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those of males. Before the adult moth can emerge from the host tree, the pupa must make its way to the entrance of the tunnel. It does this by bending and straightening which causes the adminicula to catch on any indentations in the tree trunk and thus propels its way up the tunnel. It proceeds in this fashion until part of the pupa is protruding on the surface of the tree and stays in this position until the adult moth emerges.
648:
64:
660:
696:
484:, which is unexpected given the moths Batesian mimicry, as these birds are not among the species that eat hornets. A likely explanation for this phenomenon is an absence of the model hornet, which would lead to a decreased efficacy of the mimicry. This could lead to the conspicuous coloration having the opposite intended effect once birds realize that the hornet moth is harmless and begin to seek it out.
521:
426:
does not return to care for the eggs or the larvae. It is evident when comparing the number of eggs produced to the number of adults that emerge each year that there is a large mortality between egg and adult stages. Therefore, the large number of eggs probably exhibits a trade-off for the female, with a large energy investment in developing eggs but no continued investment of parental care.
450:
are lined with rings of hard spines called adminicula that allow the pupa to maneuver through the bored tunnel in the tree. Males and females of the species have differing numbers of adminicula on the pupa and thus can be sexed prior to emergence as an adult. Additionally, female pupa are larger than
425:
does not tend to disperse far from the tree from which she emerged, searching for a host plant is not a necessary step before oviposition. The female flies around the tree and continuously deposits eggs, laying from hundreds to thousands at a time. After depositing the eggs, the female flies away and
554:
does not appear to exhibit any courtship behavior; as soon as a male and female come into contact they are likely to begin mating. After the female has mated with one male, she will not wait to mate again. Each female usually mates several times before laying eggs. Males also do not appear to show a
459:
Adults emerge between mid-June and July. Females spend the first few hours after emergence on the tree from which they emerged and typically do not fly until after they have mated. Conversely, males fly almost immediately after emergence and begin to look for a mate. Within seconds of emergence and
541:
use specialized posterior glands to emit sex pheromones in order to attract potential mates. When the female is ready to mate, usually very soon after emerging from the pupae, she raises her abdomen and releases pheromones for several minutes at a time. The effectiveness of this calling is crucial
437:
larvae hatch from
September to May and spend two or three years in the larval stage, overwintering as larvae. The larvae are mostly found around the roots of host trees. Prior to pupating, the larvae bore up to ten centimeters into the trunk of the host tree leaving a thin layer of bark over the
589:
in the United
Kingdom have shown evidence of decline over the past couple decades. While the adult forms are elusive and therefore have always been difficult to observe in the wild, the partially protruding pupae that are left after adult emergence provide a proxy for the number of moths in an
590:
ecosystem. In several sites around southern
England where old exit holes were found, no new exit holes were found in trees, suggesting local population extinction. This coupled with the under-reporting of the species has led it to be classified as nationally scarce in the United Kingdom.
572:
has often been considered an agricultural pest. However, recent evidence suggests that the moth is not the primary driver of poplar tree dieback but rather increases the effects due to drought and human influence. Attempts to control the species have used the sex pheromones of
463:
Adult hornet moths have clear wings that span 34–50 mm. Females and males both have yellow and black striped abdomens, but the number of stripes varies; females have two stripes whereas males have three. Females are on average larger than males.
350:
mimicry, as its similarity to a hornet makes it unappealing to predators. The hornet moth has been linked to the large dieback of poplar trees across Europe because its larvae bore into the trunk of the tree before re-emerging as adults.
555:
preference for virgin females as they will begin trying to mate with a female almost immediately after she has finished mating. Copulation is performed on the trunk of a tree with the female positioned above the male.
742:
Bella, Salvatore. "Bibliographic summary and new records of the
Brachodidae and Sesiidae of Sicily, with an updated list and some comments on the distribution of Italian species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea)".
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370:
Adult hornet moths are often found in open habitat such as parks, golf courses, and marshy areas. Females prefer to lay eggs on old or isolated trees, especially trees surrounded by vegetation.
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are brown and ovular in shape and have a major diameter of 0.43–0.85 mm. They are laid mostly around the base of an isolated tree or in surrounding vegetation. Since the female
707:
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504:. The moth is as large as a hornet and even has the hornet's rather jerky flight when disturbed, but it has more yellow and lacks the waist between the
1175:
362:
is found across mainland Europe, Great
Britain, and in parts of the Middle East. It has also recently been introduced to America and Canada.
346:) is a large moth native to Europe and the Middle East and has been introduced to North America. Its protective coloration is an example of
810:
Coleman, D. A. "The status and ecology of the hornet moth, Sesia apiformis (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), in suburban south London".
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1136:
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Coleman, D.A. "The status and ecology of the hornet moth, Sesia apiformis (Clerck)(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), in suburban south London".
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Maso, A. "External morphology of the egg of Sesia apiformis (Cl, 1759) under scanning electron microscopy (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)".
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Martin-Garcia, J. "Patterns and monitoring of Sesia apiformis infestations in poplar plantations at different spatial scales".
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Newland, D.E. "Eclosion mechanics, mating and ovipositing behaviour of Sesia apiformis (Clerck, 1759)(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)".
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512:. This provides it protection from predators who want to avoid being stung and thus do not try to eat the moth.
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entrance to disguise the tunnel. Once inside the larva builds a cocoon from silk and excavated tree material.
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Due to the large dieback of poplar trees across eastern United
Kingdom and the association of boring larvae,
76:
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Franckie, W (2004). "New type of
Sesiidae sex pheromone identified from the hornet moth Sesia apiformis".
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188:
171:
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Arundell, J.C. "Hornet clearwing moth (Sesia apiformis ) and dieback of poplars in eastern
England".
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528:. Female (above) is clearly larger than male (bottom) and differing number of stripes is apparent.
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Newland, D.E. "Ecology and predation of Sesia apiformis (Clerck, 1759)(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)".
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prior to flying, adults expel liquid waste that can reach up to 70% of their body volume.
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for mating as the moths have only a short lifespan in which to mate and reproduce.
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400:. It was found that trees near this heavy vegetation suffered from a lot more
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Colour
Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles: (Macrolepidoptera)
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females to create traps that attract individuals of the species.
396:. The moth also prefers to feed around trees surrounded by heavy
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1002:
378:
Larvae feed on host trees of several poplar species including
605:(lunar hornet moth) smaller with black head and shoulders.
34:. For the other moth which shares this common name, see
1011:
833:
Sociedad
Hispano-Luso-Americanan deLepidopterologĂa
953:British Journal of Entomology and Natural History
813:British Journal of Entomology and Natural History
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30:For the 1930s British biplane, see
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937:Journal of Applied Entomology
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72:Scientific classification
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559:Interactions with humans
32:de Havilland Hornet Moth
1338:Moths described in 1759
620:Eusphecia pimplaeformis
611:Eusphecia melanocephala
546:Female-Male interaction
266:Sphinx tenebrioniformis
1368:Palearctic Lepidoptera
971:Lepidoptera of Belgium
879:Entomologist's Gazette
859:Entomologist's Gazette
797:Arboricultural Journal
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488:Protective coloration
237:Sphinx crabroniformis
1163:Fauna Europaea (new)
306:Trochilium apiformis
282:Trochilium apiformis
37:Paranthrene simulans
602:Sesia bembeciformis
294:Trochilum apiformis
258:Sphinx sireciformis
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492:The coloration of
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48:Hornet moth
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1248:NatureServe
1189:iNaturalist
1037:Wikispecies
614:Dalman 1816
402:infestation
390:as well as
336:hornet moth
269:Esper, 1782
261:Esper, 1782
248:Lewin, 1797
129:Lepidoptera
1332:Categories
1240:SesiaApifo
988:(in Dutch)
726:References
689:Adult Male
482:great tits
398:vegetation
310:caflischii
286:brunneipes
109:Arthropoda
820:: 99–107.
550:The male
157:Species:
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
1343:Sesiidae
1253:2.945631
1237:MaBENA:
1215:LepIndex
1207:10255634
1085:BugGuide
1061:BioLib:
1051:BAMONA:
1022:Wikidata
994:UK moths
922:21832690
914:15260225
745:Spixiana
508:and the
417:Eggs of
348:Batesian
198:Synonyms
139:Sesiidae
135:Family:
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
1358:Mimicry
1181:5141493
1028:Q902404
628:Gallery
617:Europe
608:Europe
537:Female
506:abdomen
502:hornets
478:magpies
468:Enemies
366:Habitat
322:rhodani
298:brunnea
191:, 1759)
145:Genus:
125:Order:
119:Insecta
115:Class:
1305:863146
1279:748215
1220:118740
1194:354819
1155:439958
1142:303578
1129:AEGEAP
1116:948328
1077:207081
920:
912:
775:
701:Mating
641:Damage
516:Mating
510:thorax
250:, nec
246:, nec
240:, 1775
216:, nec
189:Clerck
1312:PPE:
1227:LoB:
1202:IRMNG
1137:EUNIS
1103:6YKPX
1090:16081
1064:48406
918:S2CID
653:Larva
455:Adult
430:Larva
242:(nec
229:(nec
212:(nec
150:Sesia
1292:9058
1274:NCBI
1230:4791
1176:GBIF
1124:EPPO
1072:BOLD
910:PMID
773:ISBN
716:and
665:Pupa
564:Pest
480:and
442:Pupa
384:and
334:The
320:ab.
308:ab.
296:ab.
1261:NBN
1111:EoL
1098:CoL
902:doi
413:Egg
338:or
284:f.
1334::
1302::
1289::
1276::
1263::
1250::
1217::
1204::
1191::
1178::
1165::
1152::
1139::
1126::
1113::
1100::
1087::
1074::
1039::
1024::
916:.
908:.
898:30
896:.
867:^
841:^
818:13
816:.
787:^
753:^
734:^
956:.
939:.
924:.
904::
881:.
861:.
835:.
799:.
781:.
747:.
342:(
254:)
233:)
220:)
187:(
40:.
20:)
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