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54:) is an area in which the business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country. SEZs are located within a country's national borders, and their aims include increasing trade balance, employment, increased investment, job creation and effective administration. To encourage businesses to set up in the zone, financial policies are introduced. These policies typically encompass investing,
1024:
1824:
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SEZs do not differ from other facilities in industrializing economies. As with any technique administered used by a globalized economy there are oversights by actors that are not domestic. Transnational criminal organizations and terrorist groups have taken advantage of
Special Economic Zones and
195:
have set up SEZs in connection with China, including over the period 1990 to 2018 establishing SEZs in
Nigeria (two), Zambia, Djibouti, Kenya, Mauritius, Mauritania, Egypt, and Algeria. Generally, the Chinese government takes a hands-off approach, leaving it to Chinese enterprises to work to
101:
in 2008, the modern-day special economic zone typically includes a "geographically limited area, usually physically secured (fenced-in); single management or administration; eligibility for benefits based upon physical location within the zone; separate customs area (duty-free benefits) and
207:
As of at least 2024, there is a trend of southeast Asian countries to develop and increase their SEZs. Since 2015, Thailand developed ten SEZs. As of 2024, Indonesia has 13 SEZs, the
Philippines has 12 SEZs, and Cambodia has 31 SEZs.
893:
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782:РФ Масаев С.Н. В сборнике: XIII Всероссийское совещание по проблемам управления ВСПУ-2019 Труды. Под общей редакцией Д.А. Новикова. 2019. С. 1773–1778.
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Xiao, F., Zhou, Y., & Huang, Y. (2023). Old Wine in a New Bottle: Understanding the
Expansion of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone in China.
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1934:
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168:, which encouraged foreign investment and simultaneously accelerated industrialization in this region. These zones attracted investment from
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184:. Researcher Zongyuan Zoe Liu writes that "he success of these cities as 'red' treaty ports represented another step in China's overall
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at a lower price, aimed at being globally competitive. In some countries, the zones have been criticized for being little more than
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and therefore have symbolic significance in demonstrating a "reversal of fortunes" in China's dealings with foreigners since the
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establish such zones (although it does provide support in the form of grants, loans, and subsidies, including support via the
173:
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The United States has long applied special economic rules to its outlying territories for the purpose of economic development.
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Jarosław M. Nazarczuk, Stanisław Umiński, (2019) Foreign Trade in
Special Economic Zones in Poland, UWM w Olsztynie, Olsztyn
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2016:
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77:(FDI). The benefits a company gains by being in a special economic zone may mean that it can produce and trade
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From the 1970s onward, zones providing labour-intensive manufacturing have been established, starting in
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China's rise in the Global South : the Middle East, Africa, and
Beijing's alternative world order
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The creation of special economic zones by the host country may be motivated by the desire to attract
2478:
954:
604:"US Multinationals in Puerto Rico and the Repeal of Section 936 Tax Exemption for U.S. Corporations"
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and allowed export-oriented
Chinese businesses to respond quickly to demand in foreign markets.
494:. Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. 2011
27:
Geographical region in which business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country
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70:, where upon establishing themselves in a zone, they are granted a period of lower taxation.
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1994:
1894:
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1345:
1216:
1115:
884:
Special
Economic Zones in Africa: Comparing Performance and Learning from Global Experiences
670:
607:
78:
916:
145:
offer technology companies a way to keep their IP offshore in a
Special Economic Zone (see
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238:
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130:
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Special
Economic Zone: Performance, Lessons Learned, and Implication for Zone Development
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plan while legitimizing the leadership of the CPC over the Chinese state and people."
97:
The definition of an SEZ is determined individually by each country. According to the
17:
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2094:
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1298:
567:
177:
134:
129:
Modern SEZs appeared from the late-1950s in industrial countries. The first was in
86:
4069:
963:
793:
Destruction of the Resident Enterprise in the Special Economic Zone with Sanctions
4246:
Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in
917:Шмонов Н.Н. «Историческое исследование проблем развития особых экономических зон»
890:
3982:
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3188:
2753:
2748:
2615:
1944:
1784:
1666:
1621:
1611:
1561:
1551:
1501:
1308:
874:
Special economic zones and growth in China and India: an empirical investigation
842:
451:
82:
67:
792:
663:
Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions
3682:
3221:
3076:
2775:
2078:
2074:
2056:
2031:
1919:
1726:
1721:
1586:
1511:
1370:
1288:
1268:
966:
732:
98:
489:"Special Economic Zones Progress, Emerging Challenges, and Future Directions"
4101:
4059:
4034:
3892:
3847:
3735:
3677:
3499:
3248:
2026:
1959:
1397:
1221:
1120:
843:
Latin American Special Economic Zones and Their Impacts on Regional Security
157:
4137:
4132:
712:
176:
and certain open coastal areas. Most of China's SEZs are located in former
1823:
692:
4197:
4091:
3942:
3887:
3857:
3687:
3610:
3521:
3333:
3111:
2821:
2153:
55:
543:"Goldman Sachs says reforms to create 110 mn jobs for economy in 10 yrs"
4192:
4117:
3947:
3937:
3877:
3790:
3760:
3692:
3573:
2785:
2586:
2107:
674:
59:
1839:
4222:
4212:
4207:
4142:
4096:
4012:
3882:
3867:
3862:
3852:
3536:
3143:
2725:
1949:
603:
3967:
971:
India: Citizens group demand moratorium on SEZs OneWorld South Asia
611:
4217:
4202:
4187:
4064:
4049:
4039:
4024:
4002:
3997:
3932:
3730:
3672:
3556:
4044:
3310:
2648:
2439:
2299:
975:
717:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 177.
3824:
3476:
2538:
2521:
2482:
1843:
979:
861:
A Tale of Two Countries: Openness and Growth in China and India
160:. The first in China following the opening of China in 1979 by
122:
has in the past been lower than in the states, and as of 2024,
3842:
931:
753:
The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia
518:"Special economic zones and regional integration in Africa"
952:
Open Joint Stock Company "Special Economic Zones" (Russia)
936:
951:
563:"Sackings expose the harsh reality of Poland's junk jobs"
126:
is still adjusting upward to the nation-wide minimum.
863:, Dynamics, Economic Growth, and International Trade
112:
Section 936 corporate tax exemptions for Puerto Rico
4110:
3835:
3713:
3487:
3396:
3370:
3332:
3309:
3247:
3207:
3142:
3110:
3075:
3010:
2987:
2959:
2820:
2802:
2784:
2724:
2701:
2647:
2622:
2608:
2585:
2549:
2270:
2235:
2227:
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
2214:
2188:
2162:
2131:
2122:
2065:
1973:
1877:
1765:
1640:
1575:
1492:
1483:
1410:
1247:
1168:
1161:
1041:
815:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
625:Federal Minimum Wage in American Samoa by Industry
174:China continues to maintain Special Economic Zones
2248:Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa
927:South Kazakhstan "Ontustyk" special economic zone
922:Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority BEPZA
780:УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ОСОБЫМИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМИ ЗОНАМИ СУБЪЕКТА
2196:Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia
2180:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
602:Zadia M. Feliciano; Andrew Green (August 2017).
591:, Washington DC: World Bank, 2008, pp. 9–11
876:, International Economics and Economic Policy.
579:
577:
483:
481:
479:
477:
2494:
1855:
991:
8:
511:
509:
216:The term special economic zone can include:
4272:List of administrative divisions by country
2175:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
30:"SEZ" redirects here. For the airport, see
3832:
3821:
3484:
3473:
2546:
2535:
2531:
2518:
2501:
2487:
2479:
2128:
1862:
1848:
1840:
1489:
1165:
998:
984:
976:
937:Export Processing Zones Authority Pakistan
260:
141:. Some tax-free jurisdictions such as the
900:Journal of Urban Planning and Development
427:List of special economic zones by country
120:federal minimum wage for U.S. territories
66:. Additionally, companies may be offered
2258:West African Economic and Monetary Union
606:. National Bureau of Economic Research.
746:
744:
742:
473:
262:World Bank special economic zone types
2170:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
1990:UN Conference on Trade and Development
1935:Import substitution industrialization
706:
704:
702:
656:
654:
652:
650:
636:"Political priority, economic gamble"
7:
2463:
2189:Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia
1361:New international division of labour
118:in the 1940s and ended in 2006. The
2149:Central American Integration System
817:, 2015, p. 26, archived from
330:EPZ (single Unit/free enterprise)
85:, with workers denied fundamental
25:
2012:International Chamber of Commerce
1915:Export-oriented industrialization
376:>1,000 hectares (2,500 acres)
202:Forum on China-Africa Cooperation
3289:Organized incorporated territory
2462:
2453:
2452:
1822:
1812:
1811:
1022:
947:India Special Economic zones map
32:Seychelles International Airport
4277:Slavic administrative divisions
1023:
964:U.S.S.R. Special Economic Zones
872:Chee Kian Leong, (forthcoming)
3826:Non-English terms or loanwords
3030:Direct-controlled municipality
2253:Southern African Customs Union
561:Watson, Peggy (23 July 2012).
166:Shenzhen Special Economic Zone
1:
3155:Special administrative region
932:Indian Special Economic Zones
356:<100 hectares (250 acres)
316:<100 hectares (250 acres)
204:promotes these SEZs heavily.
198:China Africa Development Fund
3055:Mountain resort municipality
2932:Intermediate school district
2915:Educational service district
2771:Regional county municipality
2410:Telecommunications equipment
2215:Middle East and North Africa
2206:European Union Customs Union
886:, Washington, DC, World Bank
396:<50 hectares (120 acres)
299:Entrepôts and trade related
293:<50 hectares (120 acres)
4313:Economic development policy
3386:Autonomous territorial unit
2139:Andean Community of Nations
2017:Bilateral investment treaty
1985:International Monetary Fund
1079:Environmental globalization
1054:Anti-globalization movement
807:Economic Zones in the ASEAN
417:their lack of regulations.
385:Internal, domestic, export
4329:
3267:National capital territory
2988:Indian reserve/reservation
2855:Indian government district
2509:Designations for types of
2005:International Trade Centre
1227:Offshore financial centres
661:Liu, Zongyuan Zoe (2023).
362:Manufacturing, processing
342:Manufacturing, processing
322:Manufacturing, processing
170:multinational corporations
36:
29:
4303:Foreign direct investment
4257:Autonomous administration
4244:
3831:
3820:
3483:
3472:
3262:Federal capital territory
2875:Non-metropolitan district
2865:Local government district
2545:
2534:
2530:
2517:
2448:
2280:Aircraft & Spacecraft
1925:Foreign exchange reserves
1807:
1013:
865:, DEGIT Conference Paper
389:
369:
349:
329:
309:
286:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
102:streamlined procedures."
75:foreign direct investment
3067:Specialized municipality
2744:Consolidated city-county
2000:World Trade Organization
1069:Democratic globalization
942:PEZA Philippines website
859:Chee Kian Leong, (2007)
711:Murphy, Dawn C. (2022).
667:Harvard University Press
37:Not to be confused with
3429:Military exclusion zone
3407:Exclusive economic zone
3172:National capital region
2764:Non-metropolitan county
2511:administrative division
2201:Eurasian Economic Union
2089:Repeal of the Corn Laws
1351:Investor-state disputes
1304:Illicit financial flows
1148:Political globalization
1096:Global financial system
957:28 January 2010 at the
795:. Publisher: IEEE. 2019
757:Oxford University Press
665:. The Belknap Press of
516:Woolfrey, Sean (2013).
432:Exclusive economic zone
373:Integrated development
227:Export processing zones
39:Exclusive economic zone
4298:Special economic zones
3446:Self-administered zone
3284:Incorporated territory
3151:Administrative region
2920:Local service district
2840:Congressional district
2243:East African Community
2124:Regional organizations
1692:Christopher Chase-Dunn
1460:Primitive accumulation
1143:Military globalization
1074:Economic globalization
1059:Cultural globalization
882:Thomas Farole, (2011)
390:Urban enterprise zone
256:Urban enterprise zones
250:Bonded logistics parks
182:century of humiliation
147:Cayman Enterprise City
18:Special Economic Zones
3417:Special economic zone
3101:Praetorian prefecture
3085:Autonomous prefecture
3045:Regional municipality
3035:District municipality
2870:Metropolitan district
2734:Administrative county
2716:Residential community
2562:Local government area
2084:The Wealth of Nations
2042:Special economic zone
1905:Comparative advantage
437:Urban enterprise zone
393:Urban revitalization
353:Export manufacturing
333:Export manufacturing
313:Export manufacturing
186:reform and opening-up
48:special economic zone
4008:Njësi administrative
3040:Neutral municipality
2979:Subdivision of India
2711:Autonomous community
2600:Metropolitan borough
2540:Common English terms
2104:Economic nationalism
2022:Economic integration
1757:Immanuel Wallerstein
1418:Capital accumulation
1284:Endangered languages
824:on 30 September 2020
3651:Autonomous republic
3579:Enclave and exclave
3478:Other English terms
3274:Dependent territory
3120:Autonomous province
3050:Resort municipality
3025:County municipality
2812:Overseas department
2759:Metropolitan county
2572:Unincorporated area
2360:Integrated circuits
2144:Caribbean Community
1940:Net capital outflow
1890:Balance of payments
1871:International trade
1829:Business portal
1388:Transnational crime
1294:Forced displacement
1279:Economic inequality
1153:Trade globalization
1049:Alter-globalization
279:Typical Activities
263:
233:Free economic zones
116:Operation Bootstrap
58:, trading, quotas,
4267:Electoral district
3584:Federal dependency
3412:Free economic zone
3296:Overseas territory
3179:Development region
3062:Rural municipality
2995:Indian reservation
2887:Municipal district
2845:Electoral district
2685:Free imperial city
2272:Exports by product
2222:Arab Customs Union
1885:Absolute advantage
1602:Andre Gunder Frank
1376:Race to the bottom
1366:North–South divide
1084:Global citizenship
751:Han, Enze (2024).
675:10.2307/jj.2915805
523:. Trade Law Center
447:Free economic zone
310:EPZ (traditional)
261:
64:labour regulations
4308:Commercial policy
4285:
4284:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3382:Territorial unit
3279:Federal territory
3257:Capital territory
3162:Autonomous region
3126:Overseas province
3020:City municipality
2911:Service district
2907:Sanitary district
2897:Regional district
2882:Military district
2739:Autonomous county
2672:Incorporated city
2476:
2475:
2266:
2265:
2236:Subsaharan Africa
2067:Political economy
1837:
1836:
1803:
1802:
1662:K. Anthony Appiah
1657:Daniele Archibugi
1406:
1405:
1195:COVID-19 pandemic
1101:Global governance
766:978-0-19-769659-0
724:978-1-5036-3060-4
585:"Zone Definition"
442:Four Asian Tigers
409:
408:
365:Export, domestic
276:Typical Location
193:African countries
16:(Redirected from
4320:
3873:Regierungsbezirk
3833:
3822:
3485:
3474:
3436:Free speech zone
3342:Charter township
3095:Super-prefecture
2939:Special district
2850:Federal district
2830:Capital district
2794:Overseas country
2667:Independent city
2638:Imperial capital
2577:Unorganized area
2547:
2536:
2532:
2519:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2466:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2129:
1995:World Bank Group
1895:Balance of trade
1864:
1857:
1850:
1841:
1827:
1826:
1815:
1814:
1768:
1677:Jean Baudrillard
1645:
1592:Giovanni Arrighi
1580:
1537:Branko Milanović
1517:Jagdish Bhagwati
1495:
1490:
1381:pollution havens
1346:Invasive species
1250:
1171:
1166:
1116:Global workforce
1026:
1025:
1000:
993:
986:
977:
847:
846:
839:
833:
832:
831:
829:
823:
812:
802:
796:
789:
783:
777:
771:
770:
755:. New York, NY:
748:
737:
736:
708:
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551:. 29 March 2014.
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264:
239:Industrial parks
221:Free-trade zones
21:
4328:
4327:
4323:
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4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4262:Census division
4232:
4106:
3827:
3800:
3751:Imperial Circle
3709:
3479:
3460:
3454:Free-trade zone
3392:
3366:
3357:Survey township
3328:
3305:
3301:Union territory
3243:
3238:Sovereign state
3203:
3194:Overseas region
3138:
3106:
3071:
3006:
2997:(United States)
2983:
2974:Police division
2969:Census division
2955:
2927:School district
2892:Police district
2816:
2798:
2780:
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2692:Royal free city
2657:Autonomous city
2643:
2632:Federal capital
2618:
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2581:
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2526:
2513:
2507:
2477:
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2444:
2390:Pharmaceuticals
2262:
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2210:
2184:
2158:
2118:
2114:Dedollarisation
2061:
2047:Trade agreement
2037:Free-trade zone
1978:
1976:
1969:
1910:Current account
1900:Capital account
1873:
1868:
1838:
1833:
1821:
1799:
1780:Thomas Friedman
1766:
1761:
1712:Anthony Giddens
1687:Manuel Castells
1652:Arjun Appadurai
1643:
1641:
1636:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1567:Joseph Stiglitz
1507:Richard Baldwin
1493:
1485:
1479:
1438:Fiscal localism
1402:
1356:McDonaldization
1274:Development aid
1248:
1243:
1212:Multilingualism
1207:Labor arbitrage
1183:Climate justice
1169:
1157:
1111:Global politics
1064:Deglobalization
1037:
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1004:
959:Wayback Machine
913:
856:
854:Further reading
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131:Shannon Airport
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42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3461:
3459:
3458:
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3456:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3424:Exclusion zone
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:Economic zone
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3362:Urban township
3359:
3354:
3352:Paper township
3349:
3347:Civil township
3344:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3306:
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3298:
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3276:
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3253:
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3211:
3205:
3204:
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3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
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3167:Capital region
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3133:Roman province
3129:
3122:
3116:
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3108:
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3097:
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3087:
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3005:
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3001:Indian reserve
2998:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
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2951:Urban district
2948:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2902:Rural district
2899:
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2884:
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2867:
2862:
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2634:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2595:County borough
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
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2551:
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2297:
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2285:Aircraft parts
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2255:
2250:
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2097:
2092:
2071:
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2063:
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2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1965:Trading nation
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
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1682:Zygmunt Bauman
1679:
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1549:
1547:Thomas Piketty
1544:
1542:Kevin O'Rourke
1539:
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1532:Michael Hudson
1529:
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1522:Robert Brenner
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1395:
1393:Westernization
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1232:Tax inversions
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1209:
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1202:Digital divide
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1178:Climate change
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911:External links
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906:(4), 02523001.
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644:. 4 April 2015
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612:10.3386/w23681
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548:Business Today
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370:Free port/SEZ
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345:Mostly export
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325:Mostly export
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296:Port of entry
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290:Support trade
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241:/ estates (IE)
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143:Cayman Islands
124:American Samoa
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3952:Kommun/Kunta
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3926:
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3866:
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3830:
3823:
3819:
3797:
3794:
3792:
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3787:
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3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Roman diocese
3774:
3772:
3769:
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3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
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3616:Neighbourhood
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3498:
3496:
3495:Alpine resort
3493:
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3378:Regional unit
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3322:
3320:
3317:
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3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Federal state
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
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3177:
3173:
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3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:Subprefecture
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
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2937:
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2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:Land district
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:City district
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2678:Imperial city
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:English terms
2520:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2469:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:Photovoltaics
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:Protectionism
2098:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Trade barrier
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1975:Organizations
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Trade justice
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Globalization
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1796:
1795:Vandana Shiva
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:Saskia Sassen
1745:
1743:
1742:George Ritzer
1740:
1738:
1737:Antonio Negri
1735:
1733:
1732:L. H. M. Ling
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:Michael Hardt
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1697:Alfred Crosby
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Susan Strange
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Robert W. Cox
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1557:Jeffrey Sachs
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1475:World-systems
1473:
1471:
1470:World history
1468:
1466:
1465:Social change
1463:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:Modernization
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1106:Global health
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:Globalization
1001:
996:
994:
989:
987:
982:
981:
978:
972:
969:
967:
965:
962:
960:
956:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
910:
905:
901:
897:
895:
892:
888:
885:
881:
879:
875:
871:
869:
868:
862:
858:
857:
853:
844:
838:
835:
820:
816:
809:
808:
801:
798:
794:
788:
785:
781:
776:
773:
768:
762:
758:
754:
747:
745:
743:
739:
734:
730:
726:
720:
716:
715:
707:
705:
703:
699:
694:
690:
686:
684:9780674271913
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
657:
655:
653:
651:
647:
643:
642:
641:The Economist
637:
632:
629:
626:
621:
618:
613:
609:
605:
598:
595:
590:
586:
580:
578:
574:
570:
569:
564:
558:
555:
550:
549:
544:
538:
535:
519:
512:
510:
506:
490:
484:
482:
480:
478:
474:
467:
463:
460:
458:
457:Craiova Group
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
420:
418:
411:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
388:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
368:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
350:EPZ (hybrid)
348:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
328:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
308:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
285:
265:
257:
254:
251:
248:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
217:
211:
209:
205:
203:
199:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:Deng Xiaoping
159:
155:
154:Latin America
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
105:
103:
100:
92:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4247:
4168:Maalaiskunta
4128:Heerlijkheid
3968:Län (Sweden)
3636:Protectorate
3631:Principality
3552:Constituency
3441:Neutral zone
3416:
3236:
3131:
3124:
3099:
3012:Municipality
2690:
2683:
2676:
2662:Charter city
2636:
2567:Special area
2557:Insular area
2370:Live animals
2350:Gas turbines
2163:Asia-Pacific
2095:Mercantilism
2082:
2041:
1977:and policies
1790:John R. Saul
1775:Noam Chomsky
1767:Non–academic
1707:Susan George
1702:Nancy Fraser
1672:Walden Bello
1617:David Harvey
1607:Stephen Gill
1527:Jayati Ghosh
1433:Earth system
1299:Human rights
1239:Water crisis
1136:early modern
903:
899:
883:
873:
864:
860:
837:
828:16 September
826:, retrieved
819:the original
806:
800:
787:
775:
752:
713:
662:
639:
631:
620:
597:
588:
568:The Guardian
566:
557:
546:
537:
525:. Retrieved
496:. Retrieved
415:
399:Urban/rural
339:Countrywide
305:, re-export
215:
206:
190:
178:treaty ports
151:
135:County Clare
128:
109:
96:
87:labor rights
72:
68:tax holidays
51:
47:
45:
43:
4163:Landskommun
4055:Savivaldybė
3921:Switzerland
3916:South Tyrol
3796:Viceroyalty
3589:Governorate
3547:Condominium
3450:Trade zone
3324:Market town
3319:Census town
3217:Proto-state
3189:Microregion
2754:County town
2749:County seat
2616:Half-canton
2375:Natural gas
2340:Electronics
2335:Electricity
1945:Outsourcing
1878:Terminology
1785:Naomi Klein
1667:Ulrich Beck
1642:Politics /
1632:Robert Wade
1622:Ronen Palan
1612:Peter Gowan
1562:Amartya Sen
1552:Dani Rodrik
1502:David Autor
1428:Development
1309:Imperialism
1257:Brain drain
452:Open Balkan
336:No minimum
114:began with
83:labor camps
4292:Categories
4111:Historical
4075:Shahrestān
4018:Autonomous
3766:Presidency
3714:Historical
3683:Suzerainty
3666:Autonomous
3510:Autonomous
3232:Free state
3222:City-state
3184:Mesoregion
3077:Prefecture
2804:Department
2415:Telephones
2079:Adam Smith
2075:Free trade
2057:Trade bloc
2032:ATA Carnet
1920:Fair trade
1727:Paul Hirst
1722:David Held
1587:Samir Amin
1577:Political
1512:Ravi Batra
1453:history of
1448:ecological
1423:Dependency
1371:Offshoring
1334:scientific
1324:linguistic
1289:Fair trade
1269:Care drain
1222:Tax havens
1217:Population
1126:History of
791:Masaev S.
733:1249712936
693:jj.2915805
468:References
412:Challenges
402:Multi-use
382:Multi-use
270:Objective
245:Free ports
99:World Bank
93:Definition
4152:Landskap
4148:Län/Lääni
4102:Vingtaine
4070:Seniūnija
4060:Selsoviet
4035:Poblacion
3972:Landskap
3902:Gemeinde
3893:Freguesia
3848:Apskritis
3771:Residency
3736:Exarchate
3678:Sultanate
3569:Eldership
3500:Bailiwick
3249:Territory
3199:Subregion
2944:in the US
2776:Viscounty
2703:Community
2310:Computers
2295:Car parts
2290:Aluminium
2027:Incoterms
1960:Trade war
1752:John Urry
1644:sociology
1494:Economics
1398:World war
1121:Globality
1089:education
845:(Report).
405:Domestic
235:(FZ/ FEZ)
191:Numerous
158:East Asia
4253:See also
3988:Maakunta
3983:Località
3928:Gemeente
3888:Frazione
3858:Barangay
3688:Townland
3626:Precinct
3611:Muftiate
3562:District
3522:Cadastre
3334:Township
3112:Province
3003:(Canada)
2961:Division
2822:District
2458:Category
2430:Vehicles
2420:Textiles
2365:Iron ore
2330:Diamonds
2154:Mercosur
2132:Americas
1817:Category
1486:scholars
1411:Theories
1319:cultural
1314:academic
1018:Journals
955:Archived
421:See also
303:Domestic
282:Markets
200:). The
164:was the
56:taxation
4248:italics
4208:Satrapy
4193:Pargana
4118:Commote
3976:Finland
3956:Finland
3948:Kampong
3938:Hromada
3911:Germany
3906:Austria
3878:Comarca
3836:Current
3791:Tithing
3761:Monthon
3746:Hundred
3693:Village
3646:Regency
3641:Quarter
3574:Emirate
3542:Commune
3532:Circuit
3488:Current
2786:Country
2624:Capital
2587:Borough
2468:Commons
2345:Engines
2108:Autarky
1579:economy
1484:Notable
1262:reverse
1190:Disease
1131:archaic
1042:Aspects
1033:Studies
1028:Outline
139:Ireland
106:History
60:customs
4223:Syssel
4213:Socken
4181:Greece
4156:Sweden
4143:Korale
4138:Köping
4133:Komunë
4097:Tehsil
4013:Oblast
3961:Sweden
3883:Comune
3868:Bezirk
3863:Bashki
3853:Bakhsh
3726:Barony
3721:Agency
3698:Summer
3661:Sector
3656:Riding
3621:Parish
3594:Hamlet
3537:Colony
3527:Circle
3505:Banner
3144:Region
2726:County
2610:Canton
2425:Trucks
2385:Petrol
2325:Cotton
2315:Copper
2305:Coffee
1950:Tariff
1339:social
1170:Global
1162:Issues
763:
731:
721:
691:
681:
527:25 May
498:25 May
4218:Subah
4203:Rreth
4198:Plasă
4188:Pagus
4176:Egypt
4172:Nome
4092:Sýsla
4085:China
4065:Sitio
4050:Raion
4040:Purok
4030:Ostān
4025:Okrug
4003:Mukim
3998:Muban
3993:Megye
3943:Județ
3933:Gmina
3786:Tenth
3756:March
3731:Burgh
3673:Shire
3604:Royal
3599:Manor
3557:Duchy
3517:Block
3209:State
2435:Wheat
2405:Steel
2400:Ships
1329:media
1249:Other
822:(PDF)
811:(PDF)
689:JSTOR
521:(PDF)
492:(PDF)
462:CEFTA
379:None
359:None
319:None
273:Size
267:Type
252:(BLP)
229:(EPZ)
223:(FTZ)
212:Types
79:goods
4228:Zhou
4045:Qark
3781:Seat
3741:Hide
3705:Ward
3397:Zone
3371:Unit
3311:Town
2649:City
2550:Area
2440:Wine
2355:Gold
2320:Corn
2300:Coal
891:link
878:link
830:2016
761:ISBN
729:OCLC
719:ISBN
679:ISBN
529:2014
500:2014
287:FTZ
156:and
62:and
4123:Gau
4080:Sum
3843:Amt
2380:Oil
904:149
894:pdf
867:pdf
671:doi
608:doi
149:).
133:in
52:SEZ
4294::
4250:.
3898:Fu
2106:,
2087:,
2081:,
902:,
813:,
759:.
741:^
727:.
701:^
687:.
677:.
669:.
649:^
638:.
587:,
576:^
565:.
545:.
508:^
476:^
137:,
89:.
46:A
2502:e
2495:t
2488:v
2110:)
2102:(
2091:)
2077:(
1863:e
1856:t
1849:v
999:e
992:t
985:v
769:.
735:.
695:.
673::
614:.
610::
571:.
531:.
502:.
50:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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