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301:. Logarithmic companding are consistent with human hearing perception in that a low-amplitude noise is heard along a low-amplitude speech signal but is masked by a high-amplitude one. Although this would generate unacceptable distortion in a music signal, the peaky nature of speech waveforms, combined with the simple frequency structure of speech as a
202:
Speech coding differs from other forms of audio coding in that speech is a simpler signal than other audio signals, and statistical information is available about the properties of speech. As a result, some auditory information that is relevant in general audio coding can be unnecessary in the speech
316:
variants, but after careful consideration, the A-law/ÎĽ-law algorithms were chosen by the designers of the early digital telephony systems. At the time of their design, their 33% bandwidth reduction for a very low complexity made an excellent engineering compromise. Their audio performance remains
371:
for transmission, to avoid losses due to transmission errors. In order to get the best overall coding results, speech coding and channel coding methods are chosen in pairs, with the more important bits in the speech data stream protected by more robust channel coding.
344:, than was available for earlier compression techniques. As a result, modern speech compression algorithms could use far more complex techniques than were available in the 1960s to achieve far higher compression ratios.
1276:
Alan McCree, “A scalable phonetic vocoder framework using joint predictive vector quantization of MELP parameters,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech, Signal
Processing, 2006, pp. I 705–708, Toulouse,
363:
stage that models the spectral envelope and a code-book-based model of the residual of the linear predictive model. In CELP, linear prediction coefficients (LPC) are computed and quantized, usually as
787:
J. H. Chen, R. V. Cox, Y.-C. Lin, N. S. Jayant, and M. J. Melchner, A low-delay CELP coder for the CCITT 16 kb/s speech coding standard. IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun. 10(5): 830-849, June 1992.
769:
M. Arjona RamĂrez and M. Minami, "Technology and standards for low-bit-rate vocoding methods," in The
Handbook of Computer Networks, H. Bidgoli, Ed., New York: Wiley, 2011, vol. 2, pp. 447–467.
955:
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algorithm and the lower-latency MDCT-based CELT algorithm, switching between or combining them as needed for maximal efficiency. It is widely used for VoIP calls in
778:
P. Kroon, "Evaluation of speech coders," in Speech Coding and
Synthesis, W. Bastiaan Kleijn and K. K. Paliwal, Ed., Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1995, pp. 467-494.
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techniques to model the speech signal, combined with generic data compression algorithms to represent the resulting modeled parameters in a compact bitstream.
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Schnell, Markus; Schmidt, Markus; Jander, Manuel; Albert, Tobias; Geiger, Ralf; Ruoppila, Vesa; Ekstrand, Per; Bernhard, Grill (October 2008).
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Zeghidour, Neil; Luebs, Alejandro; Omran, Ahmed; Skoglund, Jan; Tagliasacchi, Marco (2022). "SoundStream: An End-to-End Neural Audio Codec".
1995:
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speech coding, only information in the frequency band 400 to 3500 Hz is transmitted but the reconstructed signal retains adequate
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of speech while using a constrained amount of transmitted data. In addition, most speech applications require low coding delay, as
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1158:. In Thampi, Sabu M.; PĂ©rez, Gregorio MartĂnez; Westphall, Carlos Becker; Hu, Jiankun; Fan, Chun I.; Mármol, FĂ©lix GĂłmez (eds.).
336:, where very low data rates were used to achieve effective operation in a hostile radio environment. At the same time, far more
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with occasional added noise bursts, make these very simple instantaneous compression algorithms acceptable for speech.
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can be seen as an earlier precursor of speech encoding, requiring only 8 bits per sample but giving effectively 12
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Much of the later work in speech compression was motivated by military research into digital communications for
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1195:. In Le, Dac-Nhuong; Kumar, Raghvendra; Mishra, Brojo Kishore; Chatterjee, Jyotir Moy; Khari, Manju (eds.).
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codec, which has a scalable structure, was standardized by ITU-T. The input sampling rate is 16 kHz.
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Cyber
Security in Parallel and Distributed Computing: Concepts, Techniques, Applications and Case Studies
447:, offering intelligible speech at 600 bit/s and below. Neural vocoder approaches have also emerged:
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443:, which operates at bit rates as low as 450 bit/s, sees use in amateur radio. NATO currently uses
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798:"Soo Hyun Bae, ECE 8873 Data Compression & Modeling, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004"
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is used to transmit only data that is relevant to the human auditory system. For example, in
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571:(Google): V1 uses neural network reconstruction of log-mel spectrogram; V2 is an end-to-end
367:(LSPs). In addition to the actual speech coding of the signal, it is often necessary to use
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Srivastava, Saurabh Ranjan; Dube, Sachin; Shrivastaya, Gulshan; Sharma, Kavita (2019).
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International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering
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Valin, Jean-Marc; Maxwell, Gregory; Terriberry, Timothy B.; Vos, Koen (October 2013).
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acceptable, and there was no need to replace them in the stationary phone network.
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Security in
Computing and Communications: 5th International Symposium, SSCC 2017
572:
37:
1204:
1193:"Smartphone Triggered Security Challenges: Issues, Case Studies and Prevention"
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also uses machine learning, but uses a higher tunable bitrate and is wideband.
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coding context. Speech coding stresses the preservation of intelligibility and
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1975:
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MPEG-4 Enhanced Low Delay AAC - A New
Standard for High Quality Communication
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351:(LPC). In particular, the most common speech coding scheme is the LPC-based
192:
168:(VoIP). The most widely used speech coding technique in mobile telephony is
17:
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G.711.1 : Wideband embedded extension for G.711 pulse code modulation
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by Google gives an "almost eerie" quality at 3 kbit/s. Microsoft's
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172:(LPC), while the most widely used in VoIP applications are the LPC and
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The techniques employed in speech coding are similar to those used in
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LPCNet (Mozilla, Xiph): neural network reconstruction of LPC features
527:
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751:
Arjona RamĂrez, M.; Minam, M. (2003). "Low bit rate speech coding".
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A wide variety of other algorithms were tried at the time, mostly
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ITU-T Perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) tool
Sources
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format introduced in 1999. MDCT has since been widely adopted in
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IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and
Language Processing
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31:
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ITU-T Test
Signals for Telecommunication Systems Test Samples
899:"Application of MFCC in Text Independent Speaker Recognition"
359:
standard. In CELP, the modeling is divided in two stages, a
753:
Wiley Encyclopedia of Telecommunications, J. G. Proakis, Ed
347:
The most widely used speech coding algorithms are based on
1071:
1154:
Hazra, Sudip; Mateti, Prabhaker (September 13–16, 2017).
1057:
by Timothy B. Terriberry (65 minutes of video, see also
1289:"Google Makes Its Lyra Low Bitrate Speech Codec Public"
1128:"WhatsApp laid bare: Info-sucking app's innards probed"
416:
audio coder. It combines the speech-oriented LPC-based
1314:"Lyra, Satin and the future of voice codecs in WebRTC"
1099:
High-Quality, Low-Delay Music Coding in the Opus Codec
379:(MDCT) is used in the LD-MDCT technique used by the
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Sample companding viewed as a form of speech coding
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1199:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 187–206 (200).
355:(CELP) coding, which is used for example in the
27:Lossy audio compression applied to human speech
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8:
1338:"LPCNet: Efficient neural speech synthesis"
1237:"Open Source Software used in PlayStation4"
552:Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation
402:(using AAC-LD) introduced in 2010, and the
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1943:
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428:video game console also uses Opus for its
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1024:"Inside iPhone 4: FaceTime video calling"
828:
160:Common applications of speech coding are
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
743:
1340:. Xiph.Org Foundation. 8 August 2023.
149:. Speech coding uses speech-specific
7:
1239:. Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc
1162:. Springer. pp. 286–299 (290).
994:VoIP Voice and Fax Signal Processing
211:interferes with speech interaction.
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1022:Daniel Eran Dilger (June 8, 2010).
435:A number of codecs with even lower
864:. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
522:Modified discrete cosine transform
377:modified discrete cosine transform
219:Speech coders are of two classes:
174:modified discrete cosine transform
25:
1312:Levent-Levi, Tsahi (2021-04-19).
1156:"Challenges in Android Forensics"
991:Nagireddi, Sivannarayana (2008).
387:(VoIP) applications, such as the
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2560:
2551:
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1126:Leyden, John (27 October 2015).
1078:(Home page). Xiph.org Foundation
860:Jayant, N. S.; Noll, P. (1984).
36:
47:needs additional citations for
1048:Presentation of the CELT codec
546:for VoIP and videoconferencing
353:code-excited linear prediction
340:was available, in the form of
1:
759:. New York: Wiley: 1299–1308.
659:for VoIP or videoconferencing
1168:10.1007/978-981-10-6898-0_24
1287:Buckley, Ian (2021-04-08).
862:Digital coding of waveforms
2613:
2442:Compressed data structures
1764:RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman
1432:Asymmetric numeral systems
1205:10.1002/9781119488330.ch12
897:Gupta, Shipra (May 2016).
839:10.1109/TASLP.2021.3129994
717:Speech interface guideline
406:codec introduced in 2011.
394:codec introduced in 2006,
2546:
1801:Discrete cosine transform
1731:LZ77 + Huffman + context
1103:Audio Engineering Society
971:Audio Engineering Society
712:Digital signal processing
605:for military applications
328:Modern speech compression
2506:Smallest grammar problem
1101:. 135th AES Convention.
963:. 125th AES Convention.
473:Linear predictive coding
439:have been demonstrated.
349:linear predictive coding
254:Linear predictive coding
170:linear predictive coding
2447:Compressed suffix array
1996:Nyquist–Shannon theorem
155:audio signal processing
334:secure military radios
187:where appreciation of
181:audio data compression
2476:Kolmogorov complexity
2344:Video characteristics
1721:LZ77 + Huffman + ANS
999:John Wiley & Sons
676:Multi-Band Excitation
565:Neural speech coding
307:fundamental frequency
137:is an application of
2566:Compression software
2160:Compression artifact
2116:Psychoacoustic model
912:(5): 805–810 (806).
804:on 7 September 2006.
151:parameter estimation
56:improve this article
2556:Compression formats
2195:Texture compression
2190:Standard test image
2006:Silence compression
1059:presentation slides
732:Vector quantization
432:system party chat.
430:PlayStation Network
365:line spectral pairs
176:(MDCT) techniques.
145:signals containing
2464:Information theory
2319:Display resolution
2145:Chroma subsampling
1534:Byte pair encoding
1479:Shannon–Fano–Elias
1053:2011-08-07 at the
299:bits of resolution
236:Frequency-domain:
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2427:
2378:Deblocking filter
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2123:
1933:
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1777:
1258:"GitHub - Codec2"
722:Speech processing
515:videoconferencing
361:linear predictive
303:periodic waveform
295:digital telephony
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
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2592:Data compression
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2383:Lapped transform
2287:
2165:Image resolution
2150:Coding tree unit
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1396:Data compression
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1266:. November 2019.
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928:. Archived from
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800:. Archived from
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727:Speech synthesis
338:processing power
314:delta modulation
305:having a single
287:ÎĽ-law algorithms
265:Machine learning
223:Waveform coders
162:mobile telephony
139:data compression
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2021:Sub-band coding
1929:
1854:Predictive type
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1741:LZSS + Huffman
1691:LZ77 + Huffman
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1526:Dictionary type
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1422:Adaptive coding
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238:sub-band coding
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197:intelligibility
189:psychoacoustics
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71:"Speech coding"
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2011:Sound quality
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935:on 2019-10-18
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385:voice-over-IP
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135:Speech coding
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73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2522:Hutter Prize
2486:Quantization
2391:Compensation
2185:Quantization
2015:
1908:Compensation
1474:Shannon–Fano
1414:Entropy type
1332:
1321:. Retrieved
1317:
1307:
1296:. Retrieved
1292:
1282:
1272:
1261:
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1231:
1196:
1186:
1159:
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1133:The Register
1131:
1121:
1098:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1075:
1072:"Opus Codec"
1066:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1028:AppleInsider
1017:
993:
986:
974:. Retrieved
964:
956:
949:
937:. Retrieved
930:the original
909:
905:
892:
882:, retrieved
876:
870:
861:
855:
820:
816:
810:
802:the original
792:
783:
774:
765:
756:
752:
746:
689:mobile radio
594:audio coding
511:USAC/xHE-AAC
434:
408:
374:
346:
331:
319:
311:
280:
218:
205:pleasantness
204:
201:
185:audio coding
178:
159:
134:
133:
118:
112:January 2013
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
18:Speech coder
2481:Prefix code
2334:Frame types
2155:Color space
1981:Convolution
1711:LZ77 + ANS
1622:Incremental
1595:Other types
1514:Levenshtein
1318:BlogGeek.me
823:: 495–507.
581:(Microsoft)
573:autoencoder
2586:Categories
2538:Mark Adler
2496:Redundancy
2413:Daubechies
2396:Estimation
2329:Frame rate
2251:Daubechies
2211:Chain code
2170:Macroblock
1976:Companding
1913:Estimation
1833:Daubechies
1539:Lempel–Ziv
1499:Exp-Golomb
1427:Arithmetic
1323:2022-07-21
1298:2022-07-21
1243:2017-12-11
1139:19 October
1112:1602.04845
976:20 October
939:18 October
884:2022-12-24
830:2107.03312
738:References
592:Narrowband
459:Sub-fields
215:Categories
82:newspapers
2515:Community
2339:Interlace
1725:Zstandard
1504:Fibonacci
1494:Universal
1452:Canonical
1293:MakeUseOf
1223:214034702
926:212485331
918:2277-128X
847:236149944
623:Half Rate
619:Full Rate
505:(part of
501:, IP-MR,
437:bit rates
320:In 2008,
193:voiceband
2501:Symmetry
2469:Timeline
2452:FM-index
2297:Bit rate
2290:Concepts
2138:Concepts
2001:Sampling
1954:Bit rate
1947:Concepts
1649:Sequitur
1484:Tunstall
1457:Modified
1447:Adaptive
1405:Lossless
1082:July 31,
1051:Archived
706:See also
670:for VoIP
637:networks
615:networks
560:for VoIP
554:(ADPCM)
495:networks
493:CDMA2000
485:networks
422:WhatsApp
400:FaceTime
289:used in
249:Vocoders
2459:Entropy
2408:Wavelet
2387:Motion
2246:Wavelet
2226:Fractal
2221:Deflate
2204:Methods
1991:Latency
1904:Motion
1828:Wavelet
1745:LHA/LZH
1695:Deflate
1644:Re-Pair
1639:Grammar
1469:Shannon
1442:Huffman
1398:methods
1061:in PDF)
1033:June 9,
698:Codec 2
686:digital
653:G.729.1
641:G.723.1
536:G.729.1
532:G.722.1
524:(MDCT)
509:), and
389:G.729.1
322:G.711.1
267:, i.e.
209:latency
96:scholar
2570:codecs
2531:People
2434:Theory
2401:Vector
1918:Vector
1735:Brotli
1685:Hybrid
1584:Snappy
1437:Golomb
1277:France
1263:GitHub
1221:
1211:
1174:
1005:
924:
916:
845:
678:(MBE)
664:ADPCM
528:AAC-LD
489:VMR-WB
479:AMR-WB
475:(LPC)
467:coding
441:Codec2
424:. The
381:AAC-LD
153:using
147:speech
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
2361:parts
2359:Codec
2324:Frame
2282:Video
2266:SPIHT
2175:Pixel
2130:Image
2084:ACELP
2055:ADPCM
2045:ÎĽ-law
2040:A-law
2033:parts
2031:Codec
1939:Audio
1878:ACELP
1866:ADPCM
1843:SPIHT
1784:Lossy
1768:bzip2
1759:LZHAM
1715:LZFSE
1617:Delta
1509:Gamma
1489:Unary
1464:Range
1219:S2CID
1107:arXiv
961:(PDF)
933:(PDF)
922:S2CID
902:(PDF)
843:S2CID
825:arXiv
682:AMBE+
668:G.726
649:G.729
645:G.728
603:FNBDT
579:Satin
558:G.722
499:Speex
483:WCDMA
453:Satin
445:MELPe
412:is a
396:Apple
291:G.711
283:A-law
256:(LPC)
242:ATRAC
232:ADPCM
103:JSTOR
89:books
2373:DPCM
2180:PSNR
2111:MDCT
2104:WLPC
2089:CELP
2050:DPCM
1898:WLPC
1883:CELP
1861:DPCM
1811:MDCT
1755:LZMA
1656:LDCT
1634:DPCM
1579:LZWL
1569:LZSS
1564:LZRW
1554:LZJB
1209:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1141:2019
1084:2012
1076:Opus
1035:2010
1003:ISBN
978:2019
941:2019
914:ISSN
691:and
684:for
657:iLBC
655:and
633:for
629:and
613:CDMA
611:for
599:LPC
569:Lyra
544:Opus
542:and
540:CELT
507:Opus
503:SILK
491:for
481:for
449:Lyra
418:SILK
410:Opus
404:CELT
375:The
293:PCM
285:and
281:The
183:and
164:and
75:news
2418:DWT
2368:DCT
2312:VBR
2307:CBR
2302:ABR
2261:EZW
2256:DWT
2241:RLE
2231:KLT
2216:DCT
2099:LSP
2094:LAR
2079:LPC
2072:FFT
1969:VBR
1964:CBR
1959:ABR
1893:LSP
1888:LAR
1873:LPC
1838:DWT
1823:FFT
1818:DST
1806:DCT
1705:LZS
1700:LZX
1676:RLE
1671:PPM
1666:PAQ
1661:MTF
1629:DMC
1607:CTW
1602:BWT
1574:LZW
1559:LZO
1549:LZ4
1544:842
1201:doi
1164:doi
835:doi
635:GSM
631:AMR
627:EFR
609:SMV
398:'s
357:GSM
228:PCM
141:to
58:by
2588::
2236:LP
2067:FT
2060:DM
1612:CM
1316:.
1291:.
1260:.
1217:.
1207:.
1170:.
1130:.
1105:.
1074:.
1026:.
997:.
969:.
920:.
908:.
904:.
841:.
833:.
821:30
819:.
755:.
651:,
647:,
643:,
625:,
621:,
538:,
534:,
530:,
240:,
230:,
199:.
2572:)
2568:(
1388:e
1381:t
1374:v
1326:.
1301:.
1246:.
1225:.
1203::
1180:.
1166::
1143:.
1115:.
1109::
1086:.
1037:.
1011:.
980:.
943:.
910:6
849:.
837::
827::
757:3
575:.
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
