75:
31:
389:
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50:
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406:) which is the butterfly's larval host plant. In recent years, although the winds and ocean salt spray continue to limit other vegetation growth, the wildfires have been suppressed due to modern development in this habitat. The original habitat of open meadows has, over time, been replaced by forest habitat.
487:
to the wild to augment the existing populations. After the release of nearly 450 silverspots at Mount Hebo in 2016, Karen Lewis, a zoo conservation research associate, said in a statement, "The goal of the recovery program is to help each population grow large enough to be self-sustaining, if it
364:
The Oregon silverspot used to inhabit suitable coastal habitat from northern
California, through Oregon, into southern Washington. There are 20 historical sites known. It can now only be found in the wild at five remaining sites in California and Oregon. Conservation sites include
488:
weren't for this program, three of the five remaining silverspot populations would likely be extinct." The Oregon Zoo released about 2000 silverspots at the
Nestucca Bay National Wildlife Refuge in 2017. In 2018, the Oregon Zoo, Woodland Park Zoo, USFWS, and
586:
426:
from this state. California and Oregon do not have endangered species statutes that allow the listing of insect species, but they still have protection in these states under the federal ESA. It is on the
Special Animals list created by the
546:
due to their sensitivity to environmental conditions. However, increased fire in a warming climate may open up additional coastal prairie habitat and may help the growth of their only host plant, the early blue violet
431:. In Oregon the Oregon Biodiversity Information Center (ORBIC), under the Oregon Natural Heritage Act (Oregon Natural Areas Act), maintains a list of threatened and endangered invertebrates. The ORBIC is located at
492:(OPRD) collaborated to release 500 silverspots at Saddle Mountain in Oregon in an effort to restore a historical population. The butterflies had not been seen at Saddle Mountain since the 1970s.
813:
439:(ODFW) to carry out conservation programs for invertebrates within the state. The USFWS maintains a timeline of conservation and recovery for the butterfly on their website.
1195:
1492:
814:"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Establishment of a Nonessential Experimental Population of the Oregon Silverspot Butterfly in Northwestern Oregon"
1093:
293:
of three closely related subspecies. In suitable habitat along the U.S. Pacific coast, it is the northernmost one found. Further south, Myrtle's silverspot (
1502:
1410:
451:
Oregon silverspot release at
Nestucca Bay National Wildlife Refuge by Ann Walker and a volunteer. (“Nestucca Bay” by Brent Lawrence / USFWS, 2017.)
1497:
1449:
415:
475:
gather female butterflies for captive rearing. The captive-rearing projects are underway at the college and the Oregon Zoo in
Portland and the
489:
459:. As it does take several years for the hooked spur violet to reach maturity a "stop-gap measure" is underway. A team consisting of the Oregon
436:
428:
1487:
1238:
1120:
1339:
699:
732:"A molecular phylogenetic analysis of Speyeria and its implications for the management of the threatened Speyeria zerene hippolyta"
638:
1477:
564:
333:
1256:"Conservation genetics as a management tool: The five best-supported paradigms to assist the management of threatened species"
422:(ESA) in 1980. In Washington, the butterfly is listed as endangered under that state's legislation, though it is now reported
617:
464:
455:
Researchers have been testing methods of maintaining and restoring the grassland habitat in coastal preserves, these include
419:
1454:
866:"Modeling caterpillar movement to guide habitat enhancement for Speyeria zerene hippolyta, the Oregon silverspot butterfly"
400:
state by high wind, salt-spray and occasional wildfires, providing the open conditions required by the hooked spur violet (
1507:
1254:
Willi, Yvonne; Kristensen, Torsten N.; Sgrò, Carla M.; Weeks, Andrew R.; Ørsted, Michael; Hoffmann, Ary A. (2022-01-05).
1219:
Allendorf, Fred W.; Funk, W. Chris; Aitken, Sally N.; Byrne, Margaret; Luikart, Gordon; Antunes, Agostinho (2022-02-10).
613:
797:
730:
McHugh, Anne; Bierzychudek, Paulette; Greever, Christina; Marzulla, Tessa; Van
Buskirk, Richard; Binford, Greta (2013).
1436:
1097:
1044:
432:
309:
74:
1004:
336:(ESUs). There wasn't consensus among mitochondrial and nuclear markers so researchers were not able to resolve
295:
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59:
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39:
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The establishment of new colonies may have lasting effects on the genetics of the subspecies. The
1017:
460:
69:
54:
352:. However, it was discovered that the populations located at Rock Creek and Mt. Hebo have mtDNA
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325:
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1045:"Oregon Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria zerene hippolyta) | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service"
877:
743:
552:
531:
483:. After being hatched and raised at the college and the zoos, the young are reintroduced as
435:(PSU) within the Institute for Natural Resources (INR). The ORBIC assists the USFWS and the
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30:
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Oregon silverspot habitat (“Nestucca Bay
Landscape” by Brent Lawrence / USFWS, 2017.)
337:
304:
587:
United States Fish and
Wildlife Service list of threatened and endangered arthropods
1392:
592:
569:
519:
402:
366:
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839:
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1169:"Rare Oregon silverspot butterfly caterpillars reintroduced to Saddle Mountain"
881:
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231:
223:
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909:"Oregon silverspot butterfly | Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife"
662:
511:
378:
353:
345:
219:
106:
86:
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1121:"Hundreds of endangered silverspot butterflies released near Oregon coast"
614:"Species Profile: Oregon Silverspot butterfly (Speyeria zerene hippolyta)"
447:
1372:
500:
146:
1402:
1012:. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Biodiversity Information Center. August 2016.
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in
California. The butterfly has been determined to be extirpated from
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227:
116:
96:
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from other populations. The butterflies may be at increased risk of
1344:
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446:
387:
341:
290:
268:
542:
Oregon silverspots are considered to be moderately vulnerable to
262:, Zerene Fritillary, which was described by French lepidopterist
940:. Salem, Oregon: Legislative Committee Services. September 2012.
1353:
277:
butterfly specimens (“Oregon
Silverspot” by born1945, 2012.)
1345:
Oregon silverspot recovery project at the Woodland Park Zoo
396:
The coastal habitats used by the butterfly were kept in an
864:
Bierzychudek, Paulette; Warner, Katy (February 2015).
316:
McHugh et al. (2013) conducted a genetic analysis of
1340:
Oregon silverspot recovery project at the Oregon Zoo
503:
over generations and an accumulation of deleterious
1362:
840:"File:Nestucca Bay Landscape.jpg - Knowledge (XXG)"
313:) had a range along the northern California coast.
706:. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation
499:of isolated small populations may cause a loss of
1143:"The Cavalry from Coffee Creek Help with Habitat"
1006:Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species of Oregon
781:Periodic Status Review for the Oregon Silverspot
1260:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
663:"File:Oregon Silverspot.jpg - Knowledge (XXG)"
414:The butterfly was listed as threatened by the
373:in Oregon. The butterfly can also be found at
787:. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.
8:
1222:Conservation and the Genomics of Populations
1350:
639:"ITIS - Report: Speyeria zerene hippolyta"
48:
29:
20:
1297:
1279:
1069:"File:Nestucca Bay.jpg - Knowledge (XXG)"
778:Hays, D. W.; Stinson, D. W. (June 2019).
1196:"Rare insect returns to Saddle Mountain"
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
1493:Fauna of the Northwestern United States
1225:(3 ed.). Oxford University Press.
605:
307:, California, and Behren's silverspot (
1026:
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934:Background Brief on Endangered Species
490:Oregon Parks and Recreation Department
437:Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
429:California Department of Fish and Game
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698:Black, S. H.; D. M. Vaughan (2005).
222:that is found in the U.S. states of
1194:Frankowicz, Katie (9 August 2018).
299:) had a range along the coast from
1503:Species endangered by habitat loss
1231:10.1093/oso/9780198856566.001.0001
551:, which is partially dependent on
14:
377:and Bray Point in Oregon, and at
565:Evolutionarily significant units
334:evolutionarily significant units
73:
1325:Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office
984:Institute for Natural Resources
959:Institute for Natural Resources
1498:Endangered fauna of California
870:Journal of Insect Conservation
736:Journal of Insect Conservation
618:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
538:Adaptability to climate change
465:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
416:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
340:relationships or identify the
1:
1147:Institute for Applied Ecology
1488:Butterflies of North America
1330:Butterflies of the Northwest
1335:Oregon Silverspot Butterfly
332:with a goal of identifying
258:in 1879 as a subspecies of
1524:
1123:. The Oregonian/OregonLive
955:"Endangered Invertebrates"
251:was described by American
1364:Speyeria zerene hippolyta
882:10.1007/s10841-014-9741-6
748:10.1007/s10841-013-9605-5
433:Portland State University
310:Speyeria zerene behrensii
287:Speyeria zerene hippolyta
275:Speyeria zerene hippolyta
249:Speyeria zerene hippolyta
211:Speyeria zerene hippolyta
193:Speyeria zerene hippolyta
189:
182:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
360:Distribution and habitat
296:Speyeria zerene myrtleae
1281:10.1073/pnas.2105076119
469:Lewis and Clark College
385:in Oregon since 2001.
356:that are distinctive.
264:Jean Baptiste Boisduval
16:Subspecies of butterfly
1478:ESA threatened species
1173:Woodland Park Zoo Blog
452:
420:Endangered Species Act
393:
278:
1073:commons.wikimedia.org
844:commons.wikimedia.org
798:Rock Creek Wilderness
700:"Behren's Silverspot"
667:commons.wikimedia.org
528:population bottleneck
518:due to the increased
450:
391:
371:Rock Creek Wilderness
272:
256:William Henry Edwards
1508:Butterfly subspecies
553:fire for germination
443:Conservation efforts
175:S. z. hippolyta
1272:2022PNAS..11905076W
1100:on January 26, 2007
575:Myrtle's silverspot
410:Conservation status
40:Conservation status
1266:(1): e2105076119.
1025:Unknown parameter
704:The Xerces Society
461:Nature Conservancy
453:
418:(USFWS) under the
398:early successional
394:
279:
218:, is a threatened
24:Oregon silverspot
1465:
1464:
1356:Taxon identifiers
1240:978-0-19-885656-6
1149:. 18 January 2018
669:. 24 October 2012
524:genetic diversity
522:and reduction in
477:Woodland Park Zoo
326:mitochondrial DNA
324:subspecies using
216:Oregon silverspot
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1096:. Archived from
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742:(6): 1237–1253.
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350:genetic analysis
301:San Mateo County
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1175:. July 19, 2018
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820:. June 23, 2017
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581:Speyeria zerene
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497:founding events
457:prescribed fire
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330:nuclear markers
318:S. z. hippolyta
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260:Speyeria zerene
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1094:"Cascade Head"
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1075:. 28 July 2017
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846:. 28 July 2017
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383:Clatsop Plains
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980:"About ORBIC"
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549:Viola adunca)
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253:lepidopterist
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1203:. Retrieved
1200:The Astorian
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1125:. Retrieved
1114:
1104:December 19,
1102:. Retrieved
1098:the original
1088:
1077:. Retrieved
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1052:. Retrieved
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988:. Retrieved
986:. 2015-07-22
983:
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963:. Retrieved
961:. 2015-07-21
958:
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916:. Retrieved
912:
876:(1): 45–54.
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708:. Retrieved
703:
671:. Retrieved
666:
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646:. Retrieved
643:www.itis.gov
642:
633:
621:. Retrieved
608:
593:Viola adunca
591:
579:
570:Fire ecology
548:
541:
534:programs.
520:genetic load
494:
454:
413:
403:Viola adunca
401:
395:
367:Cascade Head
363:
346:monophyletic
338:phylogenetic
328:(mtDNA) and
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169:Subspecies:
159:
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1424:iNaturalist
913:wdfw.wa.gov
530:before the
137:Nymphalidae
127:Lepidoptera
1472:Categories
1205:2023-03-04
1127:August 16,
1079:2023-03-16
1054:2023-03-04
990:2023-03-04
965:2023-03-04
918:2023-03-03
850:2023-03-16
673:2023-03-16
648:2023-03-03
600:References
516:extinction
473:Oregon Zoo
424:extirpated
375:Mount Hebo
354:haplotypes
320:and other
232:subspecies
230:. It is a
224:California
107:Arthropoda
55:Threatened
1379:Q16992645
1290:0027-8424
1029:ignored (
1018:cite book
890:1366-638X
756:1366-638X
710:March 20,
623:April 12,
512:gene flow
505:recessive
379:Lake Earl
322:S. zerene
282:Phylogeny
220:butterfly
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1483:Speyeria
1373:Wikidata
1308:34930821
1179:March 3,
1153:March 3,
824:March 2,
559:See also
510:without
471:and the
369:and the
348:through
289:is in a
273:Tray of
266:in 1852.
244:Taxonomy
148:Speyeria
133:Family:
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
1416:4299418
1299:8740573
1268:Bibcode
1049:FWS.gov
508:alleles
481:Seattle
143:Genus:
123:Order:
117:Insecta
113:Class:
58: (
1455:201287
1442:120961
1429:210836
1400:ECOS:
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463:, the
228:Oregon
214:, the
202:, 1879
1393:5L8SR
1010:(PDF)
938:(PDF)
785:(PDF)
485:pupae
291:clade
1450:ITIS
1411:GBIF
1403:6930
1304:PMID
1286:ISSN
1235:ISBN
1181:2023
1155:2023
1129:2016
1106:2007
1031:help
886:ISSN
826:2023
752:ISSN
712:2023
625:2014
342:taxa
226:and
1437:ISC
1388:CoL
1294:PMC
1276:doi
1264:119
1227:doi
878:doi
744:doi
479:in
344:as
303:to
234:of
60:ESA
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