584:(i.e. the Mediterranean diet) rich in such nutrients as omega-3 fatty acids, some antioxidants and vitamins, and low in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and trans-fatty acids (TFAs) are associated with high semen quality parameters. In terms of food groups, fruit, seafood, poultry, eggs, cereals, leafy vegetables, dark chocolate, and low-fat dairy products have been positively related to sperm quality. However, diets rich in processed meat, fried foods, potatoes, full-fat dairy products, caffeine, alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages have been inversely associated with the quality of semen in some studies. The few studies relating male nutrient or food intake and fecundability also suggest that diets rich in red meat, processed meat, tea and caffeine are associated with a lower rate of fecundability. This association is only controversial in the case of coffee, because a little bit of coffee, two to three cups a day, has been shown to help improving sperm motility, but more than three cups a day have been shown to have impaired fertility. The potential biological mechanisms linking diet with sperm function and fertility are largely unknown and require further study.
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decline among men in North
America and men in Australia/Europe is similar. The decline in sperm count among men in South America, Asia, and Africa is less than men in Western countries, though the amount of decline in these regions is uncertain. Reasons for the decline are not known with certainty, but it may be associated with chemical exposure, maternal smoking during prenatal development, pesticide exposure, or lifestyle changes during adulthood.
1033:(outer membranes) removed, and the number of sperm penetrations per egg is measured. No strong correlation has been found between hamster egg penetration rates and the various semen parameters and the role of the hamster egg penetration test in the investigation of the causes of infertility should be evaluated further. However, a negative result on the hamster test correlates with a lower probability of the man's partner becoming pregnant.
112:
991:(ability to swim forward) of the sperm (the typical ejaculate of a healthy, physically mature young adult male of reproductive age with no fertility-related problems usually contains 300–500 million spermatozoa, though only a couple of hundred survive in the acidic environment of the vagina to be candidates for successful fertilization). Also usually measured are the concentration of
293:, making the testes slide away from external pressure rather than being malformed from it; however, a hard enough hit can close or crush the capillaries that supply the sperm producing tissue, resulting in permanent or temporary and partial or total inability to produce sperm in the affected testicle.
583:
Recently, a review of epidemiological/observational studies provided the most comprehensive analysis to date of the associations between diet or nutrient intake and the risk of infertility. It suggests that diet modifications may be useful in modulating male fertility and fecundability. Healthy diets
552:
may alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. A few studies on animals have shown that such a hormonal effect may be significant and decrease fertility. On the other hand, most studies have shown that isoflavone supplements have little to no effect on sperm concentration, count, or mobility, and
175:
Although it is possible for men to father children into old age, the genetic quality of sperm, as well as its volume and motility, all typically decrease with age. Advancing paternal age has been implicated in a number of possible health effects. One particularly well-studied connection is the link
800:
Sperm quality is higher when a sample is collected at home than in a clinic. Collecting the sperm at home gives a higher sperm concentration, sperm count and motility, particularly if the sperm is collected via sexual intercourse. If the semen sample is to be collected by masturbation, a specimen
264:
Contrary to widely held beliefs, no evidence supports that wearing tight underpants decreases fertility. Even with an elevation in temperature of 0.8–1° caused by wearing constrictive underwear, no changes in sperm parameters, no decrease in spermatogenesis, and no changes in sperm function are
160:
A 2017 review and meta-analysis found sperm counts among
Western men (i.e. men in Australia, Europe, New Zealand, and North America) declined 50–60% between 1973 and 2011, with an average decline of 1.4% per year. The meta-analysis found no indication the decline is leveling off. The amount of
301:
There is suspicion that many toxic substances, including several types of medication and hormones, and also constituents of the diet, influence sperm quality. While a few chemicals with known effects on fertility have been excluded from human consumption, we cannot know if others remain
832:
In a non-harmful environment outside the body, such as in a sterile glass container the number of motile sperm decreases by approximately 5–10% per hour. In contrast, in a latex condom, the quality decreases by 60–80% per hour, rendering the sample unusable in a relatively short time.
2002:
Albert Salas-Huetos, Mònica Bulló, Jordi Salas-Salvadó; Dietary patterns, foods and nutrients in male fertility parameters and fecundability: a systematic review of observational studies, Human
Reproduction Update, Volume 23, Issue 4, 1 July 2017, Pages 371–389,
746:(IUI) had only a 3% pregnancy rate. An abstinence period of only 1 or 2 days produce the highest pregnancy rates per IUI cycle compared with longer intervals of ejaculatory abstinence. This increase in pregnancy rate occurs despite a lower value of
197:
While advanced age can be a possible factor in sperm motility and health, the sperm of men below 20 years of age has likewise been linked to an increase in birth defects such as neural tube defects, hypospadias, cystic kidney, and Down syndrome.
1053:, radiolabelled antiglobulin assay. One of the most informative and specific tests is immunobead rosette test which can identify different antibody classes involved (IgG, IgA, IgM) and location on the sperm cell (head, body or tail).
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When a sperm sample is prepared for intrauterine insemination, it is washed at a facility such as a fertility clinic or a sperm bank. Some sperm does not survive the washing process, as is also the case when freezing the sperm.
194:. No age related effects on sperm were noted in separate control groups recruited in different geographical locations, indicating that dietary habits, lifestyle or ethnicity could play a part in the quality of sperm.
1657:
Safarinejad MR (November 2008). "Sperm DNA damage and semen quality impairment after treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors detected using semen analysis and sperm chromatin structure assay".
328:
species as a worldwide phenomenon; these chemical are suspected of reducing the sex ratio and sperm counts in humans. Ninety-nine percent of over 100,000 recently introduced chemicals are poorly regulated.
1061:
Hemizona test is a test to evaluate sperm zona-binding capacity. In this test, the two halves of human zona pellucida is incubated with patient's capacitated sperm and control fertile donor's sperm.
2349:"Influence of sexual stimulation on sperm parameters in semen samples collected via masturbation from normozoospermic men or cryptozoospermic men participating in an assisted reproduction programme"
1045:
may be responsible for sperm agglutination, reduced sperm motility, abnormal postcoital test. Several tests are presently available including sperm immobilization test, sperm agglutination tests,
1104:, the sample should after thawing have more than 5 million motile sperm cells per ml with a good grade of mobility. If the grade of mobility is poor, 10 million motile cells per ml is required.
214:
Sperm are heat-sensitive, and cannot endure high temperatures. Increases of 2–3 °C are associated with increased DNA fragmentation. The body has compensatory mechanisms, like the
1794:
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who collect the sample outside the clinic are advised to have handed in the sample no more than one hour from collection, and to keep it, if not at body temperature, then at least at
142:
There are many factors that influence the sperm quality. Exposure to any of the temporary factors can cause up to a three-month delay before sperm quality returns to normal, due to
1432:
Wang C, McDonald V, Leung A, Superlano L, Berman N, Hull L, et al. Effect of increased scrotal temperature on sperm production in normal men. Fertil Steril. Aug 1997;68(2):334-9.
180:. For example, one study of 943,664 children less than 10 years old found that, with confounding variables controlled, the risk of autism increased with increasing paternal age.
1532:
750:. Daily sexual activity increases sperm quality in men minimizing DNA damage in the sperm—because it is speculated to result in less storage time where damage may accumulate.
2744:
Vaamonde D; Da Silva-Grigoletto ME; García-Manso JM; Vaamonde-Lemos R; Swanson RJ; Oehninger SC (November 2008). "Response of semen parameters to three training modalities".
3074:"Therapeutic cup insemination with cryopreserved donor sperm: prognostic value of cervical mucus score at insemination and the number of motile sperm in mucus at 24 hours"
924:, semen quality parameters tend to decrease as training requirements increase. The effect differs substantially between different professional sport types. For example,
1866:
Mitchell JH; Cawood E; Kinniburgh D; Provan A; Collins AR; Irvine DS (June 2001). "Effect of a phytoestrogen food supplement on reproductive health in normal males".
2985:
Osser, S; Wramsby, H; Liedholm, P (May–Jun 1988). "A comparison between the hamster egg penetration test and the seminal parameters in men of infertile couples".
2832:
Brugnon F, Janny L, Communal Y, et al. (May 2010). "Apoptosis and meiotic segregation in ejaculated sperm from
Robertsonian translocation carrier patients".
1174:
Levine, Hagai; Jørgensen, Niels; Martino-Andrade, Anderson; Mendiola, Jaime; Weksler-Derri, Dan; Mindlis, Irina; Pinotti, Rachel; Swan, Shanna H. (25 July 2017).
504:
Also, numerous products that are intended for exposure to spermatozoa have only a general assumption of safety based on the absence of evidence of actual harm.
809:
For semen that has been ejaculated, the quality deteriorates with time. However, this lifetime can be shortened or prolonged, depending on the environment.
780:
However, the single factor or factors for the intercourse advantage have not yet been isolated. It cannot be explained by presence of visual perception of
2789:
Pound N; Javed MH; Ruberto C; Shaikh MA; Del Valle AP (August 2002). "Duration of sexual arousal predicts semen parameters for masturbatory ejaculates".
2561:"Abnormally high body mass index and tobacco use are associated with poor sperm quality as revealed by reduced sperm binding to hyaluronan-coated slides"
762:
contain 70–120% more sperm, with sperm having a slightly higher motility and slightly more normal morphology, compared with semen samples obtained via
1226:
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Longer periods of abstinence correlate with poorer results—one study found that couples where the man had abstained for more than 10 days before an
821:, temperature, presence of air and other factors, and is unpredictable but smaller than the life expectancy inside the human body. For instance,
226:
of blood cooling inflowing blood. However, despite these compensations, there are activities that should not be performed too often, in order to
420:
344:. DDT and hexachlorobenzene are associated with decreased semen quality, while PCBs are associated with decreased fertility overall. Leaks of
2728:
1850:
302:
undiscovered. Many products that come into direct contact with spermatozoa lack adequate testing for any adverse effect on semen quality.
891:
can reduce both the sperm count and sperm quality. Meta-analysis indicates that mobile phone exposure affects sperm quality negatively.
619:, widely spread from nuclear weapon tests, accumulates in the testes, where it disrupts zinc metabolism, in turn causing genetic damage.
2600:
Dickey, Lore m; Ducheny, Kelly M; Ehrbar, Randall D (2016). "Family creation options for transgender and gender nonconforming people".
2440:
1542:
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1903:"The impact of body mass index on semen parameters and reproductive hormones in human males: a systematic review with meta-analysis"
1823:
1050:
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Drinking over 1 litre of cola a day might decrease sperm quality by up to 30% (study claims there is correlation, but not causation)
349:
76:
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of semen, it is the sperm quality after reviving the sample that is of importance, because many sperm cells die in the process.
1594:"Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary psychoactive cannabinoid in marijuana, on human sperm function in vitro"
1717:
1709:
131:
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2267:"Endocrinological, biophysical, and biochemical parameters of semen collected via masturbation versus sexual intercourse"
1394:"Sperm DNA damage caused by oxidative stress: modifiable clinical, lifestyle and nutritional factors in male infertility"
2507:
3119:
1046:
1020:
469:
2062:"A short period of ejaculatory abstinence before intrauterine insemination is associated with higher pregnancy rates"
2532:
Sinha G; Sinha A (October 1993). "A field trial of
Billings' ovulation method for spacing and limitation of birth".
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A review in 2010 concluded that there is little evidence for a relationship with semen parameters and increased BMI.
210:
A man using a laptop which is placed above his groin. The heat of which may interfere with the quality of his semen.
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The body also has natural variations in hormone concentrations, giving sperm quality natural fluctuations as well.
2110:
the
European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE). Press releases ESHRE 2009, Tuesday 30 June 2009
1974:
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alone during stimulation, although there may be a slight correlation. Neither do any substantial fluctuations in
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increased sperm count by 50%. Men who consume such diet have sperm counts nearly twice as high as men who do not.
333:
2928:
747:
1258:"Effects of familial risk factors and place of birth on the risk of autism: a nationwide register-based study"
788:
explain the intercourse advantage. It is hypothesized that sexual intercourse subdues an inhibition from the
1301:"Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid damage in normozoospermic men is related to age and sperm progressive motility"
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Other potential xenoestrogens that have been associated with decreased sperm quality in some studies are
108:. Semen quality involves both sperm quantity and quality. Semen quality is a major factor for fertility.
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913:-levels are higher during awakening (~06.00 to noon), which may contribute similarly to general stress.
281:
A blow from outside does not affect the sperm quality of already produced sperm cells. Furthermore, the
1954:
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C. Matthew
Peterson; Kirtly Parker Jones; Harry H. Hatasaka & Kenneth H. H. Wong (October 2002).
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Nnatu SN; Giwa-Osagie OF; Essien EE (1991). "Effect of repeated semen ejaculation on sperm quality".
1042:
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410:
359:
358:, a ubiquitous pollutant, may cause decreased sperm production when having been exposed to it during
345:
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Mortimer, D.; Barratt, C. L. R.; Bjorndahl, L.; De Jager, C.; Jequier, A. M.; Muller, C. H. (2013).
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Adams, Jessica A; Galloway, Tamara S; Mondal, Debapriya; Esteves, Sandro C; Mathews, Fiona (2014).
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3049:. University Hospital & Medical Center at Stony Brook Male Infertility Program. Archived from
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and lower concentration. Sperm cells also have decreased forward motility, but normal morphology.
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A man smoking a marijuana joint containing THC which can have a negative impact on semen quality.
58:
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Home insemination of previously frozen sperm can be accomplished with the use of a cervical cap
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Both a too short period of time since last ejaculation and a too long one reduce semen quality.
1073:-based detection of the pathogens in the semen of patients with asymptomatic genital infection.
766:. Sexual intercourse also generates a 25–45% increase in ejaculate volume, mainly by increased
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2017:"Improving Male Fertility — Research Suggests a Nutrient-Dense Diet May Play an Integral Role"
2016:
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from the early stages of the ejaculate should be into a clean, unused, sealed collection cup.
722:
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187:
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2401:"Comparison of semen parameters in samples collected by masturbation at a clinic and at home"
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A longer duration of sexual stimulation before ejaculation slightly increases sperm quality.
332:
At least three types of synthetic toxins have been found in the semen of student volunteers:
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during the
Vietnam war have given rise to children with an increased rate of birth defects.
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can confuse the movements of intact sperm, reducing their ability to achieve fertilization.
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is advantageous. A pregnancy resulting from sperm life of eight days has been documented.
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Sperm outside the body generally has a life expectancy which is considered to depend on
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2629:"Effect of mobile telephones on sperm quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
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1126:. The cause is unknown. It does not necessarily mean an otherwise bad semen quality.
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In men with a normal level of sperm production (normozoospermia), the percentage of
2880:
2223:"Methods of semen collection not based on masturbation or surgical sperm retrieval"
2165:"Methods of semen collection not based on masturbation or surgical sperm retrieval"
2123:"Methods of semen collection not based on masturbation or surgical sperm retrieval"
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899:
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1531:<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (7 December 2008).
1176:"Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis"
2719:
Mitchell, Richard
Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007).
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Many antibiotics, e.g., penicillin and tetracycline, suppress sperm production.
17:
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1737:"Caffeine intake and semen quality in a population of 2,554 young Danish men"
277:
A man getting kicked in the scrotum, causing physical trauma to the testicles
190:
is positively correlated with age, and inversely correlated with progressive
2845:
2467:"A prospective field trial of the "ovulation method" of avoiding conception"
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Other environmental agents associated with decreased semen quality include:
616:
314:
93:
3012:
Koulischer L; Debry JM (1989). "The hamster test. Practical consequences".
2888:
2867:
Negri L, et al. (May 2008). "Cancer Risk in Male Factor-infertility".
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Jensen TK; Swan SH; Skakkebaek NE; Rasmussen S; Jørgensen N. (April 2010).
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792:, but what, in turn, is the subduing factor is still not completely known.
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A period of time of less than one day reduces sperm count by at least 20%.
516:
use and use of other hormones can reduce sperm quality. Changes in hormone
436:
studies have observed altered sperm function by the following medications:
385:
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3025:
2998:
2559:
Wegner CC; Clifford AL; Jilbert PM; Henry MA; Gentry WL (September 2009).
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2043:
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Belloc S, Benkhalifa M, Cohen-Bacrie M, Dalleac A, Amar E, Zini A (2014).
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has been associated with reduced sperm production. It is present in crude
2492:
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Soy products decrease sperm quality due to the high content of a type of
493:
473:
432:
219:
2004:
1479:"What should it take to describe a substance or product as 'sperm-safe'"
612:
that are associated with decreased semen quality include the following:
2927:
Essig, Maria G. (2007-02-20). Susan Van Houten; Tracy
Landauer (eds.).
2766:
2655:
2613:
2101:
Study: Daily sex helps to reduce sperm DNA damage and improve fertility
1879:
1706:. If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace
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1795:"Beer, coffee, wine and nuts may lower male fertility - Health Jockey"
1505:
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3072:
Meyer WR; Smith PM; Clark MR; Cusmano LL; Fritz MA (September 1996).
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European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
942:
in their chromosomes have significantly higher degree of sperm cell
860:
lowers the sperm quality, perhaps by decreased ability to attach to
625:, a chemical sterilizer, is associated with decreased semen quality.
2060:
Marshburn PB, Alanis M, Matthews ML, et al. (September 2009).
348:(DBCP) have caused sterility in men. Soldiers that were exposed to
261:
Fever raises the body temperature, which can strike sperm quality.
2308:"Sexual arousal and the quality of semen produced by masturbation"
2306:
van Roijen JH, Slob AK, Gianotten WL, et al. (January 1996).
587:
One study found that following a diet rich in fruits, vegetables,
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By Janet Raloff. Web edition : Thursday, December 18th, 2008
725:
prior to providing a semen sample correlates with the results of
2905:. Stonybrook, State University of New York. 1999. Archived from
1570:"The Male Fertility Crisis - Natural Health - MOTHER EARTH NEWS"
647:
497:
580:, and potentially the organ meats from animals poisoned with it
2441:"Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SU) - reproduction medicine"
909:
Sperm quality is better in the afternoon than in the morning.
337:
29:
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A semen analysis typically measures the number of sperm per
864:
on the egg cell. Wright et al. have reviewed evidence that
2721:
Robbins Basic Pathology: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access
1004:
818:
650:, causing reduced spermatogenesis and abnormal spermatozoa.
1944:
BBC News. Last Updated: Thursday, 20 March 2008, 04:39 GMT
1901:
MacDonald AA; Herbison GP; Showell M; Farquhar CM (2010).
960:
are also associated with reduced sperm count and quality.
1342:"Paternal age and the risk of birth defects in offspring"
928:
appears substantially less harmful to semen quality than
773:
This intercourse advantage is even greater for men with
2960:. Utah Center for Reproductive Medicine. Archived from
2347:
Yamamoto Y; Sofikitis N; Mio Y; Miyagawa I (May 2000).
920:, as well as excessive exercise, are minor factors. In
54:
320:
A 2008 report demonstrated evidence of the effects of
2723:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 389.
2602:
Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity
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Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology
222:
hang further away from the warm body, sweating and a
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and poor semen quality make up the syndrome known as
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
1592:
Whan LB; West MC; McClure N; Lewis SE (March 2006).
2680:"Diurnal variation of semen quality in human males"
2265:Sofikitis NV; Miyagawa I (September–October 1993).
663:, causing decreased semen quality as well as sperm
553:
cause no changes in testicular or ejaculate volume.
401:, and gossypol are examples of substances used as
548:. Theoretically, this exposure to high levels of
2394:
2392:
1982:5-Tips-To-Ensure-Healthy-Sperm.pdf - UCLA Health
1340:McIntosh, GC; Olshan, AF; Baird, PA (May 1995).
1256:Lauritsen MB; Pedersen CB; Mortensen PB (2005).
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1533:"It's official: Men really are the weaker sex"
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8:
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2161:Gerris citing Sofikitis and Miyagawa, 1993:
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115:An amount of human semen of unknown quality.
2506:Evelyn Billings & Ann Westmore (2005).
656:, being highly damaging to spermatogenesis.
1720:|...|intentional=yes}}
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2534:Journal of the Indian Medical Association
2508:"Trials of The Billings Ovulation Method"
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1119:In 10–20% of all men, the semen does not
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
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421:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
313:are chemicals that interfere with the
2678:Cagnacci A; Maxia N; Volpe A (1999).
2325:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019008
2005:https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmx006
324:on male development in each class of
7:
1634:"Smoking Marijuana Lowers Fertility"
1392:Wright C, Milne S, Leeson H (2014).
1111:as a delivery system for the sperm.
1225:Gurevich, Rachel (6 October 2008).
887:is also suggested. The practise of
868:is associated with increased sperm
2987:International Journal of Fertility
2284:10.1002/j.1939-4640.1993.tb00402.x
409:. Recent studies have found that
55:improve coverage for other species
25:
1227:"Does Age Affect Male Fertility?"
1051:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
423:(SSRI) may cause low sperm count.
350:dioxins and dioxin-like compounds
2758:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.010
2578:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.970
2418:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.044
2399:Elzanaty S; Malm J (June 2008).
2366:10.1046/j.1439-0272.2000.00353.x
2079:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.972
1824:"Rats, Mice, Birds & Cattle"
1741:American Journal of Epidemiology
1611:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.08.027
1359:10.1097/00001648-199505000-00016
1318:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.006
1274:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00391.x
1102:assisted reproductive technology
1047:indirect immunofluorescence test
731:assisted reproductive technology
34:
1942:Folate 'may keep sperm healthy'
1841:Dabrowski, Waldemar M. (2004).
983:of ejaculate, and analyzes the
729:and also with success rates in
566:) may protect sperm cells from
257:over the groin for extended use
3047:"Understanding Semen Analysis"
2955:"Hamster Egg Penetration Test"
2903:"Understanding Semen Analysis"
2881:10.1016/j.placenta.2008.07.014
1777:"Domain parked by OnlyDomains"
671:Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
132:testicular dysgenesis syndrome
96:, a measure of the ability of
57:and discuss this issue on the
1:
3091:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)58515-X
2803:10.1016/S0031-9384(02)00803-X
1845:. CRC Press Inc. p. 95.
1685:(This paper currently has an
1025:A man's sperm are mixed with
880:can decrease sperm quantity.
2646:10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.015
2484:10.1016/0028-2243(76)90004-6
470:Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
243:for a long time in hot water
2119:Gerris citing Zavos, 1995:
1695:10.1097/JU.0000000000003115
1233:. About.com. Archived from
1021:Hamster zona-free ovum test
1015:Hamster zona-free ovum test
940:Robertsonian translocations
758:Semen samples obtained via
754:Masturbation vs intercourse
3141:
1672:10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.034
1411:10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.02.004
1262:J Child Psychol Psychiatry
1018:
972:
906:, lowering sperm quality.
285:are well protected in the
176:between advancing age and
168:
153:
2791:Physiology & Behavior
2633:Environment International
2227:Human Reproduction Update
2169:Human Reproduction Update
2127:Human Reproduction Update
1955:"Merck Veterinary Manual"
1483:Human Reproduction Update
1180:Human Reproduction Update
1076:Biochemical markers like
1037:Antisperm antibodies test
744:intrauterine insemination
334:polychlorinated biphenyls
218:relaxing and letting the
49:excessively human-centric
27:Measure of male fertility
748:total motile spermatozoa
465:Calcium channel blockers
3078:Fertility and Sterility
2697:10.1093/humrep/14.1.106
2405:Fertility and Sterility
1975:"MillsHealthySpermTips"
1598:Fertility and Sterility
1145:Male infertility crisis
1082:Reactive oxygen species
1029:eggs that have had the
1011:time of the ejaculate.
841:The environment in the
782:physical attractiveness
224:countercurrent exchange
156:Male infertility crisis
3014:Acta Urologica Belgica
2240:10.1093/humupd/5.3.211
2182:10.1093/humupd/5.3.211
2140:10.1093/humupd/5.3.211
1660:The Journal of Urology
1398:Reprod. Biomed. Online
999:in the semen, and the
790:central nervous system
595:products, seafood and
390:
278:
211:
116:
2846:10.1093/humrep/deq113
2221:Gerris J (May 1999).
2163:Gerris J (May 1999).
2121:Gerris J (May 1999).
1920:10.1093/humupd/dmp047
1718:expression of concern
1712:|...}}
1710:expression of concern
1687:expression of concern
1496:10.1093/humupd/dmt008
1193:10.1093/humupd/dmx022
721:How long the man has
452:(e.g., lithium), and
388:
289:, for example by the
276:
209:
169:Further information:
114:
92:is a measure of male
1799:www.healthjockey.com
1545:on December 8, 2008.
1237:on 28 September 2015
1043:antisperm antibodies
958:Sertoli cell tumours
665:chromosome anomalies
636:, causing damage to
550:phytoestrogen in men
360:prenatal development
346:dibromochloropropane
322:feminizing chemicals
311:Endocrine disruptors
306:Endocrine disruptors
1907:Hum. Reprod. Update
1231:About.com:Fertility
954:Leydig cell tumours
922:professional sports
640:, thereby impeding
407:chemical castration
403:male contraceptives
228:prevent infertility
171:Paternal age effect
43:This article about
3120:Fertility medicine
3053:on 17 October 2007
2614:10.1037/sgd0000178
2312:Human Reproduction
2106:2011-09-18 at the
1880:10.1042/CS20000212
1754:10.1093/aje/kwq007
760:sexual intercourse
442:psychoactive drugs
391:
317:(hormone) system.
279:
212:
117:
2730:978-1-4160-2973-1
1852:978-0-8493-1904-4
1109:conception device
993:white blood cells
950:Testicular cancer
902:can lead to e.g.
796:Home or in clinic
710:trichloroethylene
706:perchloroethylene
591:, meat, full-fat
514:Anabolic steroids
444:, including many
342:hexachlorobenzene
188:DNA fragmentation
128:testicular cancer
87:
86:
79:
16:(Redirected from
3132:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3043:
3030:
3029:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2959:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2929:"Semen Analysis"
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2648:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2510:. Archived from
2503:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2443:. Archived from
2437:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2368:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2218:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2117:
2111:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1868:Clinical Science
1863:
1857:
1856:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1826:. Archived from
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1801:. Archived from
1791:
1785:
1784:
1779:. Archived from
1773:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1683:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1547:
1546:
1541:. Archived from
1528:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1474:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1361:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1284:. Archived from
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1171:
1124:cryopreservation
1100:To be of use in
1095:cryopreservation
1093:When performing
1089:Cryopreservation
894:Regarding diet,
874:male infertility
827:room temperature
717:Last ejaculation
291:tunica vaginalis
216:cremaster muscle
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3033:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2938:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2465:Ball M (1976).
2464:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2220:
2219:
2198:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:Wayback Machine
2099:
2095:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1684:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1550:
1538:The Independent
1530:
1529:
1522:
1476:
1475:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1141:
1132:
1117:
1091:
1078:creatine kinase
1067:
1059:
1039:
1023:
1017:
995:, the level of
977:
971:
966:
938:Males carrying
904:Zinc deficiency
858:Tobacco smoking
855:
847:fallopian tubes
839:
815:
807:
798:
756:
719:
642:spermatogenesis
606:
604:Other chemicals
565:
534:
522:spermatogenesis
510:
446:antidepressants
383:
308:
299:
271:
269:Physical trauma
255:laptop computer
253:Placement of a
204:
173:
167:
158:
152:
150:General decline
140:
83:
72:
66:
63:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Sperm viability
15:
12:
11:
5:
3138:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3064:
3031:
3004:
2977:
2945:
2919:
2894:
2859:
2840:(7): 1631–42.
2824:
2797:(4–5): 685–9.
2781:
2746:Fertil. Steril
2736:
2729:
2711:
2670:
2619:
2592:
2565:Fertil. Steril
2551:
2524:
2498:
2457:
2432:
2411:(6): 1718–22.
2388:
2339:
2298:
2254:
2196:
2154:
2112:
2093:
2066:Fertil. Steril
2049:
2022:
2008:
1995:
1984:. David Geffen
1966:
1946:
1934:
1913:(3): 293–311.
1893:
1858:
1851:
1843:Toxins in Food
1833:
1830:on 2006-05-02.
1815:
1786:
1783:on 2005-12-15.
1768:
1727:
1649:
1625:
1584:
1575:
1548:
1520:
1434:
1425:
1404:(6): 684–703.
1381:
1332:
1311:(6): 1588–93.
1305:Fertil. Steril
1291:
1288:on 2012-06-20.
1248:
1217:
1186:(6): 646–659.
1165:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1155:Semen analysis
1152:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1116:
1113:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1074:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1038:
1035:
1031:zona pellucida
1019:Main article:
1016:
1013:
975:Semen analysis
973:Main article:
970:
969:Semen analysis
967:
965:
962:
900:unhealthy diet
854:
851:
838:
835:
814:
811:
806:
803:
797:
794:
755:
752:
727:semen analysis
718:
715:
714:
713:
702:2-bromopropane
698:1-bromopropane
674:
668:
657:
651:
645:
627:
626:
623:Ethylene oxide
620:
608:Environmental
605:
602:
601:
600:
585:
581:
578:cottonseed oil
571:
563:
557:
554:
538:
533:
530:
526:
525:
509:
506:
502:
501:
490:
485:
482:pentoxifylline
467:
462:
456:
450:antiepileptics
428:
427:
424:
418:
382:
379:
307:
304:
298:
295:
270:
267:
259:
258:
251:
244:
238:
203:
200:
192:sperm motility
166:
163:
154:Main article:
151:
148:
144:spermiogenesis
139:
136:
120:Cryptorchidism
104:to accomplish
85:
84:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3137:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:(in French).
3015:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2993:(3): 207–11.
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2967:on 2016-03-03
2963:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2909:on 2007-10-17
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2752:(6): 1941–6.
2751:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2540:(10): 255–6.
2539:
2535:
2528:
2525:
2514:on 2005-11-05
2513:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2447:on 2006-02-23
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2318:(1): 147–51.
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2277:(5): 366–73.
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1805:on 2011-07-19
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1747:(8): 883–91.
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1719:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:(5): 2124–8.
1665:
1661:
1653:
1650:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1604:(3): 653–60.
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:(9): 963–71.
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1130:Sperm washing
1129:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1079:
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1346:Epidemiology
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1261:
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1239:. Retrieved
1235:the original
1230:
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1179:
1169:
1150:Ovum quality
1133:
1118:
1115:Bad freezers
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1041:Presence of
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1009:liquefaction
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908:
896:malnutrition
893:
882:
856:
840:
831:
823:sperm donors
816:
813:Outside body
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799:
786:sex hormones
779:
775:oligospermia
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764:masturbation
757:
741:
738:
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628:
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2875:: 178–183.
2767:10553/76413
2684:Hum. Reprod
2656:10871/15088
2477:(2): 63–6.
1689:, see
1241:14 February
1065:Other tests
805:Environment
770:secretion.
546:isoflavones
520:affect the
518:homeostasis
454:propranolol
413:present in
375:octylphenol
371:nonylphenol
367:bisphenol A
248:tanning bed
124:hypospadias
3114:Categories
2971:2007-08-08
2939:2007-08-05
2933:Healthwise
2913:2007-08-05
2834:Hum Reprod
2639:: 106–12.
2608:(2): 173.
2518:2005-11-03
2451:2007-08-07
2353:Andrologia
1960:2018-05-16
1809:2018-05-16
1643:2018-05-16
1506:2263/21332
1161:References
985:morphology
981:millilitre
926:water polo
911:Adrenaline
883:Long-term
876:. Smoking
870:DNA damage
862:hyaluronan
680:, such as
661:pesticides
568:aneuploidy
562:(vitamin B
461:analgesics
381:Medication
356:Phthalates
326:vertebrate
265:observed.
246:Long-time
2271:J. Androl
1988:9 January
1489:: i1–45.
944:apoptosis
930:triathlon
837:In female
723:abstained
617:Plutonium
494:chelators
315:endocrine
297:Chemicals
94:fertility
59:talk page
2889:18755508
2869:Placenta
2854:20472914
2819:37524348
2811:12127009
2776:19013565
2706:10374104
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2587:19733846
2427:17658521
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2191:10438105
2149:10438105
2104:Archived
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1929:19889752
1888:11352776
1763:20338976
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1376:21478909
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989:motility
918:exercise
916:Lack of
878:cannabis
768:prostate
678:solvents
673:(PBDEs).
610:mutagens
597:pastries
589:potatoes
574:Gossypol
508:Hormones
492:Calcium
474:caffeine
433:in vitro
415:cannabis
336:(PCBs),
250:sessions
237:sessions
220:testicle
3100:8751744
3026:2718849
2999:2899568
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2334:8671177
2293:8288490
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1368:7619937
1203:6455044
1027:hamster
889:tucking
866:smoking
733:(ART).
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686:toluene
682:benzene
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634:Cadmium
544:called
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283:testes
178:autism
3125:Semen
3057:4 May
2965:(PDF)
2958:(PDF)
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2379:S2CID
1978:(PDF)
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1638:WebMD
1372:S2CID
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659:Many
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440:Many
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102:semen
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3059:2013
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