717:: "By the Greeks the name Nardus is given to Lavender, from Naarda, a city of Syria near the Euphrates, and many persons call the plant 'Nard.' St. Mark mentions this as Spikenard, a thing of great value. In Pliny's time, blossoms of the Nardus sold for a hundred Roman denarii (or L.3 2s. 6d.) the pound. This Lavender or Nardus was called Asarum by the Romans, because it was not used in garlands or chaplets. It was formerly believed that the asp, a dangerous kind of viper, made Lavender its habitual place of abode, so that the plant had to be approached with great caution."
393:
20:
316:, namely Syrian nard, Gallic nard, Cretan nard (also called 'agrion' or 'phun'), field nard (also called 'bacchar'), wild nard (also called 'asaron'), and Celtic nard. Celtic nard is the only species Pliny mentions which he does not describe when listing the species of nard in book 12 of
320:
suggesting it is synonymous with another species, probably with the species Pliny refers to as 'hirculus', a plant Pliny attests to growing in the same region as Gallic nard and which he says is used to adulterate Gallic nard. Both are widely assumed to be cultivars or varieties of
190:
of Nepal, China, and India. In bloom, the plant grows to about 1 meter (3 ft) in height and has small, pink, bell-shaped flowers. It is found at an altitude of about 3,000 to 5,000 m (9,800 to 16,400 ft). Its
312:: Indian nard, a stinking nard called 'ozaenitidos' which is not used, a false nard ('pseudo-nard') with which true nard is adulterated, and several herbs local to Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean which are also called
436:
While he was in
Bethany, reclining at the table in the home of Simon the Leper, a woman came with an alabaster jar of very expensive perfume, made of pure nard. She broke the jar and poured the perfume on his
609:
Wang, Miao; Yang, Tian-Tain; Rao, Yao; Wang, Zhi-Mei; Dong, Xueqi; Zhang, Li-Hua; Han, Lifeng; Zhang, Yi; Wang, Tao; Zhu, Yan; Gao, Xiu-Mei; Li, Tian-Xiang; Xu, Yan-Tong; Wu, Hong-Hua (November 2021).
1027:
419:
Then Mary took about a pint of pure nard, an expensive perfume; she poured it on Jesus' feet and wiped his feet with her hair. And the house was filled with the fragrance of the perfume.
1017:, translates as "the spikenard represents Saint Joseph ... In the Hispanic iconographic tradition, in fact, St Joseph is depicted with a branch of spikenard in his hand").
763:
Purnima; Bhatt, Meenakshi; Kothiyal, Preeti (2015). "A review article on phytochemistry and pharmacological profiles of
Nardostachys jatamansi DC-medicinal herb".
1037:
827:
Chatterjee, Asima; Basak, Bidyut; Saha, Munmun; Dutta, Utpal; Mukhopadhyay, Chaitali; Banerji, Julie; Konda, Yaeko; Harigaya, Yoshihiro (1 November 2000).
1014:
il fiore di nardo indica San
Giuseppe ... Nella tradizione iconografica ispanica, infatti, San Giuseppe è raffigurato con un ramo di nardo in mano
739:
1161:
750:
880:
1059:
973:
948:
923:
1192:
1177:
473:
1149:
998:
1064:
380:. Field nard, or 'bacchar', has not been conclusively identified and must not be confused with species now called "
1187:
224:
611:"A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and the analytical methods of the genus
299:
610:
560:
332:
174:
69:
25:
38:
829:"Structure and Stereochemistry of Nardostachysin, a New Terpenoid Ester Constituent of the Rhizomes of
540:
Spikenard is also mentioned as an herb protecting Saint Thecla from wild beasts in the apocryphal text
254:
respectively). Among the other phytochemical products are found in the rhizomes are: nardostachysin, a
138:
102:
1032:
714:
1099:
105:, or in religious ceremonies across a wide territory from India to Europe. Historically, the name
1087:
768:
344:
338:
216:
114:
1157:
852:
809:
746:
735:
692:
634:
584:
565:: Phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses, and pharmacological activities: A comprehensive review"
454:
356:
350:
323:
109:
has also referred to essential oils derived from other species including the closely related
1122:
844:
799:
682:
672:
626:
576:
392:
376:
898:
1182:
492:
487:
461:
295:
179:
74:
34:
1093:
1114:
687:
660:
442:
424:
243:
183:
158:
117:; these cheaper, more common plants have been used in perfume-making, and sometimes to
78:
42:
1126:
19:
1171:
788:"Revised structures of nardal and nardin: identity with valerenal and valerenic acid"
497:
220:
196:
162:
64:
772:
727:
465:
400:
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278:
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154:
804:
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239:
118:
828:
408:
381:
362:
309:
187:
110:
82:
856:
813:
696:
638:
588:
885:
Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin
Dictionary at perseus.tufts.edu
709:
The origin of most of these quotes is
William Thomas Fernie, in his book
523:
469:
236:
232:
274:
255:
212:
208:
195:
can be crushed and distilled into an intensely aromatic, amber-colored
192:
150:
98:
848:
261:; nardostachnol; nardostachnone; jatamansic acid and jatamansinone.
529:
415:
Spikenard is mentioned in the Bible being used for its fragrance.
391:
258:
94:
90:
86:
18:
273:
was used to flavor wine, and occurs frequently in the recipes of
1156:, 2nd ed. by Tom Jaine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
1095:
The Vision, Or, Hell, Purgatory and
Paradise of Dante Alighieri
503:
446:
428:
1060:"Pope stresses simplicity, ecumenism in inaugural Mass plans"
1028:"Vatican releases Pope Francis' coat of arms, motto and ring"
145:). This word may ultimately derive either from Sanskrit नलद (
242:
has been isolated from the oil, and valerenal alongside
476:
includes the spikenard in reference to Saint Joseph.
231:(also known as (-)-valeranone) being dominant. Many
786:Kadam, SH; Paknikar, SK; Rao, GV (November 2013).
559:Pathak, Shilpi; Godela, Ramreddy (January 2024).
384:" referring to species native to North America.
149:'Indian spikenard'), or from Naarda, an ancient
1119:Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online
434:
417:
1012:
659:Dafni, Amots; Böck, Barbara (November 2019).
8:
97:. The oil has been used over centuries as a
765:Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
993:
991:
520:He tastes, but tears of frankincense alone
803:
686:
676:
665:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
661:"Medicinal plants of the Bible—revisited"
1001:. L'Osservatore Romano (Vatican website)
551:
223:contribute to the major portion of the
63:, is a class of aromatic amber-colored
713:(Bristol Pub., second edition, 1897),
403:. According to the Vatican, the plant
285:was the main ingredient of a perfume (
1098:. D. Appleton & Company. p.
968:
966:
943:
941:
918:
916:
732:Dangerous tastes: the story of spices
464:, the spikenard is used to represent
7:
875:
873:
513:e nardo e mirra son l’ultime fasce.
509:erba né biado in sua vita non pasce,
161:" in the English name refers to the
41:. For Japanese spikenard (Udo), see
1115:"Thecla → Paul and Thecla, Acts of"
511:ma sol d’incenso lagrime e d’amomo,
153:city (possibly the modern town of
14:
1127:10.1163/2589-7993_eeco_dum_036530
235:are also present in the oil. The
734:, London: British Museum Press,
165:or flowering stem of the plant.
1036:. 18 March 2013. Archived from
1148:Dalby, Andrew, "Spikenard" in
792:Natural Product Communications
407:is a spikenard and symbolises
1:
999:"Lo Stemma di Papa Francesco"
974:"Naturalis Historia; Book 21"
949:"Naturalis Historia; Book 14"
924:"Naturalis Historia; Book 12"
1154:The Oxford Companion to Food
619:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
581:10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105764
542:The Acts of Paul and Thecla.
474:coat of arms of Pope Francis
336:, stinking nard possibly to
33:For American spikenard, see
899:"Apicius; De Re Coquinaria"
837:Journal of Natural Products
485:) is also mentioned in the
308:used in making perfume and
199:with a thick consistency.
37:. For False spikenard, see
1211:
1065:National Catholic Reporter
805:10.1177/1934578X1300801103
405:(to the right of the star)
81:family which grows in the
32:
678:10.1186/s13002-019-0338-8
631:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114446
304:lists several species of
186:family that grows in the
1092:Dante Alighieri (1845).
1013:
831:Nardostachys jatamansi
563:Nardostachys jatamansi
518:
507:
480:
451:
433:
412:
333:Nardostachys jatamansi
330:Indian nard refers to
207:Nard oil is used as a
175:Nardostachys jatamansi
133:is derived from Latin
70:Nardostachys jatamansi
30:
26:Nardostachys jatamansi
395:
227:, with the eponymous
137:, from Ancient Greek
39:Maianthemum racemosum
22:
16:Type of essential oil
532:his funeral shroud.
374:), and wild nard to
103:traditional medicine
1193:Plants in the Bible
1178:Perfume ingredients
1033:The Daily Telegraph
277:. During the early
217:Ayurvedic practices
472:has said that the
413:
345:Lavandula stoechas
339:Allium victorialis
225:volatile compounds
113:genus, as well as
31:
849:10.1021/np990503m
843:(11): 1531–1533.
741:978-0-7141-2720-0
538:
537:
460:tradition of the
363:Valeriana italica
360:, Cretan nard to
357:Valeriana celtica
354:, Gallic nard to
351:Cymbopogon nardus
348:, Syrian nard to
324:Valeriana celtica
269:In ancient Rome,
246:(formerly called
1200:
1188:Incense material
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1040:on 21 March 2013
1024:
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1016:
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868:
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824:
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753:) pp. 83–88
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606:
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597:
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526:: swaths of nard
504:
449:
431:
406:
377:Asarum europaeum
342:, false nard to
203:Oil constituents
121:true spikenard.
115:Spanish lavender
1210:
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1198:
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1143:Further reading
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1068:. 18 March 2013
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493:Dante Alighieri
462:Catholic Church
450:
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390:
318:Natural History
301:Natural History
267:
205:
180:flowering plant
171:
127:
75:flowering plant
46:
35:Aralia racemosa
29:) essential oil
17:
12:
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5:
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798:(11): 1513–4.
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711:Herbal Simples
702:
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545:
536:
535:
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479:Nard (Italian
443:Gospel of Mark
439:
425:Gospel of John
421:
389:
386:
368:V. dioscoridis
266:
263:
244:valerenic acid
221:Sesquiterpenes
204:
201:
170:
167:
126:
123:
51:, also called
43:Aralia cordata
15:
13:
10:
9:
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1162:0-19-280681-5
1159:
1155:
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1150:Alan Davidson
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728:Dalby, Andrew
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197:essential oil
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163:inflorescence
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67:derived from
66:
65:essential oil
62:
58:
54:
50:
44:
40:
36:
28:
27:
21:
1153:
1130:. Retrieved
1118:
1109:
1094:
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1063:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1038:the original
1031:
1022:
1003:. Retrieved
978:. Retrieved
953:. Retrieved
928:. Retrieved
903:. Retrieved
893:
884:
881:""Nardinus""
860:. Retrieved
840:
836:
830:
822:
795:
791:
781:
764:
758:
731:
722:
710:
705:
671:(1) 57: 57.
668:
664:
654:
642:. Retrieved
622:
618:
613:Nardostachys
612:
604:
592:. Retrieved
572:
568:
562:
554:
541:
539:
522:And odorous
519:
508:
496:
486:
478:
466:Saint Joseph
458:iconographic
452:
435:
418:
414:
401:Pope Francis
397:Coat of arms
375:
371:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
337:
331:
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279:Roman empire
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173:
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134:
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106:
68:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:
24:
1088:H. F. Cary)
569:Fitoterapia
382:baccharises
372:V. tuberosa
310:spiced wine
229:jatamansone
184:honeysuckle
169:Description
155:Dohuk, Iraq
79:honeysuckle
23:Spikenard (
1172:Categories
1132:2024-01-25
980:29 October
955:29 October
930:29 October
905:5 November
547:References
240:actinidine
119:adulterate
976:. Perseus
951:. Perseus
926:. Perseus
901:. Nemeton
862:5 October
409:St Joseph
287:unguentum
256:terpenoid
233:coumarins
215:, and in
188:Himalayas
129:The name
125:Etymology
83:Himalayas
49:Spikenard
1072:18 March
1044:18 March
1005:18 March
857:11087600
814:24427929
773:40028864
730:(2000),
715:page 298
697:31775790
639:34339792
625:114446.
589:38042505
575:105764.
440:—
422:—
290:nardinum
237:alkaloid
193:rhizomes
157:). The "
151:Assyrian
111:valerian
61:muskroot
688:6882220
488:Inferno
470:Vatican
455:Iberian
453:In the
388:Culture
275:Apicius
265:History
213:incense
209:perfume
182:of the
99:perfume
77:in the
1183:Spices
1160:
855:
812:
771:
749:
738:
695:
685:
644:9 June
637:
594:9 June
587:
524:amomum
468:. The
366:(syn.
314:nardus
306:nardus
283:nardus
271:nardus
252:nardin
248:nardal
147:nálada
143:nárdos
139:νάρδος
135:nardus
93:, and
59:, and
57:nardin
769:S2CID
530:myrrh
482:nardo
445:14:3
437:head.
427:12:3
296:Pliny
259:ester
211:, an
178:is a
159:spike
95:India
91:China
87:Nepal
1158:ISBN
1086:tr.
1074:2013
1046:2013
1007:2013
982:2020
957:2020
932:2020
907:2011
864:2023
853:PMID
810:PMID
747:ISBN
745:(US
736:ISBN
693:PMID
646:2024
635:PMID
596:2024
585:PMID
528:And
250:and
131:nard
107:nard
101:, a
73:, a
53:nard
1123:doi
1100:171
845:doi
800:doi
683:PMC
673:doi
627:doi
623:280
577:doi
573:172
495:'s
491:of
447:NIV
429:NIV
399:of
327:.
298:'s
292:).
85:of
1174::
1164:).
1152:,
1121:.
1117:.
1062:.
1030:.
990:^
965:^
940:^
915:^
883:.
872:^
851:.
841:63
839:.
835:.
808:.
794:.
790:.
767:.
691:.
681:.
669:15
667:.
663:.
633:.
621:.
617:.
583:.
571:.
567:.
501::
370:,
281:,
219:.
89:,
55:,
1135:.
1125::
1104:)
1102:.
1090:(
1076:.
1048:.
1009:.
984:.
959:.
934:.
909:.
887:.
866:.
847::
833:"
816:.
802::
796:8
775:.
699:.
675::
648:.
629::
615:"
598:.
579::
561:"
411:.
141:(
45:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
