113:
145:
884:
393:
core with secondary xylem tissue present in some species. The leaves, which can be several centimeters long, are borne on each node in whorls (called verticels) and are wedge-shaped, fan-shaped, linear, or forked. Reproductive parts are either long terminal cones (consisting of two lobes, a sterile
372:
Sphenophyllales are small, slender branching plants, usually growing to a height of less than 1 m (3.3 ft) tall. The long stems range from 0.5 cm (0.20 in) to 1.2 cm (0.47 in) in diameter. The stems are jointed and ribbed with weak
427:
969:
750:
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144:
1060:
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or shrub-like when alive, and formed a portion of the understory in
Carboniferous forests. The stem anatomy is
122:
1035:
353:
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131:
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842:(4). Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences; BioOne, www.bioone.org: 723â732.
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843:
438:
382:
374:
333:
112:
831:
454:
169:
1004:
832:"Two New Carboniferous Fertile Sphenophylls and their Spores from the Czech Republic"
467:
442:
423:
361:
311:
217:
127:
70:
621:
599:
458:
234:
17:
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461:-important spores found near them). This results in species that may actually by
931:
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403:
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45:
922:
357:
341:
90:
55:
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707:. Vol. V. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier International. p. 1637.
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65:
60:
50:
100:
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407:
390:
156:
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of articulate land plants and a sister group to the present-day
189:
179:
897:
483:
are shown in the cladogram below. The possible position of
802:
Thomas N. Taylor; Edith L. Taylor; Michael Krings (2009).
433:
Sphenophyllalean taxonomy is often derived from isolated
437:
parts of plants and classification may be based on the
804:
Paleobotany:the biology and evolution of fossil plants
705:
Grolier
Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
830:
Milan LibertĂn; JiĹĂ Bek & Jana DrĂĄbkovĂĄ (2008).
906:
418:Sphenophyllales was first described by the British
394:lower lobe and the fertile upper lobe bearing the
866:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
731:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
8:
377:, making it probable that these plants were
465:. Sphenophyllales is typified by the genus
360:, with most of the fossils coming from the
894:
430:words ĎĎΎν ("wedge") and ĎĎΝΝον ("leaf").
120:Fossil leaves and branches of the species
111:
31:
847:
778:. Middlesex, England: The Echo Library.
695:
797:
795:
825:
823:
457:(mainly the fossilized cones and the
7:
344:). They are fossils dating from the
614:
591:
568:
548:
523:
497:
490:
389:-like), containing a solid primary
352:. They were common during the Late
479:The probable relationships within
25:
864:"Introduction to the Sphenophyta"
729:"Introduction to Sphenophyllales"
426:in 1898. The name comes from the
882:
143:
1:
836:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
703:Sybil P. Parker, ed. (1986).
806:. Academic Press, New York.
406:, with monolete or trilete
1077:
1046:Devonian first appearances
775:Darwin and Modern Science
619:
612:
596:
589:
573:
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553:
546:
528:
521:
502:
495:
230:
225:
140:Scientific classification
138:
119:
110:
34:
1021:Prehistoric plant orders
123:Sphenophyllum miravallis
402:. All sphenophylls are
772:Seward, A. C. (2006).
983:Paleobiology Database
891:at Wikimedia Commons
849:10.4202/app.2008.0414
1061:Pennsylvanian plants
1056:Mississippian plants
1051:Triassic extinctions
1031:Carboniferous plants
132:Universiteit Utrecht
130:. Collection of the
577:Archaeocalamitaceae
533:Pseudobornia ursina
305:Sphenophyllostachys
18:Sphenophyllostachys
449:plant parts (like
998:
997:
900:Taxon identifiers
887:Media related to
813:978-0-12-373972-8
751:"Sphenophyllales"
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685:
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658:
650:
649:
641:
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632:
631:
555:â Sphenophyllales
459:stratigraphically
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41:DevonianâTriassic
16:(Redirected from
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991:
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978:
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753:. Access Science
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487:has been added.
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38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
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1041:Triassic plants
1026:Devonian plants
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938:Sphenophyllales
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330:Sphenophyllales
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256:Columnisporites
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27:Order of plants
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1036:Permian plants
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422:and geologist
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332:is an extinct
325:
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263:Gondwanophyton
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785:1-4068-0480-0
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714:0-7172-8525-1
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468:Sphenophyllum
464:
460:
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448:
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436:
431:
429:
425:
424:Albert Seward
421:
413:
411:
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405:
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392:
388:
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367:
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363:
362:Carboniferous
359:
358:Early Permian
355:
354:Pennsylvanian
351:
347:
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321:
320:
314:
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312:Sphenophyllum
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249:Cheirostrobus
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170:Tracheophytes
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128:Carboniferous
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30:
19:
907:
881:
868:. Retrieved
858:
839:
835:
803:
774:
767:
755:. Retrieved
745:
733:. Retrieved
723:
704:
698:
622:Equisetaceae
620:
600:Calamitaceae
597:
574:
554:
531:
529:
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298:Sentistrobus
296:
289:
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277:Peltastrobus
275:
268:
261:
254:
247:
240:
235:Hamatophyton
233:
231:
212:
163:
121:
29:
1016:Fern orders
932:Wikispecies
481:Equisetidae
404:homosporous
398:) or loose
383:protostelic
368:Description
338:Equisetales
319:Xihuphyllum
284:Rinistachya
200:Equisetidae
1011:Horsetails
1005:Categories
757:27 January
735:27 January
690:References
463:synonymous
439:morphology
435:fossilized
342:horsetails
242:Bowmanites
196:Subclass:
176:Division:
475:Phylogeny
396:sporangia
291:Rotafolia
153:Kingdom:
959:BioLib:
923:Q2899203
917:Wikidata
420:botanist
414:Taxonomy
400:strobili
364:period.
350:Triassic
346:Devonian
270:Lilpopia
126:, Upper
870:31 July
447:sterile
443:anatomy
348:to the
226:Genera
206:Order:
186:Class:
157:Plantae
988:249934
952:223967
810:
782:
711:
451:leaves
408:spores
375:habits
220:, 1898
218:Seward
975:11393
970:IRMNG
962:61464
507:Ibyka
485:Ibyka
453:) or
428:Greek
391:xylem
334:order
164:Clade
947:APNI
872:2011
808:ISBN
780:ISBN
759:2011
737:2011
709:ISBN
510:(?)
441:and
387:root
379:vine
46:Preę
844:doi
445:of
356:to
1007::
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840:53
838:.
834:.
822:^
794:^
471:.
410:.
166::
134:.
96:Pg
874:.
852:.
846::
816:.
788:.
761:.
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717:.
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