77:
139:
631:
36:
263:
605:
666:
557:
387:. The test vehicle made its first subsonic free-flight test in 1976, taking off under its own power from an old airstrip near Moscow. Flight tests, totaling eight in all, continued sporadically until 1978. The actual space plane project was cancelled when the decision was made to instead proceed with the
439:
Spiral was built to allow for a powered landing and go-around maneuver in case of a missed landing approach. An air intake for a single
Kolesov turbojet was mounted beneath the central vertical stabilizer. This was protected during launch and re-entry by a clamshell door which opened at subsonic
435:
wings. During launch and reentry, these were folded upward at 60 degrees. After dropping to subsonic speeds post-reentry, the pilot lowered the wings into the horizontal position, giving the spaceplane better re-entry and flight
404:
Soviet engineers opted for a midair launch scheme for Spiral. Known as "50 / 50", the idea was that the spaceplane and a liquid fuel booster stage would be launched at high altitude from the back of a custom-built
382:
The program was also known as the
Experimental Passenger Orbital Aircraft (EPOS). Work on this project began in 1965, with the project being halted in 1969, only to be restarted in 1974 in response to the U.S.
544:
Burned in the atmosphere at a height of about 60–70 km at a speed 8 000 mph (12 900 km/h). Was deployed at an altitude 328,083 ft (100 km) by
931:
465:
of Spiral was designed to separate from the rest of the vehicle and parachute to earth like a conventional ballistic capsule; this could be done at any point in the flight.
2177:
2727:
3427:
2910:
156:
49:
2587:
924:
3457:
3447:
2843:
2170:
865:
3442:
98:
2992:
471:
Spiral was designed to land on skids, which deployed from a set of doors on the sides of the fuselage just above and ahead of the wings.
203:
917:
644:
Flight tests, the experimental sub-scale base model. Five launches. Different from Spiral spaceplane shape, data was also used in the
175:
2976:
240:
222:
120:
63:
2163:
182:
3095:
1732:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1176:
160:
894:
3290:
2743:
2538:
2528:
2450:
189:
55:
899:
3452:
3055:
3260:
458:
during reentry. Several BOR (Russian acronym for
Unpiloted Orbital Rocketplane) craft were flown to test this concept.
171:
91:
85:
2310:
149:
3432:
2836:
2721:
2475:
2304:
102:
3392:
3285:
656:
503:, "Unpiloted Orbital Rocketplane") series, uncrewed sub-scale reentry test vehicles. American analogs were the
392:
268:
3233:
3330:
2809:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2028:
2023:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1849:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1742:
1737:
1715:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1547:
1542:
1502:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1285:
1085:
1077:
1062:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
350:
program, was a crewed test vehicle to explore low-speed handling and landing. It was a visible result of a
3382:
2716:
2470:
2433:
2428:
2186:
2093:
2033:
2018:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1808:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1762:
1604:
1582:
1572:
1557:
1552:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1280:
1275:
1237:
1156:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
987:
982:
977:
967:
962:
432:
298:
3270:
3265:
3229:
2887:
2676:
2643:
2598:
2277:
1670:
1624:
1171:
1151:
1113:
651:
451:
196:
3437:
3387:
3310:
3255:
2955:
2829:
2780:
1842:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1290:
1194:
1166:
1161:
972:
954:
826:
417:
589:
1. Destruction of the nose fairings after launch at a height of about five km (speed 0.94
3205:
3034:
2997:
2950:
2930:
2925:
2711:
2648:
2523:
2485:
2358:
2298:
2190:
1199:
462:
3325:
3295:
3210:
2920:
2688:
2352:
2128:
1095:
645:
508:
388:
904:
3397:
3335:
3215:
3151:
2915:
2769:
2682:
2508:
1242:
889:
861:
455:
321:
3366:
3146:
2866:
2665:
2455:
2368:
1424:
1247:
949:
487:
406:
359:
447:
3121:
2694:
2619:
2614:
2593:
2385:
2363:
2293:
2254:
2133:
1419:
1392:
1387:
1252:
1189:
1054:
1032:
1027:
799:
2155:
443:
Spiral was to have been protected by what Soviet engineers termed "scale-plate armour":
3361:
3300:
3131:
3126:
2786:
2412:
2407:
2123:
2083:
1988:
1978:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1898:
1727:
1720:
1431:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1219:
1209:
1103:
1067:
1044:
1039:
1022:
821:
414:
909:
3421:
3402:
3275:
3250:
3225:
2882:
2774:
2518:
2260:
2248:
809:
444:
384:
511:. Several of these craft have been preserved in aerospace museums around the world.
3356:
3351:
3220:
2671:
2637:
2631:
2498:
2225:
1214:
804:
351:
17:
3305:
3189:
3002:
2960:
2940:
2764:
2759:
2625:
2582:
2543:
2402:
2283:
2231:
679:
621:
571:
138:
3141:
3007:
2852:
2379:
630:
595:
2. Flight program is fully implemented. Crashed on landing (Parachute failure)
590:
504:
498:
428:
421:
391:. The MiG test vehicle itself still exists and is currently on display at the
355:
3320:
3315:
3280:
2945:
2753:
2460:
2329:
831:
753:
618:
Sub-scale model of the Spiral space plane. Four launches and two unconfirmed
545:
367:
2465:
2373:
2341:
2288:
2219:
1184:
454:
plated steel plates mounted on articulated ceramic bearings to allow for
262:
3166:
3156:
2323:
940:
884:
410:
303:
413:(OKB-156) and utilize many of the same technologies developed for the
3136:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3050:
2748:
2480:
2444:
2438:
2347:
885:
Predecessor of
Shuttle and Buran: Spiral Orbital Aircraft Programme
3116:
3111:
2935:
2335:
636:
610:
604:
3081:
665:
556:
461:
In the event of a booster explosion or in-flight emergency, the
371:
2825:
2564:
2201:
2159:
913:
2821:
716:
10.6 m (34 ft 9 in) (including instrument boom)
132:
70:
29:
587:
Sub-scale model of the Spiral space plane. Two launches.
568:
Sub-scale model of the Spiral space plane. Four launches.
789:
250–270 km/h (160–170 mph; 130–150 kn)
480:
Another spacecraft to use the Spiral design was the
3375:
3344:
3243:
3198:
3182:
3175:
3104:
3070:
3043:
3027:
3020:
2985:
2969:
2903:
2896:
2875:
2859:
2736:
2704:
2658:
2607:
2575:
2421:
2395:
2270:
2241:
2212:
1887:
1751:
1633:
1440:
1268:
1261:
1228:
1112:
1094:
1076:
1053:
948:
816:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
332:
327:
317:
309:
297:
289:
281:
276:
255:
163:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
409:jet. The mothership was to have been built by the
851:
849:
756:turbojet, 19.61 kN (4,410 lbf) thrust
542:Flight test, the experimental 1:3 scale model.
2837:
2171:
925:
495:
8:
468:Spiral was intended to carry only its pilot.
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3179:
3024:
2900:
2844:
2830:
2822:
2572:
2561:
2209:
2198:
2178:
2164:
2156:
1265:
932:
918:
910:
252:
771:800 km/h (500 mph, 430 kn)
676:Sub-scale model of the Spiral space plane
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
2588:Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft
513:
370:; the word is also used as a slang for "
84:This article includes a list of general
845:
860:. Hinkley: Midland. pp. 120–121.
856:Gordon, Yefim; Gunston, Bill (2000).
783:175 kg/m (36 lb/sq ft)
358:. The MiG 105 was nicknamed "Lapot" (
7:
2916:Bristol Ascender, Spacebus, Spacecab
161:adding citations to reliable sources
27:Soviet cancelled spaceplane project
3428:1970s Soviet experimental aircraft
492:Беспилотный Орбитальный Ракетоплан
431:that featured innovative variable-
424:Mach 3 bomber. It was never built.
90:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
722:6.7 m (22 ft 0 in)
45:This article has multiple issues.
664:
629:
603:
555:
261:
137:
75:
34:
728:24 m (260 sq ft)
374:"), for the shape of its nose.
267:MiG 105-11 test vehicle at the
148:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1:
832:NASA X-38 Crew Return Vehicle
740:4,220 kg (9,304 lb)
734:3,500 kg (7,716 lb)
354:project to create an orbital
3458:Aircraft first flown in 1976
3448:Tailless delta-wing aircraft
3056:Hypersonic Flight Experiment
3443:Cancelled Soviet spacecraft
3261:Martin Marietta Spacemaster
2722:Ya Guidao Gainian Feixingqi
746:500 kg (1,100 lb)
689:Specifications (MiG 105-11)
496:
3474:
941:Mikoyan and Gurevich (MiG)
427:Spiral was a conventional
172:"Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105"
2804:
2571:
2560:
2208:
2197:
2146:
491:
476:BOR reentry test vehicles
363:
260:
3393:X-41 Common Aero Vehicle
497:Bespilotnyi Orbital'nyi
344:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105
269:Central Air Force Museum
3403:Military flying saucers
2514:Reusable Booster System
2504:Liquid Fly-back Booster
2187:Reusable launch systems
905:Spiral, MIG 105, Uragan
890:Spiral and EPOS project
701:General characteristics
393:Monino Air Force Museum
105:more precise citations.
3316:NASA X-38 (Spacewedge)
3190:Boeing X-37 (tech dem)
2717:Goodyear Meteor Junior
2251:(orbiter and boosters)
3271:Orbital Sciences X-34
2644:Space Shuttle orbiter
652:Technik Museum Speyer
452:molybdenum disilicide
411:Tupolev Design Bureau
385:Space Shuttle Program
3276:Rockwell X-30 (NASP)
3256:DARPA Falcon Project
1215:MiG-XX LMFS MiG-1.27
418:supersonic transport
157:improve this article
3453:Hypersonic aircraft
3234:Shuttle–Mir Program
3206:North American X-15
3167:Zvezda (Tu-136/139)
3105:Soviet Union/Russia
2615:Buran-class orbiter
2456:Energia II (Uragan)
1162:I-380/I-410/I-3/I-5
277:General information
18:Spiral (spaceplane)
3157:RAKS (Tu-444/2000)
2353:Rocket Lab Neutron
550:Burned (planned).
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3388:TR-3A Black Manta
3216:Martin X-23 PRIME
3066:
3065:
3016:
3015:
2819:
2818:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2683:Orel (spacecraft)
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2364:Starship (SpaceX)
2153:
2152:
2142:
2141:
867:978-1-85780-099-9
686:
685:
456:thermal expansion
340:
339:
322:Soviet Air Forces
251:
250:
243:
233:
232:
225:
207:
131:
130:
123:
68:
16:(Redirected from
3465:
3433:Mikoyan aircraft
3180:
3025:
2901:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2823:
2666:Boeing Starliner
2573:
2562:
2369:Stoke Space Nova
2318:8R (first stage)
2315:6X (first stage)
2210:
2199:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2157:
1266:
934:
927:
920:
911:
872:
871:
853:
764:
703:
668:
657:Museum in Monino
633:
607:
559:
514:
502:
493:
463:crew compartment
436:characteristics.
365:
265:
253:
246:
239:
228:
221:
217:
214:
208:
206:
165:
141:
133:
126:
119:
115:
112:
106:
101:this article by
92:inline citations
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3407:
3398:Aurora aircraft
3371:
3340:
3239:
3194:
3171:
3100:
3062:
3039:
3012:
2981:
2965:
2892:
2871:
2855:
2850:
2820:
2815:
2792:
2732:
2700:
2654:
2603:
2567:
2548:
2417:
2391:
2266:
2237:
2204:
2193:
2184:
2154:
2149:
2138:
1891:
1883:
1755:
1747:
1629:
1436:
1257:
1230:
1224:
1108:
1090:
1072:
1049:
953:
944:
938:
881:
876:
875:
868:
858:Soviet X-Planes
855:
854:
847:
842:
796:
760:
699:
696:Soviet X-planes
691:
655:
594:
588:
543:
529:Current status
478:
401:
380:
290:National origin
272:
247:
236:
235:
234:
229:
218:
212:
209:
166:
164:
154:
142:
127:
116:
110:
107:
97:Please help to
96:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3471:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3420:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3376:Black projects
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3362:SpaceShipThree
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3345:In development
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Rocketplane XP
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:X-20 Dyna-Soar
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:MAKS (Molniya)
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3132:Keldysh bomber
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3047:
3045:
3044:In development
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2986:In development
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2787:SpaceShipThree
2784:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2660:
2659:In development
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2413:Saturn-Shuttle
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2271:In development
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2203:Launch systems
2202:
2195:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1263:
1262:By designation
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1078:Reconnaissance
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
959:
957:
946:
945:
939:
937:
936:
929:
922:
914:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
880:
879:External links
877:
874:
873:
866:
844:
843:
841:
838:
835:
834:
829:
824:
822:X-20 Dyna-Soar
813:
812:
807:
802:
795:
792:
791:
790:
787:Landing speed:
784:
778:
775:Maximum speed:
772:
769:Maximum speed:
758:
757:
747:
744:Fuel capacity:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
690:
687:
684:
683:
677:
674:
672:
669:
661:
660:
649:
642:
639:
634:
626:
625:
619:
616:
613:
608:
600:
599:
596:
585:
582:
579:
576:
575:
569:
566:
563:
560:
552:
551:
548:
540:
537:
534:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
477:
474:
473:
472:
469:
466:
459:
441:
437:
425:
400:
399:Spiral concept
397:
379:
376:
346:, part of the
338:
337:
334:
330:
329:
325:
324:
319:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
301:
295:
294:
291:
287:
286:
283:
279:
278:
274:
273:
266:
258:
257:
249:
248:
231:
230:
145:
143:
136:
129:
128:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3470:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3251:Chrysler SERV
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3226:Space Shuttle
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:United States
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:Project 921-3
2881:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2559:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Chang Cheng-1
2449:
2446:
2443:
2441:(first stage)
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2382:(first stage)
2381:
2378:
2376:(first stage)
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:(first stage)
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:(first stage)
2343:
2340:
2338:(first stage)
2337:
2334:
2332:(first stage)
2331:
2328:
2326:(first stage)
2325:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2307:(first stage)
2306:
2303:
2301:(first stage)
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:(first stage)
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2249:Space Shuttle
2247:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2228:(core stages)
2227:
2224:
2222:(first stage)
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2145:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:Ye-150/Ye-152
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
958:
956:
951:
947:
942:
935:
930:
928:
923:
921:
916:
915:
912:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
878:
869:
863:
859:
852:
850:
846:
839:
837:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
818:
817:
811:
810:Space Shuttle
808:
806:
803:
801:
800:Buran Shuttle
798:
797:
793:
788:
785:
782:
781:Wing loading:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
765:
763:
755:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
738:Gross weight:
736:
733:
732:Empty weight:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
705:
704:
702:
697:
695:
688:
681:
678:
675:
673:
670:
667:
663:
662:
658:
653:
650:
647:
643:
640:
638:
635:
632:
628:
627:
623:
620:
617:
614:
612:
609:
606:
602:
601:
597:
592:
586:
583:
580:
578:
577:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
554:
553:
549:
547:
541:
538:
535:
533:
532:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
515:
512:
510:
506:
501:
500:
489:
485:
484:
475:
470:
467:
464:
460:
457:
453:
449:
446:
445:niobium alloy
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
423:
419:
416:
412:
408:
403:
402:
398:
396:
394:
390:
389:Buran project
386:
377:
375:
373:
369:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
335:
331:
326:
323:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
270:
264:
259:
254:
245:
242:
227:
224:
216:
213:February 2011
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174: –
173:
169:
168:Find sources:
162:
158:
152:
151:
146:This article
144:
140:
135:
134:
125:
122:
114:
111:February 2011
104:
100:
94:
93:
87:
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3357:SpaceShipTwo
3352:Dream Chaser
3221:SpaceShipOne
3161:
2808:* indicates
2672:Dream Chaser
2638:SpaceShipTwo
2632:SpaceShipOne
2533:
2487:
2226:Falcon Heavy
2118:
1888:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1843:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1763:
1752:
1414:
1204:
1195:Project 1.44
1114:Experimental
955:interceptors
900:Spiral 50-50
857:
836:
815:
814:
805:Dream Chaser
786:
780:
774:
768:
761:
759:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
713:
707:
700:
698:
693:
692:
523:Launch date
482:
481:
479:
381:
347:
343:
341:
333:First flight
318:Primary user
299:Manufacturer
293:Soviet Union
285:Test vehicle
237:
219:
210:
200:
193:
186:
179:
167:
155:Please help
150:verification
147:
117:
108:
89:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
3438:Spaceplanes
3311:Black Horse
3306:VentureStar
3286:Silver Dart
3003:Space Rider
2961:Silbervogel
2853:Spaceplanes
2765:Silver Dart
2697:upper stage
2626:Gemini SC-2
2583:Boeing X-37
2544:VentureStar
2476:Hyperbola-2
2403:Kankoh-maru
2336:Orbex Prime
2305:Hyperbola-3
2284:Ariane Next
2263:* (booster)
2257:* (booster)
2232:New Shepard
1361:MiG-23 (II)
1200:Project LFI
762:Performance
750:Powerplant:
680:NPO Molniya
622:NPO Molniya
572:NPO Molniya
395:in Russia.
378:Development
103:introducing
3422:Categories
3367:Radian One
3336:DARPA XS-1
3331:Prometheus
3199:Historical
3008:SpaceLiner
2970:Historical
2810:suborbital
2566:Spacecraft
2529:Tianjiao-1
2524:Sea Dragon
2447:(boosters)
2380:Tianlong-3
2311:Long March
2191:spacecraft
2148:Unofficial
1756:(aircraft)
1558:I-320 (II)
1356:MiG-23 (I)
1321:MiG-9 (II)
1306:MiG-7 (II)
983:MiG-7 (II)
840:References
726:Wing area:
654:, Germany
539:15.07.1969
505:X-23 PRIME
499:Raketoplan
429:delta wing
422:Sukhoi T-4
407:hypersonic
356:spaceplane
183:newspapers
86:references
50:improve it
3383:Blackstar
3321:XCOR Lynx
3281:NASA X-43
2867:Wild Fire
2775:X-30 NASP
2737:Cancelled
2705:Proposals
2691:(capsule)
2685:(capsule)
2679:(capsule)
2668:(capsule)
2622:(capsule)
2486:Hopper /
2461:Falcon 1e
2396:Proposals
2388:(engines)
2330:New Glenn
1892:(product)
1553:I-320 (I)
1316:MiG-9 (I)
1301:MiG-7 (I)
1243:MiG 18-50
1231:cancelled
1229:Proposed,
978:MiG-7 (I)
895:Spiral OS
777:Mach 0.65
754:RD-36-35K
720:Wingspan:
694:Data from
682:, Moscow
659:, Russia
641:1984–1988
624:, Moscow
615:1980–1984
598:Crashed.
584:1973–1974
574:, Moscow
565:1969–1972
368:bast shoe
313:Cancelled
56:talk page
3244:Canceled
3127:Explorer
3028:Canceled
2904:Canceled
2888:Shenlong
2812:vehicles
2695:Starship
2677:Mengzhou
2599:Shenlong
2594:Dragon 2
2466:Falcon 5
2422:Canceled
2374:Terran R
2342:Pallas-1
2299:Electron
2289:CALLISTO
2220:Falcon 9
1889:Izdeliye
1861:(F) (II)
1425:MiG-2000
1248:MiG-2000
1185:MiG Skat
1096:Trainers
950:Fighters
943:aircraft
794:See also
648:project.
433:dihedral
420:and the
3230:program
3142:Lapotok
2956:Saenger
2951:S3 SOAR
2946:Orizont
2941:MUSTARD
2760:Mustard
2608:Retired
2590:(CSSHQ)
2488:Phoenix
2429:Adeline
2324:Miura 5
2242:Retired
2039:65 (II)
2004:50 (II)
1989:32 (II)
1974:23 (II)
1964:22 (II)
1853:(F) (I)
1828:(SI/SF)
1753:Samolet
1420:MiG-110
1415:MiG-105
1253:MiG SVB
1205:MiG-105
1190:MiG-110
1181:MiG-21I
1086:MiG-25R
1063:MiG-23B
714:Length:
488:Russian
440:speeds.
360:Russian
328:History
304:Mikoyan
256:MiG-105
197:scholar
99:improve
3183:Active
3162:Spiral
3137:Kliper
3091:HOPE-X
3086:ALFLEX
3078:HYFLEX
3051:RLV-TD
3035:AVATAR
2998:Skylon
2993:Airbus
2931:Hopper
2926:Hermes
2897:Europe
2860:Canada
2749:Kliper
2712:Avatar
2620:Dragon
2576:Active
2534:Spiral
2481:HOPE-X
2445:Ares V
2439:Ares I
2434:Angara
2408:SASSTO
2386:Vulcan
2359:Skylon
2348:RLV-TD
2294:CORONA
2255:Petrel
2213:Active
2034:65 (I)
1999:50 (I)
1984:32 (I)
1969:23 (I)
1959:22 (I)
1743:Ye-266
1738:Ye-231
1733:Ye-166
1728:Ye-518
1716:Ye-155
1711:Ye-152
1706:Ye-151
1701:Ye-150
1696:Ye-133
1432:MiG-AT
1410:MiG-35
1405:MiG-33
1400:MiG-31
1383:MiG-29
1378:MiG-27
1366:MiG-25
1351:MiG-21
1346:MiG-19
1341:MiG-17
1336:MiG-15
1331:MiG-13
1326:MiG-11
1220:PAK DP
1210:MiG-33
1104:MiG-AT
1068:MiG-27
1055:Attack
1045:MiG-35
1040:MiG-31
1023:MiG-29
1018:MiG-25
1013:MiG-23
1008:MiG-21
1003:MiG-19
998:MiG-17
993:MiG-15
864:
526:Usage
517:Image
415:Tu-144
364:лапоть
352:Soviet
348:Spiral
310:Status
199:
192:
185:
178:
170:
88:, but
3326:Xerus
3296:HL-42
3291:HL-20
3211:ASSET
3122:Buran
3117:BOR-5
3112:BOR-4
3096:WIRES
3071:Japan
3021:India
2936:HOTOL
2921:Falke
2876:China
2728:SUSIE
2689:Orion
2519:Roton
2494:HOTOL
2471:Nexus
1877:(IKh)
1826:СИ/СФ
1721:MF/MP
1691:Ye-76
1686:Ye-66
1681:Ye-50
1676:Ye-33
1598:I-420
1593:I-410
1588:I-380
1583:I-370
1578:I-360
1573:I-350
1568:I-340
1563:I-330
1548:I-312
1543:I-310
1538:I-308
1533:I-307
1528:I-305
1523:I-302
1518:I-301
1513:I-300
1508:I-270
1503:I-260
1498:I-250
1493:I-231
1488:I-230
1483:I-225
1478:I-224
1473:I-222
1468:I-221
1463:I-220
1458:I-211
1453:I-210
1448:I-200
1311:MiG-8
1296:MiG-6
1291:MiG-5
1286:MiG-4
1281:MiG-3
1276:MiG-1
1238:MiG-6
1157:I-350
1147:I-320
1142:I-270
1137:I-250
1132:I-220
1127:I-211
1122:MiG-8
988:MiG-9
973:MiG-5
968:MiG-3
963:MiG-1
708:Crew:
671:BOR-6
646:Buran
637:BOR-5
611:BOR-4
581:BOR-3
562:BOR-2
546:11K65
536:BOR-1
520:Type
509:ASSET
448:VN5AP
366:, or
204:JSTOR
190:books
3082:OREX
2911:ARES
2781:X-33
2770:SOAR
2754:Lynx
2649:X-15
2509:MAKS
2278:Amur
2261:Skua
2189:and
1869:(Kh)
1836:(SM)
1789:(Zh)
1781:(Ye)
1671:Ye-8
1666:Ye-7
1661:Ye-6
1656:Ye-5
1651:Ye-4
1646:Ye-2
1641:Ye-1
1625:I-75
1172:I-75
1167:I-7U
1152:Ye-8
862:ISBN
827:X-24
752:1 ×
591:Mach
507:and
450:and
372:shoe
342:The
336:1976
282:Type
176:news
3147:LKS
2977:IXV
2744:H-2
2539:V-2
2499:K-1
2134:801
2129:701
2124:518
2119:105
1820:(S)
1812:(R)
1804:(N)
1773:(D)
1620:I-7
1615:I-5
1610:I-3
1605:I-1
1269:MiG
483:БОР
159:by
3424::
3232:,
2114:99
2109:96
2104:95
2099:94
2094:92
2089:84
2084:83
2079:77
2074:76
2069:75
2064:74
2059:72
2054:69
2049:68
2044:66
2029:64
2024:63
2019:61
2014:55
2009:53
1994:39
1979:30
1954:21
1949:15
1939:08
1929:07
1919:05
1914:03
1909:02
1899:01
1875:ИХ
1834:СМ
1634:Ye
1371:MP
848:^
593:).
494:,
490::
362::
59:.
3236:)
3228:(
3084:/
3080:/
2845:e
2838:t
2831:v
2789:*
2783:*
2777:*
2756:*
2724:*
2651:*
2640:*
2634:*
2628:*
2234:*
2179:e
2172:t
2165:v
1944:9
1934:7
1924:5
1904:2
1867:Х
1859:Ф
1851:Ф
1844:T
1818:С
1810:Р
1802:Н
1795:М
1787:Ж
1779:E
1771:Д
1764:А
1441:I
1393:M
1388:K
1033:M
1028:K
952:,
933:e
926:t
919:v
870:.
710:1
486:(
271:.
244:)
238:(
226:)
220:(
215:)
211:(
201:·
194:·
187:·
180:·
153:.
124:)
118:(
113:)
109:(
95:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
