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1192:, "Instead of being taught to wait for the SWAT team to arrive, street officers are receiving the training and weaponry to take immediate action during incidents that clearly involve suspects' use of deadly force." The article further reported that street officers were increasingly being armed with rifles, and issued heavy body armor and ballistic helmets, items traditionally associated with SWAT units. The idea was to train and equip street officers to make a rapid response to so-called
45:
829:. By 2015, the number of annual SWAT deployments had increased to nearly 80,000 times a year. Despite their heightened involvement in high-risk scenarios, research on their use of force has shown varied results. A study by professor Jimmy J. Williams and professor David Westall found that there wasn't a significant difference in the frequency of use of force between SWAT and non-SWAT officers when responding to similar situations.
1053:, barricaded themselves in a residence on East 54th Street at Compton Avenue in Los Angeles. Coverage of the siege was broadcast to millions via television and radio and featured in the world press for days afterwards. SWAT teams engaged in a several-hour gun battle with the SLA; no police were wounded, but the six SLA members died in the conflict, which ended when the house caught fire and burned to the ground.
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casualties among the officers and the escape of the guerrillas." To deal with these under conditions of urban violence, the LAPD formed SWAT, notes the report. The report states on page 109, "The purpose of SWAT is to provide protection, support, security, firepower, and rescue to police operations in high personal risk situations where specialized tactics are necessary to minimize casualties."
886:. The purpose of this unit was to react quickly and decisively to bank robberies while they were in progress, using a large number of specially trained officers who had a great amount of firepower at their disposal. The tactic worked and was used to resolve other types of incidents involving heavily armed criminals. The
1031:; however, it was never actually used. The Panthers eventually surrendered, with four Panthers and four officers being injured. All six arrested Panthers were acquitted of the most serious charges brought against them, including conspiracy to murder police officers, because it was ruled that they acted in self-defense.
986:
This first SWAT unit initially consisted of fifteen teams of four men each, making a total staff of sixty. These officers were given special status and benefits, and were required to attend special monthly training sessions. The unit also served as a security unit for police facilities during civil unrest. The
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and inquired about the program. One officer then obtained permission to observe the Delano Police
Department's special weapons and tactics units in action, and afterwards, he took what he had learned back to Los Angeles, where his knowledge was used and expanded on to form the LAPD's own first SWAT unit.
985:
was the officer who conceived the idea to form a specially trained and equipped unit in the LAPD, intended to respond to and manage critical situations involving shootings while minimizing police casualties. Inspector Gates approved this idea, and he formed a small select group of volunteer officers.
1613:
The use of armored vehicles by SWAT teams is controversial, and it has been alleged that police armored vehicles escalate situations that could otherwise be resolved peacefully. Some smaller police departments and sheriff's departments also acquire armored vehicles despite few incidents occurring in
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were shooting students and staff inside the school, officers did not intervene in the shooting, but instead set a perimeter as they were trained to do. By the time they did enter the school, 12 people were killed and Harris and
Klebold had committed suicide. They were also heavily criticized for not
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responded by forming ad-hoc SWAT-type units involving crowd and riot control, sniper skills, and surveillance. Television news stations and print media carried live and delayed reportage of these events across the United States. Personnel from the LAPD, having seen these broadcasts, contacted Delano
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subsequently declared drugs to be a threat to U.S. national security. In 1988 the Reagan administration encouraged
Congress to create the Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Program. The program modified existing federal aid structures to local police, making it easier to transfer
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in August 1965, the LAPD began considering tactics it could use when faced with urban unrest, rioting, or widespread violence. Daryl Gates, who led the LAPD response to the riots, would later write that police at the time did not face a single mob, but rather "people attacking from all directions".
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The need to summon widely dispersed personnel, then equip and brief them, makes for a long lag between the initial emergency and actual SWAT deployment on the ground. The problems of delayed police response at
Columbine led to changes in police response, mainly rapid deployment of line officers to
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SWAT units often employ SWAT vehicles, also called "armored rescue vehicles" (ARV), for insertion, maneuvering, and during operations such as the rescue of personnel and civilians who may be in danger of receiving fire from suspects if extracted through other methods. Common armored SWAT vehicles
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By the time of the SLA shootout, SWAT teams had reorganized into six 10-man teams, each team being divided further into two five-man units, called elements. An element consisted of an element leader, two assaulters, a scout, and a rear-guard. The normal complement of weapons was a sniper rifle (a
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by militant groups. "The unpredictability of the sniper and his anticipation of normal police response increase the chances of death or injury to officers. To commit conventionally trained officers to a confrontation with a guerrilla-trained militant group would likely result in a high number of
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A report issued by the LAPD after the SLA shootout offers one of the few firsthand accounts by the department regarding SWAT history, operations, and organization. On page 100 of the report, the
Department cites four trends which prompted the development of SWAT. These included riots such as the
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The first significant deployment of the LAPD SWAT was on
December 9, 1969, when an attempt by the LAPD to serve arrest warrants against the Black Panthers led to a four-hour standoff at their Los Angeles headquarters at 41st and Central, during which over 5,000 rounds were exchanged between
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The relative infrequency of SWAT call-outs means these expensively trained and equipped officers cannot be left to sit around, waiting for an emergency. In many departments the officers are normally deployed to regular duties, but are available for SWAT calls via pagers, mobile phones, or radio
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Officers have cited safety as the main reason for use of SWAT teams, stating that SWAT units would frequently be called if there were a possibility a suspect might be armed. For instance, in 2006, only two police officers were killed in the arrest of 2 million drug suspects, a low casualty rate
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Countering the view that post-9/11 SWAT policing represents the militarization of police forces, scholar den Heyer writes that SWAT policing is part of a natural progression towards police professionalization. Den Heyer also argues that while SWAT teams continue to be deployed to execute large
844:: A designated law enforcement team whose members are recruited, selected, trained, equipped and assigned to resolve critical incidents involving a threat to public safety which would otherwise exceed the capabilities of traditional law enforcement first responders and/or investigative units.
1200:, it is stated, "MPD personnel shall remain cognizant of the fact that in many active shooter incidents, innocent lives are lost within the first few minutes of the incident. In some situations, this dictates the need to rapidly assess the situation and act quickly in order to save lives."
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Since officers have to be on call-out most of the day, they may be assigned to regular patrol duties. To decrease response times to situations that require a SWAT team, it is now a common practice to place SWAT equipment and weaponry in secured lockers in the trunks of specialized
1077:. At a time when officers were usually issued six-shot revolvers and shotguns, it was a significant change to have police armed with semi-automatic rifles. The encounter with the heavily armed Symbionese Liberation Army, however, sparked a trend towards SWAT teams being issued
1331:(CQC) in an urban environment. The particular pieces of equipment vary from unit to unit, but there are some consistent trends in what they wear and use. Much of their equipment is indistinguishable from that supplied to the military, not least because much of it is
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is one of the few police special-response units that operate autonomously 24 hours a day. However, this unit also provides a wide range of services in addition to SWAT functions, including search and rescue, and car accident vehicle extrication, normally handled by
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In 1972, paramilitary police units launched a few hundred drug raids annually within the United States. In the early 1980s, SWAT drug raid numbers increased to 3000 annually, and by 1996, 30,000 raids annually. During the 1990s, according to
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transceivers. Even in larger police agencies, SWAT personnel will normally be seen in crime suppression roles—specialized and more dangerous than regular patrol, but the officers would not be carrying their distinctive armor and weapons.
1089:, which in the 1960s forced the LAPD and other police departments into tactical situations for which they were ill-prepared; the emergence of snipers as a challenge to civil order; political assassinations; and the threat of urban
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that he neither developed SWAT tactics nor the associated and often distinctive equipment; but that he supported the underlying concept, tried to empower his people to develop it, and generally lent them moral support.
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greatly bolstered the number of SWAT teams and the extent of their operations. The paper reported that the military transferred nearly 100,000 pieces of military equipment to
Wisconsin police departments in the 1990s.
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360:
3155:(Report). GAO-20-710. United States Government Accountability Office. September 10, 2020. Appendix III: Reported Tactical Team Deployments for Civil Unrest and Protests in May and June 2020: pp. 53-56
2963:"L.A. police mark anniversary of infamous shootout that changed policing | National & World News | KATU.com – Portland News, Sports, Traffic Weather and Breaking News – Portland, Oregon"
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numbers of drug warrants, this is a rational use of available police resources. Other defenders of SWAT deployments state that police have every reason to minimize risks to themselves during raids.
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SWAT personnel wear similar uniforms to those worn by military personnel. Traditional SWAT uniforms are usually solid tones of dark blue, black, grey, tan, or olive green, though uniforms with
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By 2005, the number of yearly SWAT deployments in the United States had increased to 50,000, most often to serve drug-related warrants in private homes. According to a study by the
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SWAT units are generally trained, equipped, and deployed to resolve "high-risk situations", often those regular police units are not trained or equipped to handle, such as
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1413:, sometimes including rigid plate inserts, are standard-issue. These vests are labelled with "POLICE", "SHERIFF", "SWAT", or similar, to allow for easy identification.
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situations. In these situations, it was no longer acceptable to simply set up a perimeter and wait for SWAT. As an example, in the policy and procedure manual of the
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By illustration, the LAPD's website shows that in 2003, their SWAT units were activated 255 times for 133 SWAT calls and 122 times to serve high-risk warrants. The
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passed the
Military Cooperation with Law Enforcement Act, giving police access to military intelligence, infrastructure, and weaponry in the fight against drugs.
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1212:, like the War on Drugs, became the context of a significant expansion of SWAT policing. Whereas some have attributed this expansion to "mission creep" and the
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Another reason for the creation of SWAT teams was the fear of lone or barricaded gunmen who might outperform police in a shootout, as happened in Austin with
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1159:, surveyed police departments nationwide and found that their deployment of paramilitary units had grown tenfold between the early 1980s and late 1990s.
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associated with fear of crime and terrorism. Banks writes that SWAT team employment of military veterans has influenced their tactics and perspective.
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1069:-caliber semi-automatic rifles, and two shotguns. SWAT officers also carried their service revolvers in shoulder holsters. Standard gear included a
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Kraska, Peter B.; Victor E. Kaeppler (February 1997). "Militarizing
American Police: The Rise and Normalization of Paramilitary Units".
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878:, the term "SWAT" was used as an acronym for the "Special Weapons and Tactics" established as a 100-man specialized unit in 1964 by the
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by Diane
Cecilia Weber, also of the Cato Institute, raised concern about the increasing use of SWAT teams for ordinary policing tasks.
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SWAT units are equipped with special weapons that are not normally used by regular police units, typically military firearms such as
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neighborhood of Los Angeles led to the first line-of-duty death of a member of the LAPD's SWAT team in its 41 years of existence.
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was staging numerous protests in Delano in a strike that would last over five years. Though the strike never turned violent, the
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is one of the world's most prominent SWAT units and was the second SWAT team established in the United States, after that of the
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1130:. The money resulted in the creation of many narcotics task forces, and SWAT teams became an important part of these forces.
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750:. SWAT units are equipped with specialized weapons and equipment not normally issued to regular police units, such as
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in Colorado on April 20, 1999 was another seminal event in SWAT tactics and police response. As perpetrators
821:. In the United States by 2005, SWAT teams were deployed 50,000 times every year, almost 80% of the time to serve
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The International Tactical Officers Training Association, an international organization of tactical professionals
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and violent confrontations with criminals. The number and usage of SWAT units increased in the 1980s during the
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Early police powers and tactics used by SWAT teams were aided by legislation passed in 1967-8 with the help of
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instead of forcing officers to travel to gather their equipment or only use a single dedicated SWAT vehicle.
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envisioned the "SWAT" acronym to be "Special Weapons Attack Team" but this was not accepted by deputy chief
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money and equipment to fight the War on Drugs. Police forces also received increased assistance from the
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The LAPD promoted what became known as SWAT teams for a variety of reasons. After the racially-charged
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1826:, Westport, Ct: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, p. 333 and; John S. Dempsey & Linda S. Forst,
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2937:"Police Armored Rescue Vehicles: Tactical Rescue Considerations | Tactical Response Magazine"
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established their own specialized units under various names. Gates explained in his autobiography
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deal with an active shooter, rather than setting up a perimeter and waiting for SWAT to arrive.
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The National Tactical Officers Association, a national organization of tactical professionals.
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to incapacitate suspects. Many SWAT units also have access to specialized equipment such as
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1385:. Modern SWAT units use helmets similar to those issued by the U.S. military, such as the
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List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States
58:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1216:, other scholars argue that increased SWAT policing is a response to real or perceived
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1186:, three hours after the SWAT first entered the school. As noted in an article in the
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By 1974, there was a general acceptance of SWAT as a police resource in Los Angeles.
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SWAT-type operations were conducted north of Los Angeles in the farming community of
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2791:"SWAT Round-Up International 2006: Team Insights | Tactical Response Magazine"
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SWAT teams use equipment designed for a variety of specialist situations including
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2392:"Warrior Cops The Ominous Growth of Paramilitarism in American Police Departments"
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to respond faster, provide better mobility when splitting up, or avoid detection.
837:
The United States National Tactical Officers Association's definition of SWAT is:
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2816:
1913:
1265:
Warrior Cops: The Ominous Growth of Paramilitarism in American Police Departments
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are often used to protect the face and protect the identities of team members.
2268:
SWAT Madness and the Militarization of the American Police: A National Dilemma
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Militarizing American Police: The Rise and Normalization of Paramilitary Units
763:
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Federal Tactical Teams: Characteristics, Training, Deployments, and Inventory
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possibly stemming from the military equipment and tactics used in the raids.
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On February 7, 2008, a siege and subsequent firefight with a shooter in the
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435:
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1231:, just under 80% of SWAT deployments were used to serve arrest warrants.
1183:
826:
731:
2121:"SWAT Leader's Defense of Columbine Response: Too Little, Much Too Late"
1792:"Tactical Response and Operations Standard for Law Enforcement Agencies"
1791:
778:, among others. SWAT units are often trained in special tactics such as
2106:
1406:
636:
545:
1915:
Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America's Police Forces
922:
has written that SWAT teams were originally conceived of as an "urban
2484:"Ferguson Shooting: Missouri SWAT Teams Armed with M4 Assault Rifles"
1461:
1023:
police and the Panthers. During the shootout, Daryl Gates called the
519:
241:
1263:, and danger to innocents and suspects, far greater. Another study,
1003:. The legislation was promoted within the context of fears over the
1065:, based on the ordnance expended by officers at the shootout), two
3123:"16 federal agencies sent SWAT teams to deal with protests: Audit"
1547:
1469:
1457:
1369:
Early SWAT units were equipped with a variety of headgear such as
1342:
1274:
1101:
857:
74:
2061:
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness
1530:
may also be incorporated within SWAT teams, or may be used on an
1066:
1058:
2626:
2624:
2462:"Wicomico County Sheriff's Emergency Response Team (S.E.R.T.)"
1842:
Crime and Punishment: A History of the Criminal Justice System
1818:
1816:
1398:
38:
1602:, are used to provide aerial reconnaissance or insertion via
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professors Peter Kraska and Victor Kappeler, in their study
2965:. KATU.com. Associated Press. March 1, 2007. Archived from
2181:. Minneapolis, Minnesota, Police Department. Archived from
1453:. Though these armaments make SWAT teams resemble military
990:
units were organized as "D Platoon" in the Metro division.
1830:, Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, 2011, p. 276.
1366:
have become popular with some SWAT units since the 2000s.
1350:
SWAT officers wearing different combat uniforms during an
1257:
Overkill: The Rise of Paramilitary Police Raids in America
936:
After the LAPD's establishment of its own SWAT team, many
2636:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2012. pp. 43–44.
2437:"Change in tactics: Police trade talk for rapid response"
1950:
Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis
1208:
According to criminal justice professor Cyndi Banks, the
1770:"SWAT and non-SWAT police officers and the use of force"
797:
The first SWAT units were formed in the 1960s to handle
3177:
2414:"official website of The Los Angeles Police Department"
2682:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2012. p. 107.
1614:
their jurisdictions that would necessitate their use.
2149:"Report following the Columbine High School Massacre"
2990:"Loaded For Bear: Lenco's Bearcat Is Ready For Duty"
2939:. Hendonpub.com. September 11, 2001. Archived from
1460:, they are still law enforcement units tasked with
902:who instead approved Special Weapons and Tactics.
1947:
1042:On the afternoon of May 17, 1974, elements of the
2318:To Protect and Serve: How to Fix America's Police
1768:Williams, Jimmy; Westall, David (October 2003).
2025:. Los Angeles Police Department. Archived from
1182:saving teacher Dave Sanders, who had died from
1027:, requesting and receiving permission to use a
805:and the 1990s following incidents such as the
2779:. Hearst Magazines. May 1997. pp. 53–58.
2372:"In Virginia, the Death Penalty for Gambling"
692:
8:
2819:. People.howstuffworks.com. January 31, 2007
2726:Modern Law Enforcement Weapons & Tactics
2584:Modern Law Enforcement Weapons & Tactics
2534:Modern Law Enforcement Weapons & Tactics
2215:Criminal Justice Ethics: Theory and Practice
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1109:SWAT officers during a training exercise at
2867:. ABDO Publishing Company. pp. 12–14.
2291:Gaines, Larry; Miller, Roger LeRoy (2016).
2093:(1). University of California Press: 1–18.
1844:. Cengage Learning; 2 edition. p. 283.
1654:2009 shooting of Pittsburgh police officers
2771:"Felon Busters: On The Job With LAPD SWAT"
2576:
2574:
2023:"Report following the SLA Shoot-out (PDF)"
1822:Mitchel P. Roth & James Stuart Olson,
854:Riots and political conflicts of the 1960s
813:, with further increases in the 2000s for
699:
685:
109:
2261:
2259:
1973:
1971:
1649:2009 shootings of Oakland police officers
938:law enforcement agencies in United States
3019:. Berkshire Eagle Online. Archived from
2911:"GUIDELINES for ARMORED RESCUE VEHICLES"
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
1876:Gates, Daryl F.; Shah, Diane K. (1992).
1824:Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement
1780:(5): 469–474 – via Science Direct.
1464:, and are thus often also equipped with
1081:and automatic weapons of various types.
1038:1974 Symbionese Liberation Army shootout
894:was established in 1967. LAPD inspector
876:Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement
864:LAPD Metropolitan Division's "D" Platoon
88:
1880:. New York: Bantam Books. p. 114.
1733:
1669:2016 shooting of Dallas police officers
882:in response to an alarming increase in
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508:
458:
352:
321:
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213:
170:
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103:from a helicopter during training near
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2600:
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1799:National Tactical Officers Association
1391:Future Assault Shell Technology helmet
3121:Dinan, Stephen (September 10, 2020).
3096:"FHP Special Activities and Programs"
2817:"HowStuffWorks 'How SWAT Teams Work'"
1741:Kristian, Bonnie (January 19, 2015).
353:Police operations/organization/issues
7:
3210:Law enforcement in the United States
1588:. Alternatively, SWAT teams may use
1259:that increased SWAT raids have made
1878:Chief : my life in the L.A.P.D
3044:"Armored truck newest NYPD weapon"
2348:. February 9, 2008. Archived from
1743:"The troubling rise of SWAT teams"
1560:notable for common police use, in
817:interests in the aftermath of the
361:Police certification and licensure
80:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
25:
3215:Organizations established in 1968
3200:1968 establishments in California
2913:. January 1, 2008. Archived from
2895:. October 7, 2009. Archived from
2492:. August 17, 2014. Archived from
1684:2020 deployment of federal forces
1679:Shooting of Jason Harley Kloepfer
1562:Charleston County, South Carolina
1098:The War on Drugs: 1980s and 1990s
322:Lists of law enforcement agencies
2889:"How to Coexist with a K-9 Unit"
2729:. F+W Media. pp. 198, 227.
2466:Wicomico County Sheriff's Office
1840:Mitchel P. Roth (June 2, 2010).
1749:. Dennis Publishing Limited 2021
1282:SWAT officers responding to the
1046:(SLA), a group of heavily armed
43:
3042:Lebovich, Jen (July 21, 2004).
2793:. Hendonpub.com. Archived from
2381:, Fox News Channel, May 1, 2006
2342:"Siege in Winnetka, California"
2179:"Policy & Procedure Manual"
2003:. Los Angeles Police Department
1981:. Los Angeles Police Department
1204:Post-9/11 and the War on Terror
723:) team is a generic term for a
94:Federal Bureau of Investigation
2992:. Autoweek.com. Archived from
2435:CSMonitor.com (May 31, 2000).
2135:"Coach William "Dave" Sanders"
1586:Law Enforcement Support Office
1175:Columbine High School massacre
880:Philadelphia Police Department
868:Philadelphia Police Department
811:Columbine High School massacre
82:SWAT officers preparing for a
1:
3074:"TacLink – Washington DC ERT"
2441:The Christian Science Monitor
2153:The Christian Science Monitor
2099:10.1525/sp.1997.44.1.03x0209a
1859:Los Angeles Police Department
1696:List of police tactical units
1198:Minneapolis Police Department
1179:Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
1144:, weapons donations from the
888:Los Angeles Police Department
476:State bureau of investigation
27:American law enforcement unit
3098:. Flhsmv.gov. Archived from
2679:Tactical Medicine Essentials
2633:Tactical Medicine Essentials
2489:International Business Times
2058:Alexander, Michelle (2013).
1629:1973 Brooklyn hostage crisis
586:Probation and parole officer
541:Sheriff and sheriff's deputy
2394:. Cato.org. August 26, 1999
1946:Parenti, Christian (2000).
1828:An Introduction to Policing
1774:Journal of Criminal Justice
1393:, though they may also use
1348:Crestview Police Department
892:Special Weapons and Tactics
721:special weapons and tactics
406:Killings by law enforcement
267:Fruit of the poisonous tree
18:Special Weapons And Tactics
3241:
3050:. New York. Archived from
2293:Criminal Justice in Action
1541:
1166:
1044:Symbionese Liberation Army
943:Chief: My Life in the LAPD
606:Marshal and deputy marshal
29:
2723:Sweeney, Patrick (2004).
2587:. F+W Media. p. 23.
2581:Sweeney, Patrick (2004).
2537:. F+W Media. p. 21.
2531:Sweeney, Patrick (2004).
2238:Lippman, Matthew (2013).
1558:infantry mobility vehicle
1397:or soft headgear such as
1189:Christian Science Monitor
52:This article needs to be
2842:. Tacticaloperations.com
2513:DLA Disposition Services
2508:"About the 1033 Program"
1717:Militarization of police
1644:North Hollywood shootout
1214:militarization of police
976:Delano Police Department
807:North Hollywood shootout
511:law enforcement officers
451:Gangs in law enforcement
446:Women in law enforcement
411:Militarization of police
1659:Killing of Aiyana Jones
1634:Shannon Street massacre
1352:active shooter exercise
1284:2009 Fort Hood shooting
441:Criminal justice reform
3205:History of Los Angeles
2516:. 2014. Archived from
2468:. 2009. Archived from
2377:June 15, 2011, at the
2316:Stamper, Norm (2016).
2266:Fisher, James (2010).
1912:Balko, Radley (2013).
1708:(U.S. military police)
1701:Emergency Service Unit
1674:Killing of Duncan Lemp
1582:Cadillac Gage Commando
1564:
1359:
1308:Emergency Service Unit
1287:
1114:
954:on the border between
871:
846:
305:State attorney general
277:Criminal investigation
107:
86:
3225:Police tactical units
2861:Ollhoff, Jim (2013).
2217:. SAGE Publications.
2213:Banks, Cyndi (2016).
2001:"Development of SWAT"
1979:"Development of SWAT"
1865:on February 21, 2020.
1706:Special reaction team
1664:Jose Guerena shooting
1551:
1417:Weapons and equipment
1346:
1329:close-quarters combat
1278:
1255:, argued in his book
1248:, an analyst for the
1167:Further information:
1146:Department of Defense
1111:Travis Air Force Base
1105:
1025:Department of Defense
1005:civil rights movement
861:
839:
780:close-quarters combat
647:Medical jurisprudence
252:Searches and seizures
92:
78:
32:SWAT (disambiguation)
3128:The Washington Times
3102:on February 19, 2009
2840:"SWAT February 2003"
2797:on September 4, 2015
2520:on December 9, 2014.
2295:. Cengage Learning.
2159:on September 4, 2005
2032:on February 26, 2012
1712:SWAT World Challenge
1590:unmarked police cars
1578:Cadillac Gage Ranger
1514:night-vision devices
1356:Eglin Air Force Base
1107:USAF Security Forces
998:House representative
819:September 11 attacks
772:night-vision devices
725:police tactical unit
345:District of Columbia
262:Exculpatory evidence
227:Reasonable suspicion
144:Separation of powers
116:in the United States
105:downtown Los Angeles
30:For other uses, see
3220:Paramilitary police
2917:on November 5, 2012
2496:on August 19, 2014.
2352:on January 15, 2009
1552:SWAT officers on a
1466:less-lethal weapons
1439:riot control agents
1364:military camouflage
1315:or other agencies.
1015:, and the emerging
1013:Black Panther Party
968:United Farm Workers
966:. At the time, the
916:New York University
601:Federal air marshal
282:Criminal psychology
3054:on January 3, 2016
2472:on April 28, 2013.
2240:Criminal Procedure
1565:
1518:fiberscope cameras
1375:motorcycle helmets
1360:
1288:
1163:Columbine shooting
1142:Madison, Wisconsin
1115:
964:San Joaquin Valley
952:Delano, California
872:
788:crisis negotiation
752:automatic firearms
581:Correction officer
222:Criminal procedure
108:
87:
2969:on March 20, 2012
2943:on March 24, 2012
2899:on June 20, 2010.
2776:Popular Mechanics
2346:Los Angeles Times
2327:978-1-56858-541-3
2302:978-1-305-85497-0
2277:978-0-313-39191-0
2249:978-1-4522-5814-0
2224:978-1-5063-2604-7
2071:978-1-59558-819-7
2064:. The New Press.
1961:978-1-85984-303-1
1918:. PublicAffairs.
1639:1985 MOVE bombing
1618:Notable incidents
1494:ballistic shields
1137:The Capital Times
1091:guerrilla warfare
1075:military gas mask
1001:Donald Santarelli
924:counterinsurgency
920:Christian Parenti
874:According to the
825:, most often for
768:ballistic shields
709:
708:
632:Police dispatcher
591:Probation officer
340:State corrections
314:district attorney
84:training exercise
73:
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16:(Redirected from
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3076:. Specwarnet.net
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3023:on April 2, 2007
3015:Gentile, Derek.
3012:
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2996:on June 22, 2011
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1801:. September 2015
1796:
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1522:motion detectors
1506:armored vehicles
1451:stinger grenades
1333:military surplus
1313:fire departments
1169:Columbine effect
1153:Criminal justice
1073:, gloves, and a
1029:grenade launcher
962:Counties in the
815:counterterrorism
776:armored vehicles
701:
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642:Medical examiner
551:County detective
366:Internal affairs
310:State's attorney
272:Actual innocence
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2893:POLICE Magazine
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2379:Wayback Machine
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2087:Social Problems
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1596:Police aircraft
1546:
1540:
1486:bean bag rounds
1427:submachine guns
1419:
1411:Ballistic vests
1381:, or even soft
1341:
1325:
1297:police cruisers
1273:
1206:
1171:
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1100:
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931:Charles Whitman
900:Edward M. Davis
856:
851:
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823:search warrants
754:, high-caliber
744:hostage-takings
705:
501:Military police
459:Types of agency
391:Police vehicles
335:State and local
237:Miranda warning
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114:Law enforcement
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2980:
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1490:rubber bullets
1443:smoke grenades
1423:assault rifles
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1323:SWAT equipment
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1253:Cato Institute
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1600:helicopters
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1498:entry tools
1478:pepperballs
1383:patrol caps
1250:libertarian
1087:Watts riots
1063:bolt-action
983:John Nelson
911:Los Angeles
907:Watts riots
896:Daryl Gates
673:Criminology
596:Park ranger
561:Game warden
491:Coast guard
486:Park police
421:Body camera
386:Decorations
291:Prosecution
153:Legislative
135:Corrections
101:fast-roping
3194:Categories
3048:Daily News
1887:055307301X
1856:"S.W.A.T."
1728:References
1604:rappelling
1574:BAE Caiman
1403:Balaclavas
1371:M1 helmets
1184:blood loss
1079:body armor
1051:guerrillas
1009:race riots
995:Republican
926:bulwark".
918:professor
833:Definition
764:body armor
576:Lighthorse
535:Police dog
436:Informants
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1061:-caliber
1048:left-wing
988:LAPD SWAT
827:narcotics
748:terrorism
736:standoffs
732:shootouts
668:Terrorism
525:Detective
509:Types of
158:Executive
3178:NTOA.org
2973:June 19,
2947:June 19,
2398:June 19,
2375:Archived
2242:. SAGE.
2189:June 19,
2163:June 19,
2007:June 19,
1985:June 19,
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1690:See also
1538:Vehicles
1468:such as
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663:Crime
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376:Ranks
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191:State
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