:updated
1767:232740
1754:721280
1741:201334
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620:civets
612:glands
491:sunset
446:nutmeg
442:coffee
426:bamboo
422:shrubs
1624:54XZK
1210:S2CID
1167:S2CID
1124:S2CID
1081:S2CID
1032:S2CID
990:S2CID
947:S2CID
863:S2CID
792:(PDF)
770:S2CID
670:. In
605:urine
593:snake
1816:GBIF
1780:6077
1723:NCBI
1684:IUCN
1671:ITIS
1645:GBIF
1251:PMID
1202:PMID
1159:PMID
1116:ISSN
1073:PMID
982:PMID
893:2020
729:2008
696:OCLC
686:ISBN
559:can
526:and
509:and
436:for
430:palm
416:and
369:apes
351:and
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1697:MDD
1632:EoL
1619:CoL
1606:ADW
1278:doi
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