53:
471:
necessary to disrupt dire and imminent threats... special operations leaders readily admit that they should not be the central pillar of U.S. military strategy." Instead, special operations advocates stated that grand strategy should include their "indirect approach", suggesting that "the ability to operate with a small footprint and low-visibility, invest time and resources to foster interagency and foreign partnerships, develop deep cultural expertise, and rapidly adapt emerging technologies" was vital for maintaining deterrence and countering aggression. "Special operations forces forge relationships that can last for decades with a diverse collection of groups: training, advising, and operating alongside other countries' militaries, police forces, tribes, militias or other information groups."
467:, who was both a student and practitioner of special operations, having published a thesis on them in the 1990s. McRaven's theory of special operations was that they had the potential to achieve significant operational, political, or strategic effects. This potential required such units to be organized and commanded by special operations professionals rather than being subsumed into larger military units or operations, and required that "relative superiority" be gained during the special operation in question via characteristics such as simplicity, security, rehearsals, surprise, speed, and clearly but narrowly defined purpose.
324:
404:
186:(silent and unseen) paratroopers to be deployed into Poland to help the resistance. The Cichociemni were trained similar to the early British Special Forces with each soldier receiving specialization training for their specific task of deployment to Poland through a paradrop as a special operation to sustain a Polish state through training the members of the
448:, argued that the organizational structure became flatter and cooperation with the intelligence community was stronger, allowing special operations to move at the "speed of war". Special operations appropriations are costly: Its budget went from $ 2.3 billion in 2001 to $ 10.5 billion in 2012. Some experts argued the investment was worthwhile, pointing to
838:. The formation is described as being "akin to that of the Special Forces Groups of the US Army Special Forces." The intention is that the brigade will be widely and actively deployable, including with the ability to train, advise and accompany the forces of partner countries, potentially in high-threat environments.
439:
Many more US special operation units had developed after and had fought in every major 20th-century conflict. In the 21st century, 2003–2012 saw U.S. national security strategy rely on special operations to an unprecedented degree. Identifying, hunting, and killing terrorists became a central task
470:
Others claimed that special operations' emphasis precipitated a misconception that it was a substitute for prolonged conflict. "Raids and drone strikes are rarely decisive tactics and often incur significant political and diplomatic costs for the United States. Although raids and drone strikes are
704:
which includes the unit Grom and was officially formed in early 1990 after the fall of communism in 1989, in which the Polish
Special Forces were first deployed into the conflict in Lebanon. The conflict in Lebanon was the first official battlefield experience in post-communist times.
792:. In UK law, "special forces" means those units of the armed forces of the Crown and the maintenance of whose capabilities is the responsibility of the director of special forces or which are for the time being subject to the operational command of that director.
679:, its primary roles include reconnaissance, counter-terrorism, search and evacuation, intelligence gathering combat, and the protection of key sites. The special forces group is also charged with carrying out precision strikes against critical enemy targets.
342:. Learning frontier skills from friendly Native Americans the Rangers helped carry out offensive strikes "frontier combat" against hostile Natives. Thus Ranger companies were formed to provide reconnaissance, intelligence, light infantry, and scouting.
125:
in
Victoria in early 1941 under the tutelage of British instructors. With an establishment of 17 officers and 256 men, the independent companies were trained as "stay behind" forces, a role that they were later employed in against the Japanese in the
423:
in
February 1942 after Admiral Chester Nimitz requested commando units to raid Japanese-held islands. Major General Thomas Holcomb, the Marine Commandant, chose the name "Raiders" and created two battalions. Other specialized units such as
260:, the Japanese paratroops suffered from a disproportionately high casualty rate, and the loss of men who required such extensive and expensive training limited their operations to only the most critical ones. Two regiments of
142:
squadrons and placed under the command of the divisional cavalry regiments that were re-designated as cavalry commando regiments. As a part of this structure, a total of 11 commando squadrons were raised.
1020:
52:
1244:
1080:
1371:
1323:
1348:
1049:
162:. M Special Unit was largely employed in an intelligence-gathering role, while Z Special Force undertook direct action missions. One of its most notable actions came as part of
816:
84:, by "specially designated, organized, selected, trained, and equipped forces using unconventional techniques and modes of employment." Special operations may include
245:
airfield, while the paratroopers of the 2nd
Parachute Raiding Regiment seized the town and its important oil refinery. Paratroops were subsequently deployed in the
59:
363:
96:, and are typically conducted by small groups of highly trained personnel, emphasizing sufficiency, stealth, speed, and tactical coordination, commonly known as
146:
They continued to act independently and were often assigned at the brigade level during the later stages of the war, taking part in the fighting in New Guinea,
1566:
346:(c. 1639–1718) was the captain of the first Ranger force in America (1676). Several Ranger companies were established in the American colonies, including
509:
187:
1016:
154:, where they were employed largely in long-range reconnaissance and flank protection roles. In addition to these units, the Australians also raised the
1712:
338:
Between the 17th and 18th centuries, there were wars between
American colonists and Native American tribes. The United States established specialized
1110:
848:
1236:
359:
1070:
618:. Its primary missions include obtaining strategic intelligence behind enemy lines and conducting hostage-rescue missions on foreign soil. The
521:. It is responsible for all special forces operations responding to terrorism and threats to Canadians and Canadian interests around the world.
1265:
1214:
812:
497:
1699:
1143:
940:
647:
1368:
1494:
1319:
288:, and had to rely on other units for logistical support. Its men were no longer parachute-trained, but relied on aircraft for transport.
885:
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1045:
273:
785:
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1488:
493:
489:
269:
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In WWII, more elite units were needed to carry out special operations, raids, and reconnaissance, especially behind enemy lines.
182:
On 20 September 1940 the Polish government in exile in London formed a special military unit in
Britain with the soldiers called
1455:
1407:
831:
773:
715:
416:
1614:
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820:
911:
represents an additional option within the realm of national security when diplomacy and military action are not feasible.
756:
1516:
1727:
777:
485:
445:
1670:
The
Transformation of Special Operations Forces in Contemporary Conflict: Strategy, Missions, Organisation and Tactics
901:
881:
743:
449:
429:
339:
31:
1480:
Information Rights: A Practitioner's Guide to Data
Protection, Freedom of Information and other Information Rights
904:
861:
781:
389:
362:, specifically the United States Army Rangers. These early American light infantry battalions were trained under
930:
631:
591:
535:
433:
343:
327:
117:, following advice from the British, Australia began raising special forces. The first units to be formed were
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1732:
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441:
238:
127:
578:
under the Home
Ministry, are not under military command but rather function as paramilitary organisations.
138:. In all, a total of eight independent companies were raised before they were reorganized in mid-1943 into
1102:
893:
672:
253:
226:
151:
122:
89:
1567:"Breaking down the British elite forces: 4/73 (Sphinx) Special Observation Post Battery Royal Artillery"
725:
688:
615:
571:
518:
195:
147:
1166:
Robinson, Linda (November–December 2012). "The Future of
Special Operations: Beyond Kill and Capture".
965:
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (13 December 2013). "Allied Joint Doctrine for Special Operations".
347:
824:
769:
721:
668:
627:
563:
373:
118:
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area on Leyte. The force destroyed some planes and inflicted casualties before they were destroyed.
789:
765:
701:
603:
559:
538:, serving under the CANSOFCOM. JTF 2 works alongside many other special operations forces, such as
444:(GWOT). Linda Robinson, Adjunct Senior Fellow for U.S. National Security and Foreign Policy at the
408:
358:
on Roger's Island, in modern-day Fort Edward, New York, is regarded as the "spiritual home" of the
292:
230:
135:
1206:
808:
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526:
464:
367:
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1017:"Cichociemni – the Silent Unseen. Elite soldiers of the Polish army during the Second World War"
355:
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38:
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925:
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331:
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203:
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131:
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and has distinguished itself as a highly secretive, world-class special operations unit.
323:
1387:
897:
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611:
420:
246:
159:
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97:
85:
56:
46:
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729:
676:
635:
377:
114:
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1202:
276:. Although structured as a division, its capabilities were much lower, as its six
17:
1133:
864:
charged with overseeing the various special operations component commands of the
1542:"Breaking down the British elite forces: 148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery"
623:
607:
547:
539:
257:
241:, on 14 February 1942. The 425 men of the 1st Parachute Raiding Regiment seized
183:
42:
634:. It is assigned to maritime hostage-rescue missions and is a component of the
457:
1644:
SAS: Phantoms of the Jungle: A History of the Australian Special Air Service
403:
285:
281:
242:
167:
1615:"New British Army brigade: reshaping UK special operations for the better?"
969:. AJP-3.5 (Edition A, Version 1). Brussels: NATO Standardization Agency: 1.
27:
Specially designated military operations that are considered unconventional
1673:. Canberra, ACT: Land Warfare Studies Centre, Working Paper No. 127, 2005.
350:, an elite corps of Rangers who supplied reconnaissance and espionage for
1685:
Spec Ops: Case Studies of Special Operations Warfare; Theory and Practice
1071:"Silent, unseen but not forgotten: Poland's resistance fighters honoured"
308:
277:
139:
63:
558:
There are numerous special operation units in India, each branch of the
935:
619:
312:
234:
907:
Special Operations Group also conducts special operations missions as
1692:
One Hundred Victories: Special Ops and the Future of American Warfare
869:
865:
567:
425:
67:
1135:
The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814
264:
were formed into the 1st Raiding Group, commanded by Major General
877:
402:
300:
296:
51:
1517:"Breaking down the British elite forces: The Pathfinder Platoon"
1345:"Everything you need to know about the Polish Special Unit GROM"
1046:"Everything you need to know about the Polish Special Unit GROM"
210:
81:
1237:"Past as Prelude? Envisioning the Future of Special Operations"
30:
For the Russian government euphemism for invading Ukraine, see
1451:
295:, of this group were assigned to attack American air bases on
170:
Harbour in 1943. A second raid on Singapore in 1944, known as
130:
during 1942–43, most notably fighting a guerrilla campaign in
562:
having its own unique SOF unit. The Indian Air Force has the
1676:
Colin S. Gray, "Part III: Strategy and Special Operations",
1369:
Special Reconnaissance Regiment, publications.parliament.uk
1187:"The Abbottabad raid and the theory of special operations"
834:
was formed in 2021 and consists of four battalions of the
37:"Spec Ops" redirects here. For the video game series, see
496:
are among the Army's special forces under the command of
407:
Marine Raiders gathered in front of a Japanese dugout on
1680:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996, pp. 139–232.
888:
and is the only unified combatant command created by an
366:, which is considered the first known manual of modern
252:
However, as with similar airborne units created by the
807:
forces that do not form part of the UKSF, such as the
612:
General Staff Reconnaissance Unit 269 - Sayeret Matkal
1591:"Brigade Reconnaissance Force | Brigade Patrol Troop"
728:. Unit is particularly active in battle against PKK.
1483:(5th ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 633.
307:, but most of the aircraft were shot down. Some 300
303:
on the night of 6 December 1944. They were flown in
229:
first deployed army paratroops in combat during the
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1646:(1st ed.). St Leonards: Allen & Unwin.
1103:"How Poland Rescued CIA Spies From Iraq in 1990"
475:Countries and units with special operation focus
463:That raid was organized and overseen by Admiral
190:in fighting the German occupants. This included
80:are military activities conducted, according to
804:
280:had manpower equivalent to a standard infantry
166:, in which several Japanese ships were sunk in
675:. Founded on April 15, 1963 on the orders of
370:tactics used in modern special operations.
8:
1320:"Silent killers: Secrecy, security and JTF2"
45:. For the forces that perform spec ops, see
900:, Florida. Outside of the US military, the
1408:"JSFAW – Responsibilities and Composition"
1138:. Cambridge University Press. p. 35.
510:Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
432:, the predecessors of the Navy's current
396:during D-day, Ranger companies landed at
849:United States Special Operations Command
718:(Tur.: Özel Kuvvetler Komutanlığı – ÖKK)
334:, father of American Ranging and Rangers
322:
957:
720:is the main special forces unit of the
382:North Africa campaign "Operation Torch"
360:United States Special Operations Forces
1040:
1038:
967:NATO Standard Allied Joint Publication
702:Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland
590:is the special operations unit of the
1458:from the original on 14 February 2008
1432:. Ministry of Defence. Archived from
1388:Elite special forces unit set up, BBC
1083:from the original on 13 February 2023
1023:from the original on 30 December 2022
941:List of military special forces units
732:also have a special operations unit,
648:King Abdullah II Special Forces Group
215:rescued six CIA, DIA and NSA officers
7:
1713:List of US Special Operations Forces
364:Robert Rogers' 28 "Rules of Ranging"
202:and 91 operators taking part in the
1694:, New York: Public Affairs, 2013.
1113:from the original on 14 August 2022
656:
786:Joint Special Forces Aviation Wing
764:) is a directorate comprising the
430:Underwater Demolition Teams (UDTs)
25:
1448:"The secretive sister of the SAS"
1295:Canadian Foreign Policy Institute
742:). They have participated in the
574:. Other special forces, like the
390:Sicily campaign "Operation Husky"
270:Southern Expeditionary Army Group
209:Previous to the formation of the
41:. For the Indian web series, see
946:Long-range reconnaissance patrol
827:and commando unit recce troops.
657:العمليات الخاصة ورد الفعل السريع
614:is the main Sayeret unit in the
1497:from the original on 2023-02-13
1351:from the original on 2022-08-12
1326:from the original on 2021-04-25
1301:from the original on 2021-05-18
1247:from the original on 2022-02-10
1217:from the original on 2021-10-16
1052:from the original on 2022-08-12
832:Army Special Operations Brigade
774:Special Reconnaissance Regiment
417:President Franklin D. Roosevelt
213:unit Polish special operations
892:. USSOCOM is headquartered at
724:, under the direct command of
570:, and the Indian Army has the
217:from Iraq on 25 October 1990.
1:
1687:. Novato, CA: Presidio, 1995.
1397:. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
1266:"Canadian government website"
1203:10.1080/01402390.2021.1933953
884:. The command is part of the
757:United Kingdom Special Forces
624:13th Flotilla, or Shayetet 13
426:Naval Combat Demolition Units
1378:. Retrieved 21 February 2014
1191:Journal of Strategic Studies
788:, as well as the supporting
778:Special Forces Support Group
628:British Special Boat Service
486:Special Air Service Regiment
446:Council on Foreign Relations
284:, and it lacked any form of
604:British Special Air Service
1749:
1565:Read, Jamie (2019-03-30).
1540:Read, Jamie (2019-03-25).
1515:Read, Jamie (2019-04-02).
882:United States Armed Forces
805:special operations-capable
744:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
566:, the Indian Navy has the
524:Canada's tier one unit is
498:Special Operations Command
376:were essential to several
121:, which began training at
36:
32:Special military operation
29:
1477:Philip Coppel QC (2020).
862:unified combatant command
782:18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment
659:), commonly known as the
436:, were formed in 1943.
268:under the control of the
1678:Explorations in Strategy
1185:Wirtz, James J. (2021).
931:Foreign internal defense
592:Defence Forces (Ireland)
536:special operations force
452:in May 2011 that killed
134:, as well as actions in
1667:Capt. Malcolm Brailey,
626:, is comparable to the
576:National Security Guard
442:Global War on Terrorism
344:Colonel Benjamin Church
328:Colonel Benjamin Church
311:managed to land in the
239:Netherlands East Indies
128:South West Pacific Area
1642:Horner, David (1989).
1595:www.eliteukforces.info
1132:Grenier, John (2005).
1006:Horner 1989, pp. 26–7.
988:Horner 1989, pp. 22–6.
894:MacDill Air Force Base
716:Special Forces Command
689:Special Troops Command
673:Jordanian Armed Forces
517:) is a command of the
412:
335:
291:Some 750 men from the
227:Imperial Japanese Army
90:unconventional warfare
70:
1291:"JTF2/Special Forces"
1235:Bilms, Kevin (2021).
1109:. 15 September 2014.
886:Department of Defense
726:Turkish General Staff
608:US Army's Delta Force
519:Canadian Armed Forces
494:2nd Commando Regiment
490:1st Commando Regiment
406:
354:'s Continental Army.
330:(1639–1718) from the
326:
119:independent companies
66:uniforms training in
55:
1683:William H. McRaven,
1454:. 16 November 2001.
1418:on 27 February 2014.
1019:. 15 February 2022.
825:Brigade Patrol Troop
813:148 Meiktila Battery
770:Special Boat Service
722:Turkish Armed Forces
669:Royal Jordanian Army
663:are strategic-level
564:Garud Commando Force
274:Philippines campaign
174:, was unsuccessful.
1728:Military operations
1241:The Strategy Bridge
997:Horner 1989, p. 26.
979:Horner 1989, p. 21.
817:4/73 Sphinx Battery
766:Special Air Service
740:Sualtı Taaruz – SAT
632:United States SEALs
620:naval commando unit
560:Indian Armed Forces
293:2nd Raiding Brigade
231:Battle of Palembang
123:Wilson's Promontory
1393:2022-03-26 at the
1374:2010-04-25 at the
809:Pathfinder Platoon
735:Underwater Offence
527:Joint Task Force 2
465:William H. McRaven
413:
380:campaigns such as
368:asymmetric warfare
348:Knowlton's Rangers
336:
74:Special operations
71:
18:Special Operations
1700:978-1-61039-149-8
1145:978-1-139-44470-5
394:Normandy landings
386:Tunisian campaign
352:George Washington
194:and uprisings in
192:Operation Tempest
164:Operation Jaywick
39:Spec Ops (series)
16:(Redirected from
1740:
1690:Linda Robinson,
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1629:
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1414:. Archived from
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1268:. Archived from
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1197:(6–7): 972–992.
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1079:. 10 June 2016.
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926:Covert operation
821:Mountain Leaders
696:) is the fourth
694:Wojska Specjalne
658:
588:Army Ranger Wing
419:established the
305:Ki-57 transports
94:counterterrorism
21:
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1747:
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1662:Further reading
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1395:Wayback Machine
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1376:Wayback Machine
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921:Airborne forces
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890:Act of Congress
844:
836:Ranger Regiment
790:No. 47 Squadron
752:
711:
698:military branch
685:
644:
600:
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556:
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482:
477:
454:Osama bin Laden
356:Rogers' Rangers
332:Plymouth Colony
321:
266:Rikichi Tsukada
223:
204:Warsaw Uprising
180:
172:Operation Rimau
111:
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60:Special Tactics
50:
35:
28:
23:
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1707:External links
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1436:on 2018-01-02.
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421:Marine Raiders
320:
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262:Teishin Shudan
247:Burma campaign
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160:M Special Unit
156:Z Special Unit
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98:special forces
86:reconnaissance
57:U.S. Air Force
47:special forces
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548:British SAS
540:Delta Force
258:Axis powers
184:Cichociemni
78:special ops
43:Special OPS
1722:Categories
1624:2024-02-12
1600:2024-02-12
1576:2024-02-12
1551:2024-02-12
1526:2024-02-12
1501:2023-03-22
1355:2022-08-14
1330:2021-05-18
1305:2021-05-18
1276:2010-10-08
1251:2022-02-10
1221:2021-10-16
1056:2022-08-14
952:References
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671:under the
546:, and the
458:Abbottabad
256:and other
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104:History
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233:, on
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