2069:
128:
2130:
2064:
146:
2092:
2142:
2118:
917:
Zafaty, O.; Oukassou, M.; Riguetti, F.; Company, J.; Bendrioua, S.; Tabuce, R.; Charrière, A.; Pereda-Suberbiola, X. (2024). "A new stegosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) with a remarkable dermal armour from the Middle
Jurassic of North Africa".
974:
J. Jenny, A. Le Marrec, and M. Monbaron. (1981). Les empreintes de pas de dinosauriens dans le
Jurassique moyen du Haut Atlas central (Maroc): nouveaux gisements et precisions stratigraphiques.
722:
Maidment, Susannah C. R.; Strachan, Sarah J.; Ouarhache, Driss; Scheyer, Torsten M.; Brown, Emily E.; Fernandez, Vincent; Johanson, Zerina; Raven, Thomas J.; Barrett, Paul M. (2021-09-23).
2246:
857:
2190:
2068:
2261:
1023:
542:
is the oldest known ankylosaur that has currently been named from anywhere in the world. Few other ankylosaurs are known from a similar time.
504:
Preliminary assessments of the holotype led researchers to consider stegosaurian relationships for the species. In their 2021 description of
385:
region, Morocco. It was later acquired by London's
Natural History Museum from a commercial fossil dealer. The specimen consists of a single
524:—an important component of fish teeth—they considered this classification unsupported. Based on the T-shaped cross section of the rib,
2085:
565:
262:
882:
Clark, N. D. L. (2001). "A thyreophoran dinosaur from the Early
Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of the Isle of Skye, Scotland".
2236:
2063:
728:
2108:
2256:
145:
1016:
2251:
2241:
1114:
681:
420:
127:
2158:
665:) coexisted for over 20 million years, and implies that the putative extinction of the stegosaurs in the
2203:
1141:
1009:
949:
549:
370:
321:
285:
520:
fish, since some members have teeth fused to their jaws. However, since there is no evidence of ortho
2231:
2095:
929:
891:
807:
737:
2134:
1501:
1398:
647:
401:
1237:
769:
140:
2208:
464:
The preserved dermal spikes of the holotype were fused directly to the bone, a trait unique to
1994:
1258:
920:
835:
798:
761:
753:
374:
258:
669:
may have happened for reasons other than an increased diversity of anyklosaurs at that time.
407:
as a new genus and species of ankylosaurian thyreophoran based on these fossil remains. The
2122:
1459:
1406:
1244:
937:
899:
825:
815:
794:"North Africa's first stegosaur: Implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity"
745:
666:
382:
1924:
1888:
1828:
1794:
1787:
1680:
1621:
1493:
1390:
1306:
1266:
1099:
961:
604:
333:
30:
933:
895:
811:
741:
2146:
1987:
1973:
1959:
1867:
1840:
1736:
1717:
1632:
1578:
1443:
1413:
1383:
1346:
1322:
993:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des
Sciences à Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes
792:
Maidment, Susannah C. R.; Raven, Thomas J.; Ouarhache, Driss; Barrett, Paul M. (2020).
689:
637:
516:. They had considered the possibility that the rib was actually part of the jaw of an
419:
words "spicus", meaning "spike" and "mellus", which refers to a collar of spikes. The
2225:
1950:
1860:
1853:
1805:
1749:
1696:
1662:
1563:
1509:
1484:
1466:
1369:
1315:
1288:
1280:
773:
723:
673:
596:
484:
78:
2181:
1980:
1966:
1895:
1779:
1703:
1648:
1599:
1571:
1556:
1543:
1516:
1435:
1420:
1376:
1356:
1223:
1205:
1183:
1153:
1126:
1074:
1032:
685:
677:
658:
632:
569:
557:
517:
513:
489:
447:
390:
317:
238:
206:
508:, Maidment et al. discussed several lines of evidence supporting the placement of
492:), have superficially similar modified ribs. In all other known ankylosaurs, the
2015:
1932:
1881:
1821:
1772:
1614:
1592:
1524:
1473:
1251:
1083:
991:
n.g., n.sp., a brachiosaurid-like sauropod from the Middle
Jurassic of Morocco.
662:
611:
544:
222:
53:
749:
2008:
2001:
1939:
1814:
1765:
1757:
1710:
1655:
1641:
1607:
1585:
1451:
1295:
1230:
642:
626:
622:
581:
532:. Furthermore, the structural fibers of the osteoderms are interwoven, with a
474:
469:
452:
98:
63:
941:
839:
820:
793:
757:
536:-like arrangement, which is seen in ankylosaurs but not other thyreophorans.
2022:
1902:
1689:
1669:
1531:
1428:
1330:
636:. Predators of the ecosystem consisted of indeterminate theropods (possible
577:
553:
493:
378:
343:
329:
325:
157:
103:
47:
38:
34:
765:
684:
suggested a shallow marine depositional environment with continental mixed
496:
are embedded into the muscle tissue, rather than fused to underlying bone.
2175:
2029:
1065:
1056:
608:
600:
561:
529:
479:
439:
435:
431:
362:
190:
177:
93:
88:
73:
68:
58:
2195:
903:
830:
1917:
1909:
533:
394:
108:
83:
397:
and histologically sectioned to confirm that it was an ankylosaurian.
1050:
521:
167:
2152:
1874:
416:
408:
366:
2036:
858:"New species of dinosaur had armour unlike anything seen before"
2156:
1043:
1005:
1001:
576:, but it is unclear if these fragmentary remains belonged to a
599:) of Morocco. This would have been part of the supercontinent
386:
724:"Bizarre dermal armour suggests the first African ankylosaur"
427:, is a Latin word referring to something inhabiting Africa.
548:, known from a partial lower jaw, was found in England's
2106:
2165:
1949:
1839:
1804:
1735:
1679:
1631:
1542:
1483:
1355:
1344:
1305:
1203:
1152:
1125:
1098:
987:M. Monbaron, D. A. Russell, and P. Taquet. (1999).
657:
also shows that the two major thyreophoran groups (
646:is also known from the contemporaneous terrestrial
851:
849:
1017:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
446:is the second described eurypodan taxon from
8:
787:
785:
783:
369:PV R37412, was discovered in layers of the
2153:
1845:
1741:
1548:
1361:
1352:
1215:
1211:
1200:
1131:
1104:
1095:
1040:
1024:
1010:
1002:
438:sediments, but their remains are rarer in
126:
20:
829:
819:
672:Studies by the describing authors of the
595:is known from the El Mers III Formation (
350:represents the oldest named ankylosaur.
2113:
701:
957:
947:
472:. Some prehistoric animals, including
434:dinosaurs have been found in Jurassic
342:, known from a single rib with fused
7:
2247:Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of Africa
332:) of Morocco. The genus contains a
856:Davis, Josh (September 23, 2021).
528:can reasonably be assigned to the
14:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2091:
2090:
2067:
2062:
572:, Scotland, could be older than
144:
729:Nature Ecology & Evolution
566:Bearreraig Sandstone Formation
135:Illustration of the holotype.
1:
2262:Fossil taxa described in 2021
468:and not known from any other
316:is an extinct genus of early
884:Scottish Journal of Geology
2278:
750:10.1038/s41559-021-01553-6
16:Extinct genus of dinosaurs
2080:
2060:
1848:
1744:
1551:
1364:
1218:
1214:
1199:
1180:
1134:
1107:
1094:
1039:
400:In 2021, Maidment et al.
393:spines. The holotype was
291:
284:
141:Scientific classification
139:
134:
125:
23:
942:10.1016/j.gr.2024.03.009
821:10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.007
607:. It coexisted with the
862:Natural History Museum
2204:Paleobiology Database
552:, which dates to the
550:Oxford Clay Formation
371:El Mers III Formation
322:El Mers III Formation
304:Maidment et al., 2021
2237:Ornithischian genera
354:Discovery and naming
989:Atlasaurus imelakei
934:2024GondR.131..344Z
904:10.1144/sjg37010019
896:2001ScJG...37...19C
812:2020GondR..77...82M
742:2021NatEE...5.1576M
690:carbonate sediments
648:Guettioua Formation
2257:Fossils of Morocco
960:has generic name (
320:dinosaur from the
2219:
2218:
2159:Taxon identifiers
2104:
2103:
2076:
2075:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
1995:Nodocephalosaurus
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1340:
1339:
1259:Serendipaceratops
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
921:Gondwana Research
799:Gondwana Research
736:(12): 1576–1581.
688:, evaporitic and
653:The discovery of
556:age. An unnamed
430:Abundant diverse
309:
308:
265:
2269:
2252:Jurassic Morocco
2242:Bathonian genera
2212:
2211:
2199:
2198:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2094:
2093:
2071:
2066:
1846:
1742:
1549:
1460:Propanoplosaurus
1407:Glyptodontopelta
1362:
1353:
1245:Priodontognathus
1216:
1212:
1201:
1132:
1105:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1041:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1003:
996:
985:
979:
972:
966:
965:
959:
955:
953:
945:
914:
908:
907:
879:
873:
872:
870:
868:
853:
844:
843:
833:
823:
789:
778:
777:
719:
667:Early Cretaceous
640:). The sauropod
405:Spicomellus afer
300:
298:Spicomellus afer
296:
257:
250:
237:
221:
205:
149:
148:
130:
120:
50:
29:Temporal range:
21:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2072:
2042:
1945:
1925:Tianzhenosaurus
1889:Minotaurasaurus
1835:
1829:Zhongyuansaurus
1800:
1795:Zhejiangosaurus
1788:Liaoningosaurus
1723:
1681:Struthiosaurini
1675:
1627:
1622:Tatankacephalus
1538:
1494:Gargoyleosaurus
1479:
1391:Gargoyleosaurus
1349:
1336:
1307:Parankylosauria
1301:
1267:Sinankylosaurus
1208:
1187:
1168:
1148:
1121:
1115:Avemetatarsalia
1100:Avemetatarsalia
1090:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1030:
1000:
999:
986:
982:
978:. 14(3):427-431
973:
969:
956:
946:
916:
915:
911:
881:
880:
876:
866:
864:
855:
854:
847:
791:
790:
781:
721:
720:
703:
698:
605:Middle Jurassic
590:
502:
462:
415:, combines the
356:
305:
302:
294:
293:
280:
256:
248:
235:
219:
203:
143:
121:
119:
118:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
45:
44:
42:
31:Middle Jurassic
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2200:
2187:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1988:Euoplocephalus
1984:
1977:
1974:Anodontosaurus
1970:
1963:
1960:Akainacephalus
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1868:Crichtonsaurus
1864:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1841:Ankylosaurinae
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1737:Ankylosauridae
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1718:Struthiosaurus
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1633:Panoplosaurini
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1579:Niobrarasaurus
1575:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1489:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1444:Polacanthoides
1440:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1414:Horshamosaurus
1410:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1384:Dongyangopelta
1380:
1373:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1347:Euankylosauria
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1323:Kunbarrasaurus
1319:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1044:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1006:
998:
997:
980:
967:
909:
874:
845:
779:
700:
699:
697:
694:
589:
586:
501:
500:Classification
498:
461:
458:
355:
352:
334:single species
307:
306:
303:
289:
288:
282:
281:
273:
271:
267:
266:
246:
242:
241:
233:
226:
225:
217:
210:
209:
201:
194:
193:
188:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
137:
136:
132:
131:
123:
122:
114:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
51:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2274:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2114:
2110:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2070:
2065:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1951:Ankylosaurini
1948:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1861:Crichtonpelta
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:Bissektipelta
1851:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1806:Shamosaurinae
1803:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:Ahshislepelta
1747:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1697:Hungarosaurus
1694:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1663:Panoplosaurus
1660:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:Ahshislepelta
1561:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1510:Hoplitosaurus
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1485:Polacanthinae
1482:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1467:Rhadinosaurus
1464:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1370:Acanthopholis
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1316:Antarctopelta
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:
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511:
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26:
22:
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2166:
2135:Paleontology
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1981:Dyoplosaurus
1979:
1972:
1967:Ankylosaurus
1965:
1958:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1901:
1896:Pinacosaurus
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1793:
1786:
1780:Hylaeosaurus
1778:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1716:
1709:
1704:Pawpawsaurus
1702:
1695:
1688:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1649:Denversaurus
1647:
1640:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1600:Peloroplites
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1572:Borealopelta
1570:
1562:
1557:Acantholipan
1555:
1544:Nodosaurinae
1530:
1523:
1517:Peloroplites
1515:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1436:Mymoorapelta
1434:
1427:
1421:Hylaeosaurus
1419:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1377:Anoplosaurus
1375:
1368:
1357:Nodosauridae
1329:
1321:
1314:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1224:Cryptosaurus
1222:
1206:Ankylosauria
1184:Ankylosauria
1182:
1154:Ankylosauria
1142:Ornithischia
1127:Ornithischia
1079:
1075:Ornithischia
1070:
1061:
1033:Ankylosauria
995:329:519-526.
992:
988:
983:
975:
970:
958:|last4=
950:cite journal
925:
919:
912:
890:(1): 19–26.
887:
883:
877:
865:. Retrieved
861:
831:10141/622706
803:
797:
733:
727:
678:stratigraphy
671:
659:Ankylosauria
654:
652:
641:
633:Thyreosaurus
631:
625:
618:mogrebiensis
617:
613:
592:
591:
588:Paleoecology
573:
570:Isle of Skye
558:thyreophoran
543:
539:
538:
525:
518:osteichthyan
509:
505:
503:
483:
473:
465:
463:
451:
448:North Africa
443:
429:
424:
412:
409:generic name
404:
399:
359:
357:
347:
338:
337:
312:
311:
310:
297:
292:
277:S. afer
276:
275:
252:
251:
239:Ankylosauria
229:
213:
207:Ornithischia
197:
184:
24:
18:
2232:Ankylosaurs
2167:Spicomellus
2016:Scolosaurus
1933:Tsagantegia
1882:Jinyunpelta
1822:Shamosaurus
1773:Chuanqilong
1615:Silvisaurus
1593:Patagopelta
1525:Polacanthus
1474:Sauroplites
1274:Spicomellus
1252:Sarcolestes
1084:Thyreophora
928:: 344–362.
663:Stegosauria
655:Spicomellus
614:Cetiosaurus
603:during the
593:Spicomellus
574:Spicomellus
545:Sarcolestes
540:Spicomellus
526:Spicomellus
510:Spicomellus
506:Spicomellus
466:Spicomellus
460:Description
444:Spicomellus
413:Spicomellus
360:Spicomellus
348:Spicomellus
313:Spicomellus
253:Spicomellus
223:Thyreophora
25:Spicomellus
2226:Categories
2182:Q108667860
2084:See also:
2009:Platypelta
2002:Oohkotokia
1940:Zaraapelta
1815:Gobisaurus
1766:Cedarpelta
1758:Aletopelta
1711:Stegopelta
1656:Edmontonia
1642:Animantarx
1608:Sauropelta
1586:Nodosaurus
1452:Priconodon
1296:Vectipelta
1231:Dracopelta
1163:see below↓
1066:Dinosauria
696:References
643:Atlasaurus
627:Adratiklit
623:stegosaurs
582:ankylosaur
494:osteoderms
475:Protuberum
470:vertebrate
453:Adratiklit
442:deposits.
395:CT scanned
383:Fès-Meknès
365:specimen,
344:osteoderms
191:Dinosauria
2123:Dinosaurs
2023:Talarurus
1903:Saichania
1690:Europelta
1670:Texasetes
1532:Taohelong
1429:Invictarx
1331:Stegouros
1049:Kingdom:
840:1342-937X
806:: 82–97.
774:237616095
758:2397-334X
578:stegosaur
560:from the
554:Callovian
440:Gondwanan
436:Laurasian
432:eurypodan
402:described
379:Boulemane
330:Callovian
326:Bathonian
270:Species:
164:Kingdom:
158:Eukaryota
39:Callovian
35:Bathonian
2196:11377643
2176:Wikidata
2096:Category
2086:Timeline
2030:Ziapelta
1502:Gastonia
1399:Gastonia
1057:Chordata
1055:Phylum:
1051:Animalia
766:34556830
682:locality
621:and the
609:sauropod
601:Gondwana
562:Bajocian
530:Eurypoda
512:a basal
480:cynodont
450:, after
391:ossified
375:Boulahfa
363:holotype
261:et al.,
259:Maidment
178:Chordata
174:Phylum:
168:Animalia
154:Domain:
2147:Morocco
2109:Portals
1918:Tarchia
1910:Shanxia
930:Bibcode
892:Bibcode
808:Bibcode
738:Bibcode
686:clastic
680:of the
568:of the
534:plywood
522:dentine
339:S. afer
295:†
274:†
245:Genus:
115:↓
2209:443991
976:Geobos
838:
772:
764:
756:
580:or an
564:-aged
482:) and
1875:Datai
1238:Minmi
1080:Clade
1071:Clade
1062:Clade
770:S2CID
417:Latin
373:near
367:NHMUK
230:Clade
214:Clade
198:Clade
185:Clade
2191:GBIF
2037:Zuul
1140:see
1113:see
962:help
869:2021
836:ISSN
762:PMID
754:ISSN
676:and
661:and
630:and
425:afer
358:The
263:2021
54:PreꞒ
938:doi
926:131
900:doi
826:hdl
816:doi
746:doi
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249:†
236:†
220:†
204:†
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94:J
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74:D
69:S
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