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than males. The peak incidence for specific phobias amongst females occurs during reproduction and childrearing, possibly reflecting an evolutionary advantage. There is an additional peak in incidence, reaching nearly 1% per year, during old age in both men and women, possibly reflective of newly occurring physical conditions or adverse life events. The development of phobias varies with subtypes, with animal and blood injection phobias typically beginning in childhood (ages 5–12), whereas development of situational specific phobias (i.e., fear of flying) usually occurs in late adolescence and early adulthood.
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theorised to be due to biological adaptation being passed through evolution which makes recent threats less prone to easy acquisition. However, a 2014 study found evidence against this evolutionary theory, which stated: "Our findings are inconsistent with the hypothesis that fears/phobias of individual stimuli result from genetic and environmental factors unique to that stimulus. Instead, we observed substantial sharing of risk factors across individual fears." There is also evidence for the validity of a genetic component contributing to
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chronic course. Specific phobias in older adults has been linked with a decrease in quality of life. Those with specific phobias are at an increased risk of suicide. Greater impairment is found in those that have multiple phobias. Response to treatment is relatively high but many do not seek treatment due to lack of access, ability to avoid phobia, or unwilling to face feared object for repeated CBT sessions.
59:, characterized by an extreme, unreasonable, and irrational fear associated with a specific object, situation, or concept which poses little or no actual danger. Specific phobia can lead to avoidance of the object or situation, persistence of the fear, and significant distress or problems functioning associated with the fear. A phobia can be the
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primarily through exposure and cognitive strategies to overcome a person's anxiety. Computer-assisted treatment programs, self-help manuals, and delivery by a trained practitioner are all methods of accessing CBT. A single session of CBT in one of these modalities can be effective for individuals who have a specific phobia.
157:
Diagnosis in the ICD or the DSM requires a marked fear, anxiety or avoidance that is long-lasting (greater than six months) and consistently occurs in the presence of the feared object or situation. The DSM-5 that the fears should be out of proportion to the danger posed, compared to the ICD-10 which
77:
It can be described as when patients are anxious about a particular situation. It causes a great load of difficulty in life. Patients have a lot of distress or interference when functioning in their daily life. Unreasonable or irrational fears get in the way of daily routines, work, and relationships
363:
As of late 2020, there is limited evidence for the use of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of specific phobia. Pharmacological treatments are typically used in combination with behaviorally-focused psychotherapy, as introducing pharmacological interventions independently may result in relapsing of
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Specifically for acrophobia, in-vivo exposure (exposure to real-world height-scenarios while maintaining anxiety at controlled levels) has been shown to significantly improve measures of anxiety in the short-term, but this effect decreased over a longer term. Likewise, virtual reality exposure was
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is a short term, skills-focused therapy that aims to help people diffuse unhelpful emotional responses by helping people consider them differently or change their behavior. CBT represents the gold standard and first line of therapy in specific phobias. CBT is effective in treating specific phobias
417:
Specific phobias have a lifetime prevalence rate of 7.4% and a one-year prevalence of 5.5% according to data collected from 22 different countries. The usual age of onset is childhood to adolescence. During childhood and adolescence, the incidence of new specific phobias is much higher in females
319:
with relaxation exercises for fear of childbirth. With exposure therapy, a type of cognitive-behavioural therapy, clinically significant improvement was experienced by up to 90% of patients. While very long-term outcomes remain unknown, many of the benefits of exposure therapy persisted after one
310:
is a particularly effective form of CBT for many specific phobias, however, treatment acceptance and high drop-out rates have been noted as concerns. In addition, a third of people who complete exposure therapy as a treatment for specific phobia may not respond, regardless of the type of exposure
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In the US, the lifetime prevalence rate is 12.5% and a one-year prevalence rate of 9.1%. An estimated 12.5% of U.S. adults experience specific phobia at some time in their lives and the prevalence is approximately double in females compared to males. An estimated 19.3% of adolescents experience
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The majority of those that develop a specific phobia first experience symptoms in childhood. Often individuals will experience symptoms periodically with periods of remission before complete remission occurs. However, specific phobias that continue into adulthood are likely to experience a more
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may also contribute to the persistence of non-experiential phobia. Certain phobias that are less lethal (e.g. dogs) seem to be more frequently observed and easily acquired in comparison to potentially lethal fears which are more relevant to developed human society (e.g. cars and guns). This was
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model of learning has also been used to suggest that a phobia will be learned when an event that causes a fear or anxiety reaction is paired with a neutral event. An example of this model is when being near a dog (neutral event) is paired with the emotional experience of being bitten by a dog,
100:
may be triggered both by the presence and the anticipation of the specific object or situation. The main behavioral sign of a specific phobia is avoidance. The fear or anxiety associated with specific phobia can also manifest in physical symptoms such as an increased heart rate,
69:
are common and normal, a phobia is an extreme type of fear where great lengths are taken to avoid being exposed to the particular danger. Phobias are considered the most common psychiatric disorder, affecting about 10% of the population in the US, according to the
324:
entering exposure therapy. In addition, high cortisol levels, high heart rate variation, evoking disgust, avoiding relaxation, focusing on cognitive changes, context variation, sleep, and memory-enhancing drugs can also reduce symptoms following exposure therapy.
341:—A therapy that exposes the person with a specific phobia to the most fearful stimulus first (i.e. the most intense part of the phobia). Patients are at great risk for dropping out of treatment as this method repeatedly exposes the patient to the fear.
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1296:"Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology"
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are occasionally used for acute symptom relief, but have not been shown to be effective for long-term treatment. There are some findings suggesting that adjuvant use of the NMDA receptor partial agonist,
393:, with virtual reality exposure therapy may improve specific phobia symptoms more than virtual reality exposure therapy alone. As of 2020, studies on the use of adjunct d-cycloserine are inconclusive.
137:, although this evidence did not support the idea that other specific phobias had genetic influence. Blood-injection-injury phobias are also believed to be the most heritable among specific phobias.
117:
The exact cause of specific phobias is not known. The mechanisms for development of specific phobias can be distinguished between innate (genetic and neurobiological) factors, and learned factors.
1124:
Böhnlein J, Altegoer L, Muck NK, Roesmann K, Redlich R, Dannlowski U, Leehr EJ (January 2020). "Factors influencing the success of exposure therapy for specific phobia: A systematic review".
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of specific phobias as many people do not seek treatment, with some surveys conducted in the US finding that 70% of the population reports having one or more unreasonable fears.
649:
512:
1205:
1341:
Hendriks SM, Spijker J, Licht CM, Beekman AT, Penninx BW (September 2013). "Two-year course of anxiety disorders: different across disorders or dimensions?".
380:, have shown preliminary efficacy in small randomized controlled clinical trials. However, these trials were too small to show any definitive benefits of
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149:. According to this theory, a person may internalize another person's fears about a specific object or situation through observation of their reactions.
2377:
1994:
1807:
1787:
727:
Davis TE, Ollendick TH, Ă–st LG (May 2019). "One-Session
Treatment of Specific Phobias in Children: Recent Developments and a Systematic Review".
2113:
369:
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347:—This method includes the clinician approaching the feared stimuli while the patient observes and tries to repeat the approach themselves.
1219:
Arroll B, Wallace HB, Mount V, Humm SP, Kingsford DW (April 2017). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of treatments for acrophobia".
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resulting in a chronic fear which is described as a specific phobia to dogs. An alternative proposed mechanism of association is through
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1438:"Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders"
988:"Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders"
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specifies that the symptoms must be excessive or unreasonable. Minor differences have persisted between the ICD-11 and DSM-5.
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335:—A therapy that exposes the person to increasing levels of vivid stimuli gradually and frequently, while instructed to relax.
2123:
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in response to stimuli may be exaggerated due to pathological changes. According to this theory, a deficiency in amygdala
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Females are twice as likely to be diagnosed than males with a specific phobia (although this can depend on the stimulus).
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year. Treatment may be more successful at reducing symptoms in people with low trait anxiety, high motivation, and high
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2031:
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275:. Different psychological treatments have varying levels of effects depending on the specific phobia being addressed.
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Other – Situations which can lead to choking or vomiting, and children's fears of loud sounds or costumed characters.
930:"An organization- and category-level comparison of diagnostic requirements for mental disorders in ICD-11 and DSM-5"
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Specific phobia is estimated to affect 6–12% of people at some point in their life. There may be a large amount of
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Children and adolescents who are diagnosed with a specific phobia are at an increased risk for additional
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symptoms. Different treatments are better suited for certain types of specific phobia. For instance,
824:"A review and meta-analysis of the heritability of specific phobia subtypes and corresponding fears"
823:
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In neurobiology, one explanation proposed for specific phobia is that the typical activation of the
74:, (among children, 5%; among teens, 16%). About 75% of patients have more than one specific phobia.
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2011:
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315:(VRET) for spider, dental, and height phobias, applied muscle tension (AMT) for needle phobia, and
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therapy. Other interventions have been successful for particular types of specific phobia, such as
102:
1294:
Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, Allgulander C, Bandelow B, den Boer JA, et al. (May 2014).
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due to the effort that a patient makes to avoid the terrifying feelings associated with the fear.
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There are a variety of treatment options available for specific phobias, most of which focus on
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Although the avoidance resulting from specific phobia is comparable to other anxiety disorders,
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2006:
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Wardenaar KJ, Lim CC, Al-Hamzawi AO, Alonso J, Andrade LH, Benjet C, et al. (July 2017).
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Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, Chokka P, Kjernisted K, Van
Ameringen M, et al. (2014).
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Reus VI (2018). "Anxiety
Disorders". In Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper GL, Hauser SL (eds.).
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Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, Chokka P, Kjernisted K, Van
Ameringen M, et al. (2014).
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First MB, Gaebel W, Maj M, Stein DJ, Kogan CS, Saunders JB, et al. (February 2021).
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Exposure can be "live"(in real life) or imaginal (in ones imagination) and can involve:
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1389:"The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Surveys"
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Van Houtem CM, Laine ML, Boomsma DI, Ligthart L, van Wijk AJ, De Jongh A (May 2013).
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In the DSM-5, there are several types which specific phobia can be classified under:
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specific phobia, but the difference between males and females is not as pronounced.
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statistically significant in some measures of anxiety reduction, but not others.
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1999:
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1042:"Why Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Is the Current Gold Standard of Psychotherapy"
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775:"The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for fears and phobias"
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2016:
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is not itself a symptom of specific phobias and falls under the criteria of
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Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
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220:– Including fear of medical procedures, including needles and injections (
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1097:"Phobias - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice"
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Situational type – Including the fear of small confined spaces (
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is done through examining underlying causes for the behavior.
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Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5)
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is also considered distinct from specific phobia, along with
650:"Phobias Symptoms & Causes | Boston Children's Hospital"
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Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry
773:
Loken EK, Hettema JM, Aggen SH, Kendler KS (August 2014).
576:
Smith M, Robinson L, Segal R, Segal J (September 2020).
549:. American Psychiatric Association (APA). 22 May 2013.
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Natural environment type – Including fear of water (
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Encyclopedia of Mental
Disorders – Specific phobias
368:are useful in those with performance anxiety. The
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35:
1271:(20 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education
885:Craske MG, Stein MB (December 2016). "Anxiety".
519:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
463:Eaton WW, Bienvenu OJ, Miloyan B (August 2018).
351:Exposures that are imaginal are less effective.
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624:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
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680:"Neurobiology of fear and specific phobias"
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2519:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
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1268:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
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517:National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
32:
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2782:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
2378:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
370:selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors
1040:David D, Cristea I, Hofmann SG (2018).
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109:, or a desire to escape the situation.
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1126:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
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1170:Sadock BJ, Sadock SA, Ruiz P (2017).
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741:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095608
523:from the original on 22 February 2022
384:medication alone in treating phobia.
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729:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
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2485:Physiological and physical behavior
2431:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
1825:Emotional and behavioral disorders
279:Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
25:
2611:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
1911:X-linked intellectual disability
1221:The Medical Journal of Australia
313:virtual reality exposure therapy
195:), lightning and thunderstorms (
1740:Intermittent explosive disorder
1665:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
1138:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.009
228:) and fear of getting injured (
2383:Dissociative identity disorder
1648:Adult personality and behavior
1343:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
616:Samra CK, Abdijadid S (2021).
578:"Phobias and Irrational Fears"
131:blood-injection-injury phobias
1:
1300:Journal of Psychopharmacology
899:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30381-6
843:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.04.007
481:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30169-X
253:avoidant personality disorder
168:– Including fear of spiders (
2787:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
2324:Generalized anxiety disorder
2057:Neurological and symptomatic
1702:Sexual relationship disorder
831:Journal of Anxiety Disorders
290:Cognitive behavioral therapy
285:Cognitive behavioral therapy
2563:REM sleep behavior disorder
2032:Seasonal affective disorder
1830:Separation anxiety disorder
678:Garcia R (September 2017).
218:Blood/injection/injury type
2896:
2830:Symptoms and uncategorized
1931:developmental disabilities
1697:Sexual maturation disorder
1455:10.1186/1471-244X-14-S1-S1
1005:10.1186/1471-244X-14-S1-S1
333:Systematic desensitization
300:
282:
273:psychosocial interventions
27:Specific, irrational fears
2835:
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2792:Simple-type schizophrenia
2761:Schizophreniform disorder
2713:
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2479:
2227:
2206:
2139:Mild cognitive impairment
2124:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
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2022:Major depressive disorder
1975:
1961:
1927:Psychological development
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1781:
1653:
1642:
1405:10.1017/S0033291717000174
791:10.1017/S0033291713003012
654:www.childrenshospital.org
2840:Impulse-control disorder
2756:Schizoaffective disorder
2751:Brief reactive psychosis
2448:Mass psychogenic illness
2411:Body dysmorphic disorder
2190:Post-concussion syndrome
1800:Emotional and behavioral
1588:C562465 C562465, C562465
1312:10.1177/0269881114525674
1059:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00004
2777:Childhood schizophrenia
2129:Frontotemporal dementia
2086:High-functioning autism
1903:Intellectual disability
1046:Frontiers in Psychiatry
249:substance use disorders
2294:Specific social phobia
2185:Organic brain syndrome
2027:Melancholic depression
1788:Childhood and learning
1393:Psychological Medicine
779:Psychological Medicine
469:The Lancet. Psychiatry
241:differential diagnosis
147:observational learning
142:classical conditioning
2850:Psychomotor agitation
2640:and substance-related
2583:Postpartum depression
2463:Somatization disorder
2349:Acute stress reaction
2114:AIDS dementia complex
696:10.1101/lm.044115.116
684:Learning & Memory
2845:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
2675:Substance dependence
2588:Postpartum psychosis
2134:Huntington's disease
1916:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
1765:Personality disorder
1176:(Tenth ed.). .
1101:bestpractice.bmj.com
893:(10063): 3048–3059.
359:Pharmacotherapeutics
255:. The occurrence of
96:Fear, discomfort or
2725:Delusional disorder
2670:Stimulant psychosis
2660:Physical dependence
2514:Rumination syndrome
2416:Conversion disorder
2393:Psychogenic amnesia
2243:with depressed mood
2241:Adjustment disorder
2144:Parkinson's disease
2119:Alzheimer's disease
2012:Atypical depression
1848:Social functioning
1723:Munchausen syndrome
1718:Factitious disorder
1233:10.5694/mja16.00540
103:shortness of breath
2744:schizophrenia-like
2388:Dissociative fugue
1837:Movement disorders
1355:10.1111/acps.12024
465:"Specific phobias"
224:), fear of blood (
105:, muscle tension,
92:Signs and symptoms
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1957:
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1891:Tourette syndrome
1777:
1776:
1773:
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1488:"Specific Phobia"
1399:(10): 1744–1760.
1183:978-1-4963-8915-2
946:10.1002/wps.20825
785:(11): 2375–2384.
618:"Specific Phobia"
556:978-0-89042-557-2
513:"Specific Phobia"
61:fear of anything.
50:
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30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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2504:Anorexia nervosa
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2458:Psychogenic pain
2426:Globus pharyngis
2274:Childhood phobia
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1862:Selective mutism
1813:Conduct disorder
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1760:Trichotillomania
1735:Gender dysphoria
1730:Fear of intimacy
1687:Sexual anhedonia
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1631:Mental disorders
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724:
718:
717:
707:
675:
669:
668:
666:
665:
656:. Archived from
646:
640:
639:
637:
636:
613:
592:
591:
589:
588:
573:
567:
566:
564:
563:
541:
532:
531:
529:
528:
509:
503:
502:
492:
460:
308:Exposure therapy
303:Exposure therapy
297:Exposure therapy
210:), or the dark (
57:anxiety disorder
33:
21:
18:Specific phobias
2895:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2859:
2831:
2812:
2796:
2765:
2743:
2734:
2709:
2684:
2641:
2638:substance abuse
2615:
2592:
2569:
2523:
2509:Bulimia nervosa
2486:
2467:
2443:Hypochondriasis
2438:False pregnancy
2421:Ganser syndrome
2403:Somatic symptom
2397:
2360:
2312:
2301:Specific phobia
2246:
2223:
2194:
2168:
2100:
2096:Savant syndrome
2068:Autism spectrum
2058:
2043:
1971:
1949:
1928:
1922:
1897:
1790:
1769:
1745:Dermatillomania
1706:
1692:Sexual anorexia
1649:
1638:
1628:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1532:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1496:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1448:(Suppl 1): S1.
1435:
1434:
1430:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1196:
1184:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1085:
1039:
1038:
1031:
998:(Suppl 1): S1.
985:
984:
971:
927:
926:
922:
884:
883:
874:
826:
821:
820:
816:
772:
771:
764:
726:
725:
721:
677:
676:
672:
663:
661:
648:
647:
643:
634:
632:
615:
614:
595:
586:
584:
575:
574:
570:
561:
559:
557:
543:
542:
535:
526:
524:
511:
510:
506:
462:
461:
450:
445:
432:List of phobias
428:
408:
399:
386:Benzodiazepines
361:
317:psychoeducation
305:
299:
287:
281:
269:
155:
115:
94:
88:later in life.
86:psychopathology
53:Specific phobia
36:Specific phobia
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2697:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2665:Rebound effect
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2606:Hypersexuality
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
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2540:
2534:
2532:
2525:
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2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
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2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2339:Panic disorder
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2306:Claustrophobia
2298:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2289:Anthropophobia
2281:
2279:Social anxiety
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2211:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2149:Pick's disease
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
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1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
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1714:
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1708:
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1684:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1635:Classification
1629:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1579:
1564:
1549:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:Classification
1518:
1517:
1510:
1509:External links
1507:
1504:
1503:
1479:
1442:BMC Psychiatry
1428:
1376:
1349:(3): 212–221.
1333:
1306:(5): 403–439.
1281:
1254:
1227:(6): 263–267.
1211:
1182:
1159:
1113:
1083:
1029:
992:BMC Psychiatry
969:
920:
872:
851:11245/1.398074
837:(4): 379–388.
814:
762:
735:(1): 233–256.
719:
690:(9): 462–471.
670:
641:
593:
568:
555:
533:
504:
475:(8): 678–686.
447:
446:
444:
441:
440:
439:
434:
427:
424:
412:underreporting
407:
404:
398:
395:
360:
357:
349:
348:
342:
336:
301:Main article:
298:
295:
283:Main article:
280:
277:
268:
265:
261:panic disorder
237:
236:
233:
230:traumatophobia
215:
208:claustrophobia
204:
185:
180:), or snakes (
154:
151:
135:animal phobias
114:
111:
93:
90:
48:
47:
44:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2892:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2827:
2823:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:Schizophrenia
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:Schizophrenia
2695:
2691:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:Drug overdose
2648:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2598:Sexual desire
2595:
2589:
2586:
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2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2561:
2559:
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2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
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2497:
2493:
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2478:
2464:
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2459:
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2307:
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2303:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2284:Social phobia
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
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2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2219:-related and
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
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2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
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2115:
2112:
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2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
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1900:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
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1867:
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1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
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1797:
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1789:
1784:
1780:
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1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
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1743:
1741:
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1733:
1731:
1728:
1724:
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1569:
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1526:
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1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
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1447:
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1439:
1432:
1429:
1424:
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1383:
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1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
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1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
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1301:
1297:
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1270:
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1261:
1259:
1255:
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1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
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1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
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1118:
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1102:
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1043:
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1001:
997:
993:
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982:
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956:
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924:
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912:
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888:
881:
879:
877:
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844:
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836:
832:
825:
818:
815:
810:
806:
801:
796:
792:
788:
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780:
776:
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767:
763:
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750:
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723:
720:
715:
711:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
671:
660:on 2019-02-04
659:
655:
651:
645:
642:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
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594:
583:
582:HelpGuide.org
579:
572:
569:
558:
552:
548:
547:
540:
538:
534:
522:
518:
514:
508:
505:
500:
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491:
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482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
459:
457:
455:
453:
449:
442:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
425:
423:
419:
415:
413:
405:
403:
396:
394:
392:
391:d-cycloserine
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:beta blockers
358:
356:
352:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
330:
329:
326:
323:
322:self-efficacy
318:
314:
309:
304:
296:
294:
291:
286:
278:
276:
274:
266:
264:
262:
258:
257:panic attacks
254:
250:
246:
242:
234:
231:
227:
223:
222:trypanophobia
219:
216:
213:
209:
205:
202:
201:gerascophobia
199:), or aging (
198:
194:
190:
186:
183:
182:ophidiophobia
179:
175:
171:
170:arachnophobia
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
152:
150:
148:
143:
138:
136:
132:
127:
123:
118:
112:
110:
108:
104:
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91:
89:
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82:
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75:
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68:
63:
62:
58:
54:
45:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2730:Folie Ă deux
2655:Intoxication
2636:substances,
2634:Psychoactive
2553:Night terror
2370:Dissociative
2334:Panic attack
2300:
1886:Tic disorder
1581:
1566:
1551:
1536:
1495:. Retrieved
1491:
1482:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1396:
1392:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1303:
1299:
1273:. Retrieved
1267:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1172:
1129:
1125:
1105:. Retrieved
1103:. 2021-10-28
1100:
1049:
1045:
995:
991:
940:(1): 34–51.
937:
933:
923:
890:
886:
834:
830:
817:
782:
778:
732:
728:
722:
687:
683:
673:
662:. Retrieved
658:the original
653:
644:
633:. Retrieved
621:
585:. Retrieved
581:
571:
560:. Retrieved
545:
525:. Retrieved
516:
507:
472:
468:
420:
416:
409:
406:Epidemiology
400:
378:escitalopram
362:
353:
350:
344:
338:
332:
327:
306:
288:
270:
238:
191:), heights (
174:entomophobia
172:), insects (
160:
156:
139:
119:
116:
95:
83:
80:
76:
64:
52:
51:
2703:schizotypal
2538:Hypersomnia
2528:Nonorganic
2269:Agoraphobia
2000:Cyclothymia
1995:Bipolar NOS
1970:(affective)
1842:Stereotypic
1750:Kleptomania
1132:: 796–820.
245:Agoraphobia
212:nyctophobia
197:astraphobia
166:Animal type
126:habituation
2855:Stereotypy
2718:Delusional
2707:delusional
2680:Withdrawal
2548:Parasomnia
2453:Nosophobia
2233:Adjustment
2221:somatoform
2154:Sundowning
2007:Depression
1990:Bipolar II
1879:Stuttering
1874:Cluttering
1670:Paraphilia
1497:2021-11-29
1275:2021-11-29
1107:2021-11-28
664:2021-06-14
635:2021-11-29
622:StatPearls
587:2021-06-14
562:2021-06-14
527:2021-06-14
443:References
382:anxiolytic
374:paroxetine
226:hemophobia
193:acrophobia
189:aquaphobia
178:cynophobia
46:Psychiatry
2808:Catatonia
2740:Psychosis
2575:Postnatal
2558:Nightmare
2164:Wandering
2017:Dysthymia
1985:Bipolar I
1940:Pervasive
1755:Pyromania
1680:Voyeurism
1675:Fetishism
1200:cite book
1192:988106757
1154:208988502
915:208789585
397:Prognosis
372:(SSRIs),
267:Treatment
176:), dogs (
153:Diagnosis
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2874:Category
2543:Insomnia
2213:Neurotic
2180:Delirium
2106:Dementia
1945:Specific
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1423:28222820
1363:23106669
1328:28893331
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1146:31830494
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867:34359477
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714:28814472
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521:Archived
499:30060873
426:See also
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107:sweating
2880:Phobias
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2091:PDD-NOS
1980:Bipolar
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1371:8009247
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2496:Eating
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2261:Phobia
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1583:MeSH
1572:9-CM
1547:6B03
1470:PMID
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1316:PMID
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