104:. Avoidance relations differ from tribe to tribe in terms of strictness and to whom they apply. Typically, there is an avoidance relationship between a man and his mother-in-law, usually between a woman and her father-in-law, and sometimes between any person and their same-sex parent-in-law. For some tribes, avoidance relationships are extended to other family members, such as the mother-in-law's brother in
159:, a man and his mother-in-law may not make eye contact, face one another or directly talk to each other. Rather, they must address a third person or even a nearby object. For slightly less restricted relationships, such as between a man and his father-in-law, avoidance style is used and must be spoken in a slow, soft voice. An extreme case of avoidance behavior is found in the
171:
Children in these cultures acquire avoidance speech forms as part of their normal language development, learning with whom to use them at a fairly young age. Additionally, a few languages have another style, called a "secret language" or "mystic language", that is taught to boys as part of initiation
151:"travel" covers several everyday verbs meaning "go", "walk", "crawl", "paddle", "float, sail, drift", and "limp along". Corresponding avoidance and everyday words are generally not linguistically related. Avoidance forms tend to be longer than everyday forms.
154:
In some areas, the avoidance style is used by both members of the avoidance relationship; in others the senior member may talk to the junior in everyday style. Behavior associated with avoidance speech is a continuum and varies between tribes. For the
230:, as well as Sotho. This special speech style and correlating respectful behaviors may be used in many contexts, but is most strongly associated with married women in respect to their father-in-law and other senior male relatives. Women who practice
1173:
33:
is a group of sociolinguistic phenomena in which a special restricted speech style must be used in the presence of or in reference to certain relatives, or in certain situations. Avoidance speech is found in many
879:
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1100:
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616:
McGrath, Pam; Phillips, Emma (2008). "Australian findings on
Aboriginal cultural practices associated with clothing, hair, possessions and use of name of deceased persons".
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139:. Typically, the taboo lexical set has a one-to-many correspondence with the everyday set. For example, in Dyirbal the avoidance style has one word,
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1304:
813:
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Fandrych, Ingrid. "Between tradition and the requirements of modern life: Hlonipha in southern Bantu societies, with special reference to
Lesotho."
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874:
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O'Connor, Mary
Catherine (1990). "Third-person reference in Northern Pomo conversation: The indexing of discourse genre and social relations".
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prohibits speaking and writing syllables or characters that appear in the names of esteemed people, such as emperors, parents, and ancestors.
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as their names. They avoid the taboo words phonologically (substituting sounds) or lexically (replacing words with synonyms, etc.). The
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do not pronounce any words beginning with the same syllable as the name of their husband's mother or father. Instead, they may use
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system also includes avoidance of the names of certain relatives by all speakers and physical avoidance of certain relatives.
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trilogy; the ambulatory males and females avoid most direct communication, and use separate language styles otherwise.
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77:, however, tends to be smaller than in normal speech since the styles are only used for limited communication.
43:
730:
Treis, Yvonne (2005). "Avoiding their names, avoiding their eyes: How
Kambaata women respect their in-laws".
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Goddard, Ives (1979). "South Texas and the lower Rio Grande". In
Campbell, L.; Mithun, M. (eds.).
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is closely tied to elaborate tribal kinship systems in which certain relatives are considered
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Hoijer, Harry (1945). "The
Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes".
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120:– more people may fall into the "mother-in-law" category than just a man's wife's mother.
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A special system of avoidance vocabulary is traditionally used by married women speaking
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196:, and includes physical and linguistic avoidance of parents-in-law. Women who practice
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163:, in which a man and his mother-in-law may not speak at all in each other's presence.
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Finlayson, Rosalie. "Hlonipha—the women's language of avoidance among the Xhosa."
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527:. Vol. Section 3.3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–65.
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143:, for all lizards, while the everyday style differentiates many varieties. In
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Rudwick, Stephanie, and
Magcino Shange. "Hlonipha and the rural Zulu woman."
1581:
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261:
136:
66:
17:
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Prabhakaran, Varijakshi. "Hlonipha in
Dravidian Languages and Society?."
205:
743:
572:
132:
74:
70:
717:
Tefera, Anbessa (1987). "Ballissha: Women's Speech Among the Sidama".
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The languages of native
America: Historical and comparative assessment
523:
Dixon, R. M. W. (1980). "Speech and song styles: Avoidance styles".
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Avoidance speech styles used with taboo relatives are often called
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127:, although they are not actually separate languages but separate
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may not say the names of these men or any words with the same
765:
Lecture notes on
Dyirbal illustrating mother-in-law language
750:
Zungu, Phyllis. "Some aspects of hlonipha in Zulu society."
204:, synonyms or semantically similar words, antonyms, or
610:
Assessing politeness, language and gender in hlonipha.
543:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 355–389.
696:"Word taboo and comparative Austronesian linguistics"
1641:
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1204:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
770:One of three "LanguageHat" blog posts in the topic
73:as the standard language they are a part of. The
644:Mous, Maarten. 2015. Laws of in-law-languages.
214:is a traditional system of avoidance speech in
1691:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
1194:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
65:Avoidance speech styles tend to have the same
1179:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
790:
653:International Journal of American Linguistics
582:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
1286:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
1271:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
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549:South African Journal of African Languages
618:International Journal of Nursing Practice
1008:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
880:People from politics and public service
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172:rituals, and is only used between men.
806:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
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988:Literature of Indigenous Australians
338:Brave Bird, Mary (27 January 2009).
252:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
1169:Aborigines Progressive Association
25:
712:from the original on 2 July 2021.
630:10.1111/j.1440-172X.2007.00667.x
182:Highland East Cushitic languages
52:Highland East Cushitic languages
1763:Australian Aboriginal languages
1507:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
533:Journal of Language and Culture
285:: fictional race from the post-
98:Australian Aboriginal languages
36:Australian Aboriginal languages
1719:Uluru Statement from the Heart
1136:Torres Strait Island languages
1:
1184:Australian Aborigines' League
1164:Aborigines Advancement League
1081:Australian Aboriginal English
608:Luthuli, Thobekile Patience.
295:Taboo against naming the dead
218:of southern Africa including
184:in southwestern Ethiopia. In
1224:National Reconciliation Week
719:Journal of Ethiopian Studies
555:Herbert, Robert K. (1990). "
279:: Australian ritual language
1276:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
1214:Registered Aboriginal Party
1199:National Indigenous Council
1086:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
732:Anthropological Linguistics
1799:
1654:Constitutional recognition
1523:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
1159:Aboriginal Medical Service
559:and the Ambiguous Woman".
525:The languages of Australia
147:the avoidance speech verb
84:
1048:Traditional custodianship
690:23, no. 82 (2009): 66-75.
56:Southern Bantu languages
27:Sociolinguistic phenomena
1513:Australian Frontier Wars
1219:Reconciliation Australia
267:Honorifics (linguistics)
192:, this system is called
87:Taboo on naming the dead
44:North American languages
1565:Australian history wars
1426:Contemporary visual art
842:Torres Strait Islanders
551:2, no. 1 (1982): 35-60.
535:3, no. 4 (2012): 67-73.
125:mother-in-law languages
92:Mother-in-law languages
1261:Kimberley Land Council
1111:Pama–Nyungan languages
1101:Loanwords into English
1018:Religion and mythology
971:Torres Strait Islander
822:Aboriginal Australians
208:from other languages.
40:Austronesian languages
1600:Native Title Act 1993
1535:Cummeragunja walk-off
1281:Northern Land Council
1131:Torres Strait English
1058:Torres Strait Islands
694:Simons, Gary (1982).
216:Nguni Bantu languages
1256:Central Land Council
116:. All relations are
96:Avoidance speech in
1013:Outstation movement
852:Western Australians
703:Pacific Linguistics
509:, pp. 460–461.
497:, pp. 457–459.
461:, pp. 292–294.
328:, pp. 157–226.
1706:Stolen Generations
1696:Self-determination
1616:Stolen Generations
1550:Historical figures
1530:Caledon Bay crisis
1353:Fire-stick farming
1266:Maralinga Tjarutja
885:Performing artists
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1633:Western Australia
1368:Possum-skin cloak
1299:
1298:
1291:Tiwi Land Council
1126:Taboo on the dead
1091:Australian Creole
832:Aboriginal groups
705:(C–76): 157–226.
449:, pp. 44–59.
437:, pp. 65–68.
413:, pp. 59–60.
401:, pp. 61–64.
389:, pp. 58–59.
272:Pandanus language
48:Anishinaabe-mowin
16:(Redirected from
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1783:Ritual languages
1778:Sociolinguistics
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1076:Avoidance speech
1038:Smoking ceremony
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754:(1997): 171-181.
752:Language Matters
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683:(1998): 117-131.
681:Language Matters
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612:PhD diss., 2007.
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1674:Native title
1628:Tent embassy
1611:Pintupi Nine
1598:
1518:Bathurst War
1505:
1488:Yininmadyemi
1473:Sandpainting
1468:Papunya Tula
1463:NATSIA Award
1451:Music groups
1373:Scarred tree
1343:Dugout canoe
1075:
1033:Sacred sites
948:The Dreaming
890:Sportspeople
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624:(1): 57–66.
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129:lexical sets
124:
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60:naming taboo
30:
29:
18:Speech taboo
1669:Land rights
1572:King plates
1388:Sweet foods
1358:Food groups
1328:Bush tucker
1068:Language(s)
1003:NAIDOC Week
953:Enumeration
862:Individuals
827:Communities
447:Tefera 1987
326:Simons 1982
257:Minced oath
240:ukuhlonipha
232:ukuhlonipha
212:Ukuhlonipha
1757:Categories
1560:Prehistory
1483:Visual art
1436:Didgeridoo
1348:Fibrecraft
1323:Bush bread
1189:Mass media
1116:Placenames
993:Marn Grook
983:Kurdaitcha
966:Aboriginal
928:Corroboree
847:Victorians
837:Tasmanians
517:References
471:Treis 2005
459:Treis 2005
435:Dixon 1980
423:Dixon 1980
411:Dixon 1980
399:Dixon 1980
387:Dixon 1980
363:Treis 2005
314:Dixon 1980
283:Pequeninos
206:borrowings
202:paraphrase
198:ballishsha
194:ballishsha
85:See also:
58:. Chinese
1773:Etiquette
1582:Black War
1577:Massacres
1416:Artefacts
1313:Boomerang
1305:Bushcraft
1229:Sorry Day
1043:Songlines
918:Astronomy
875:Musicians
870:Activists
673:144782956
602:143582901
561:Anthropos
262:Euphemism
137:phonology
81:Australia
67:phonology
1589:Missions
1441:Dreaming
1338:Coolamon
1209:Politics
1053:Tjurunga
744:25132339
725:: 44–59.
707:Archived
638:18190485
573:40463571
557:Hlonipha
246:See also
186:Kambaata
106:Warlpiri
46:such as
1621:Apology
1555:History
1498:History
1398:Woomera
1174:AIATSIS
1028:Seasons
978:Kinship
943:Deities
933:Country
910:Culture
900:Writers
814:Peoples
133:grammar
114:Dyirbal
75:lexicon
71:grammar
1725:Treaty
1664:Health
1642:Issues
1106:Palawa
962:Flags
958:Elders
742:
688:Agenda
671:
646:Online
636:
600:
571:
346:
190:Sidamo
176:Africa
161:Umpila
149:bali-l
1768:Taboo
1735:Voice
1730:Truth
1659:Crime
1446:Music
1431:Dance
1393:Waddy
1378:Soaks
1363:Humpy
1154:ATSIC
740:JSTOR
710:(PDF)
699:(PDF)
669:S2CID
598:S2CID
569:JSTOR
301:Notes
277:Damin
228:Swazi
224:Xhosa
141:jijan
102:taboo
1478:Vibe
1456:Rock
1408:Arts
1318:Buka
1238:TSRA
1023:Riji
923:Bora
634:PMID
344:ISBN
236:root
226:and
220:Zulu
188:and
135:and
69:and
54:and
38:and
661:doi
626:doi
590:doi
112:in
108:or
1759::
736:47
734:.
723:XX
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222:,
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798:e
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784:v
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628::
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592::
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316:.
20:)
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