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shells are traded, as well as who is benefiting the most from the trades. Modes such as central place (redistribution) require the entity that is the central place to be the one that gains the most benefit from the trade, and modes such as emissary trading and port of trade are the modes that started
2266:
Shimada, Izumi. “Evolution of Andean
Diversity: Regional Formations (500 B.C.E-C.E. 600). The Cambridge History of the Native People of the Americas. Vol. III, pt. 1. Ed. Frank Salomon & Stuart B. Schwartz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999: 350-517, esp. "Mesoamerican-Northwest South
922:
Spondylidae taxonomy has undergone many revisions, mostly due to the fact that identification is traditionally based on the shell only, and this is highly variable. To add to this, while some shallow-water species are extremely common, at least two deep-water ones are known from a single specimen,
754:
shells is what led to an economy of sorts in the
Central Andes and led to the development of a merchant class, "mercardes", in different cultures within the Central Andes. This caused the development of different styles of trade that went through evolutionary changes throughout pre-Columbian times.
2407:
Montojo, U.M.; Sakamoto, S.; Cayme, M.F.; Gatdula, N.C.; Furio, E.F.; Relox, J.R.; Kodama, M. (2006). "Remarkable difference in toxin accumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins among bivalve species exposed to
Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum bloom in Masinloc bay, Philippines".
658:
shells from the Aegean Sea were worked into bracelets and belt buckles. Over time styles changed with the middle neolithic favouring generally larger barrel-shaped beads and the late neolithic smaller flatter and disk shaped beads. Significant finds of jewelry made from
612:. The type of substrate they use depends on the species: many only attach to coral, and the largest diversity of species is found in tropical coral reefs; others, (particularly S. spinosus) however, easily adapt to man-made structures, and have become important
2340:
2107:
Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. ii, 824 pp., available online at
902:, that had to be done with extreme detail and precision, was to create breathtaking masks, vests, and other pieces individuals would use to express how valuable or wealthy they were in life and death. By having the most beautiful
755:
These are reciprocity (home based), reciprocity (boundary), down-the-line trade, central place (redistribution), central place (market exchange), emissary trading, and port of trade. These modes of trade dictate the way that the
2329:
491:. The two halves of their shells are joined with a ball-and-socket type of hinge, rather than with a toothed hinge as is more common in other bivalves. They also still retain vestigial anterior and posterior
2371:
Lodeiros, CĂ©sar; Soria, Gaspar; Valentich-Scott, Paul; MunguĂa-Vega, Adrián; Cabrera, Jonathan
Santana; Cudney-Bueno, Richard; Loor, Alfredo; Márquez, Adrian; Sonnenholzner, Stanislaus (August 2016).
881:
being associated with seasonal weather events such as heavy rains or increases in sea temperature along the coast, as those events were closely associated with particular gods or spirits in
642:
to make bangles and other ornaments throughout much of the
Neolithic period. The main use period appears to have been from around 5350 to 4200 BC. The shells were harvested from the
674:
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shells were the driving factor of trade within the
Central Andes and were used in a similar manner to gold nuggets, copper hatches, coca, salt, red pepper, and cotton cloth.
2608:
4499:
4241:
2574:
Roemer, F. (1849). Texas : mit besonderer RĂĽcksicht auf deutsche
Auswanderung und die physischen Verhältnisse des Landes nach eigener Beobachtung. A. Marcus.
798:
is fished primarily for its adductor muscle, or "callus", which is a high-value foodstuff. Some
Mediterranean species are edible and are commonly consumed, with
4538:
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while a third (S. gravis) was only rediscovered after 77 years. At least another common species (S. regius) has a different shell when it grows in deep water.
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3013:
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2216:"The necklace from the Strážnice site in the HodonĂn district (Czech Republic). A contribution on the subject of Spondylus jewelry in the Neolithic"
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31:
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Lamprell, Kevin L. (May 1998). "Recent
Spondylus species from the Middle East and adjacent regions, with the description of two new species".
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times and is also a great representation of the relationship between the Aztec empire and nature. To Aztec groups and peoples’,
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to specific religious symbols such as the Sun god, the Moon goddess, and the mountain spirits. This led to certain groups of
810:. The Romans ate them. Macrobius in Saturnalia III.13 describes a dinner party in 63 BCE in which there were two courses of
596:
are filter feeders. The adults live cemented to hard substrates, a characteristic they share, by convergent evolution, with
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Fossils of these molluscs can be found in fossiliferous marine strata all over the world. For example, they are present in
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shells also reached far and wide, as pre-Hispanic Ecuadorian peoples traded them with peoples as far north as present-day
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from the website of the Gladys Archerd Shell Collection at Washington State University Tri-Cities Natural History Museum
2181:
873:
groups were formed as a result of when and where they can be found seasonally and tend to connect a particular group of
2170:
Ludvigsen, Rolf & Beard, Graham. 1997. West Coast Fossils: A Guide to the Ancient Life of Vancouver Island. pg. 104
4434:
4421:
4176:
4163:
2123:
MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Spondylus Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at:
495:("ears", triangular shell flaps) along the hinge line, a characteristic feature of scallops, though not of oysters.
4543:
4285:
2023:
1300:
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487:); however, they do share some habits such as cementing themselves to rocks rather than attaching themselves by a
3573:
2298:"Political Economy, Ethnogenesis, and Language Dispersals in the Prehispanic Andes: A World-System Perspective".
2358:
Waves of Influence: Pacific Maritime Networks Connecting Mexico, Central America, and Northwestern South America
1694:
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Ed. Fotis Ifantidis and Marianna Nikolaidou. BAR International Series 2216. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011: 63-89.
2137:
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uses amongst Aztecs included: art, jewelry, statues, religious motifs, and at times currency. One example of
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research at the 13th Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists at Zadar, Croatia, September 2007
1963:
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Finsley, Chalres. 1999. A Field Guide to the Fossils of Texas. Gulf Publishing. Lanham, Maryland. plate 55.
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616:. Others still are often found attached to other shells, perhaps the most common belonging to the genus
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Spiny oysters are found in all subtropical and (especially) tropical seas, usually close to the coasts.
545:
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2018:
2002:
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used in art is the double-headed serpent which can be seen amongst images on the right of the page.
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Cassian beds in Italy (235 to 232 million years ago) onwards. About 40 extinct species are known.
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2313:"Negotiated Subjugation: Maritime Trade and the Incorporation of Chincha Into the Inca Empire".
2109:
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Aztec history, most predominantly its importance in jewelry, art, and sculpture. Another use of
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4308:
2330:"The Dynamics of Pre-Columbian Spondylus Trade across the South American Central Pacific Coast"
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was commonly ground for mortar in Central America, giving raise to its junior synonym, "
778:
shells, and a commercial market exists for them. Additionally, some species (especially
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from the original on 2020-06-19 – via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
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Pre-Columbian clothing made of Spondylus shell beads. La Florida archaeological site (
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in the Central Andes stems from supply and demand. There was a lot of demand for
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vary considerably in appearance. They are grouped in the same superfamily as the
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2226:. Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani: 265–277.
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2453:"Spondylus in Precolumbian, Historic and Contemporary Southwest Jewelry"
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2182:"Natural Pearls Reportedly from a Spondylus Species ("Thorny" Oyster)"
988:: The eyes can be seen on the fringe between the mantle and the shell.
906:
pieces, meant that individual had immense power within the community.
124:
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646:, but were transported far into the center of the continent. In the
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in grave goods appears to have been limited to women and children.
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http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138518
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and traded to tribes through Mexico and the American Southwest.
726:
4101:
3098:
2661:
604:. Like the latter, they are protected by spines and a layer of
2337:
Florida Atlantic University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing
2253:
Carter, Benjamin. "Spondylus in South American Prehistory" in
647:
2110:
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277#page/3/mode/1up
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2657:
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in effigy pots. Spondylus were also harvested from the
2640:
spp. in Aegean, Balkan, European and American contexts
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
483:
They are not closely related to true oysters (family
30:
For the suffix "-spondylus" as used in taxonomy, see
1399:
1096:
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shells due to the "fetishistic needs to the south".
4368:
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4016:
3959:
3881:
3652:
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3483:
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3132:
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2880:
2822:
2815:
2768:
2702:
2695:
869:was a gift from the gods to be celebrated. Certain
806:. Tropical species, however, tend to bioaccumulate
709:and as currency. In fact, much like in Europe, the
782:) are sometimes found in the saltwater aquariums.
729:regarded the sea and animals as sacred; they used
502:spp. have multiple eyes around the edges of their
2255:Spondylus in Prehistory: New Data and Approaches.
2214:Gardelková-Vrtelová, Anna; Golej, Marián (2013).
760:the "mercardes" class within the Central Andes.
2278:The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the
2594:shells at the Rotterdam Natural History Museum
2590:pictures of the shells of most extant species.
577:, as well as in other parts of North America.
538:, and is known in the fossil records from the
387:(unavailable name: no type species designated)
3110:
2673:
8:
2315:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archeology
2645:Spondylus: Spiny Oyster Shells of the World
4098:
3487:
3296:
3117:
3103:
3095:
2914:
2819:
2699:
2680:
2666:
2658:
2634:A full and constantly updated bibliography
913:Mask made of Spondylus and other materials
705:times, serving as both an offering to the
506:, and they have relatively well-developed
123:
38:
3014:The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell
2391:
2231:
673:
2280:Museo ArqueolĂłgico Rafael Larco Herrera
2119:
2117:
2100:
822:In addition to its significance in the
667:. During the late Neolithic the use of
608:and, like the former, they can produce
32:List of commonly used taxonomic affixes
2512:
2502:
573:, and in the Trent River Formation of
2373:"Spondylids of Eastern Pacific Ocean"
946:The interior of two fossil valves of
857:held immense religious value amongst
7:
4554:74550bc0-eb16-4477-b6f5-ecff0ce3b9fe
4358:14FAAE61-A195-412E-A4B2-996DAB35B959
4322:2A5D720C-FCDA-7BB7-FBE3-85A8647B99DD
4296:26561295-ad5b-4df8-8a8a-a2009b8254a5
774:Even today, there are collectors of
2276:Katherine Berrin and Larco Museum.
2267:American Connections", pp. 430-436.
984:edges of a live thorny oyster from
2188:. Gemological Institute of America
2180:WingYan Ho, Joyce; Zhou, Chunhui.
631:evidence indicates that people in
25:
4636:Extant Triassic first appearances
733:shells in their art and depicted
3078:
3077:
2239:
717:and as far south as the central
498:As is the case in all scallops,
150:
802:in particular being popular in
443:(though they are not, in fact,
435:. They are known in English as
2551:"Spondylus regius, deep water"
2476:WoRMS Editorial Board (2017).
830:was also an important part of
358:Spondylus (Eleutherospondylos)
1:
2623:Neolithic artifacts in Europe
2461:. pp. 38–44 – via
2422:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.04.014
2380:Journal of Shellfish Research
2328:Martin, Alexander J. (2001).
1542:Cossignani & Allary, 2018
2647:, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1987
1395:Lamprell & Kilburn, 1995
350:Spondylus (Corallospondylus)
291:
638:were trading the shells of
4652:
2451:Liu, Robert (2005-03-28).
1784:Lamprell & Healy, 2001
1695:Spondylus pseudogaederopus
1689:Lamprell & Healy, 2001
1656:Lamprell & Healy, 2001
1532:Lamprell & Healy, 2001
1434:Lamprell & Healy, 2001
1277:Lamprell & Healy, 2001
1224:Lamprell & Healy, 2001
697:and has been important to
689:is found off the coast of
518:region, with recognisable
382:Spondylus (Rimaespondylus)
29:
4054:
3072:
2091:, an undescribed species
305:
298:
289:
284:
265:
258:
147:Scientific classification
145:
131:
122:
41:
2138:"Fossilworks: Spondylus"
1576:Spondylus multimuricatus
1334:- European thorny oyster
1263:Spondylus erectospinosus
1040:- Atlantic thorny oyster
934:Lamarck, 1819, from the
894:had several key uses in
663:shells were made at the
514:are concentrated in the
428:, the only genus in the
3619:Nickel silver (alpacca)
2871:Chesapeake Bay deadrise
2300:American Anthropologist
2220:Documenta Praehistorica
1881:Spondylus tenuispinosus
1603:Spondylus multistriatus
980:A view of the colorful
930:Pacific thorny oyster,
522:connected to the eyes.
1964:Spondylus violacescens
1803:Spondylus senegalensis
1705:Spondylus purpurascens
1589:Spondylus multisetosus
1489:Spondylus leucacanthus
1181:Spondylus crassisquama
1122:Spondylus bostrychites
1111:Spondylus avramsingeri
1101:Spondylus aucklandicus
1022:
1010:
989:
973:
967:Spondylus linguaefelis
958:
939:
914:
850:
683:
558:
469:
4575:Paleobiology Database
4304:Paleobiology Database
3960:Other natural objects
2618:Article on "notched"
1921:G. B. Sowerby I, 1827
1780:Spondylus rippingalei
1775:- regal thorny oyster
1613:Spondylus nicobaricus
1515:Spondylus linguafelis
1016:
995:
979:
965:Cat's tongue oyster,
964:
945:
929:
912:
849:Double-headed serpent
848:
828:Spondylus crassiquama
677:
551:Spondylus crassicosta
548:
458:
3435:Wire wrapped jewelry
3415:Repoussé and chasing
2980:Steak and oyster pie
2955:Oysters en brochette
2643:Lamprell, Kevin L.:
2393:10.2983/035.035.0203
2052:Spondylus microlepos
2037:Spondylus imbricatus
1990:Spondylus visayensis
1938:Spondylus versicolor
1904:Spondylus variegatus
1790:Spondylus rubicundus
1726:Spondylus raoulensis
1662:Spondylus ostreoides
1538:Spondylus marinensis
1528:Spondylus maestratii
1440:Spondylus imperialis
1404:Spondylus guadalupae
1371:Spondylus granulosus
1339:Spondylus gloriandus
1322:Spondylus gaederopus
1085:Spondylus asperrimus
1054:- nude thorny oyster
1045:Spondylus anacanthus
1031:Spondylus americanus
1019:Spondylus visayensis
999:Spondylus gaederopus
969:Sowerby, 1847, from
567:Fort Worth Formation
526:Evolutionary history
472:The many species of
366:Spondylus (Eltopera)
268:Spondylus gaederopus
3977:Ebonite (vulcanite)
3043:List of oyster bars
3007:Consider the Oyster
2965:Oysters Rockefeller
2960:Oysters Kirkpatrick
2925:Angels on horseback
2835:Oystering machinery
1977:Spondylus virgineus
1951:Spondylus victoriae
1842:Spondylus squamosus
1750:Spondylus reesianus
1740:Spondylus rarispina
1709:T. Cossignani, 2022
1699:T. Cossignani, 2022
1639:Spondylus ocellatus
1566:Spondylus morrisoni
1463:Spondylus Lamarckii
1352:Spondylus gloriosus
1346:& Standen, 1907
1309:Spondylus foliaceus
1250:Spondylus echinatus
1230:Spondylus depressus
1220:Spondylus deforgesi
1158:Spondylus clarksoni
1072:Spondylus asiaticus
374:Spondylus (Lanilda)
3322:Jewellery designer
3021:The Oyster Dredger
2609:Information about
2555:Shell Encyclopedia
2484:(Data Set). VLIZ.
2070:Spondylus unicolor
1997:& Tagaro, 2010
1894:Spondylus tenuitas
1855:Spondylus tenellus
1829:Spondylus spinosus
1816:Spondylus sinensis
1626:Spondylus occidens
1502:Spondylus limbatus
1430:Spondylus heidkeae
1417:Spondylus gussonii
1168:Spondylus concavus
1145:Spondylus candidus
1023:
1011:
990:
974:
959:
940:
936:Gulf of California
915:
851:
739:Gulf of California
725:people of ancient
684:
559:
470:
326:Eleutherospondylos
18:Spondylus princeps
4613:
4612:
4562:Open Tree of Life
4104:Taxon identifiers
4095:
4094:
4012:
4011:
3882:Organic gemstones
3479:
3478:
3092:
3091:
3068:
3067:
2950:Oysters Bienville
2906:
2905:
2811:
2810:
2599:Session Abstracts
2286:Thames and Hudson
2078:
2060:
2042:
2030:taxon inquirendum
2027:
2019:Spondylus echinus
2011:
2003:Spondylus zonalis
1998:
1985:
1972:
1959:
1946:
1933:
1928:Spondylus vaudini
1922:
1912:
1899:
1889:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1774:
1758:
1745:
1734:
1721:
1710:
1700:
1690:
1685:Spondylus proneri
1680:
1670:
1657:
1652:Spondylus orstomi
1647:
1634:
1621:
1608:
1597:
1584:
1571:
1561:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1476:Spondylus layardi
1471:
1458:
1453:Spondylus jamarci
1448:
1435:
1425:
1412:
1396:
1391:Spondylus groschi
1386:
1376:
1365:
1347:
1333:
1317:
1304:
1296:Spondylus fauroti
1291:
1278:
1273:Spondylus exiguus
1268:
1258:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1207:Spondylus darwini
1202:
1194:Spondylus croceus
1189:
1176:
1175:in Maillard, 1863
1163:
1153:
1140:
1132:Spondylus butleri
1127:
1116:
1106:
1105:P. Marshall, 1918
1093:
1080:
1067:
1053:
1039:
853:As stated above,
410:
409:
404:
396:
386:
378:
370:
362:
354:
353:Monterosato, 1917
346:
338:
330:
322:
313:
312:Monterosato, 1917
254:
232:
27:Genus of molluscs
16:(Redirected from
4643:
4606:
4605:
4593:
4592:
4583:
4582:
4570:
4569:
4557:
4556:
4547:
4546:
4534:
4533:
4531:NHMSYS0000562073
4521:
4520:
4508:
4507:
4495:
4494:
4482:
4481:
4469:
4468:
4456:
4455:
4443:
4442:
4430:
4429:
4417:
4416:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4361:
4360:
4348:
4347:
4335:
4334:
4325:
4324:
4312:
4311:
4299:
4298:
4289:
4288:
4276:
4275:
4273:NHMSYS0000562074
4263:
4262:
4250:
4249:
4237:
4236:
4224:
4223:
4211:
4210:
4198:
4197:
4185:
4184:
4172:
4171:
4159:
4158:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4099:
3539:Britannia silver
3488:
3297:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3096:
3081:
3080:
2915:
2820:
2700:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2659:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2549:Poppe, Guido T.
2546:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2289:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2233:10.4312/dp.40.21
2211:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2134:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2105:
2075:G. B. Sowerby II
2073:
2055:
2040:
2022:
2006:
1993:
1980:
1967:
1956:G. B. Sowerby II
1954:
1941:
1931:
1920:
1917:Spondylus varius
1907:
1897:
1886:G. B. Sowerby II
1884:
1871:
1868:Spondylus tenuis
1858:
1845:
1832:
1819:
1806:
1793:
1783:
1766:
1763:Spondylus regius
1755:G. B. Sowerby II
1753:
1743:
1729:
1719:
1716:Spondylus radula
1708:
1698:
1688:
1678:
1675:Spondylus pratii
1665:
1655:
1642:
1631:G. B. Sowerby II
1629:
1616:
1606:
1592:
1579:
1569:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1520:G. B. Sowerby II
1518:
1507:G. B. Sowerby II
1505:
1492:
1479:
1466:
1456:
1443:
1433:
1420:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1384:
1381:Spondylus gravis
1374:
1355:
1342:
1325:
1312:
1299:
1288:G. B. Sowerby II
1286:
1283:Spondylus exilis
1276:
1266:
1253:
1243:
1240:Spondylus eastae
1233:
1223:
1210:
1197:
1184:
1171:
1161:
1148:
1135:
1125:
1114:
1104:
1098:
1090:G. B. Sowerby II
1088:
1075:
1065:
1059:
1048:
1034:
765:Spondylus shells
665:Varna Necropolis
652:Lengyel cultures
614:invasive species
575:Vancouver Island
549:Fossil valve of
534:appeared in the
510:. Their nervous
461:Spondylus varius
402:
394:
392:dylus (Sponvola)
384:
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
336:
328:
321:J. Sowerby, 1815
320:
311:
309:Carallospondylus
246:
227:
155:
154:
139:Spondylus regius
127:
117:
54:
47:Temporal range:
39:
21:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4601:
4596:
4588:
4586:
4578:
4573:
4565:
4560:
4552:
4550:
4542:
4537:
4529:
4524:
4516:
4511:
4503:
4498:
4490:
4485:
4477:
4472:
4464:
4459:
4451:
4446:
4438:
4433:
4425:
4420:
4412:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4364:
4356:
4351:
4343:
4338:
4330:
4328:
4320:
4315:
4307:
4302:
4294:
4292:
4284:
4279:
4271:
4266:
4258:
4253:
4245:
4240:
4232:
4227:
4219:
4214:
4206:
4201:
4193:
4188:
4180:
4175:
4167:
4162:
4154:
4149:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4106:
4096:
4091:
4050:
4008:
3997:Spondylus shell
3955:
3877:
3648:
3634:Stainless steel
3585:
3569:Sterling silver
3529:Precious metal
3524:
3492:Precious metals
3475:
3439:
3341:
3288:
3128:
3123:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3064:
3050:Oyster festival
3026:
2994:
2902:
2876:
2807:
2764:
2691:
2686:
2630:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2511:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2213:
2212:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2142:fossilworks.org
2136:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2014:
1731:W. R. B. Oliver
1548:Spondylus mimus
1066:d'Orbigny, 1850
1062:Spondylus aonis
932:S. crassisquama
920:
820:
687:S. crassisquama
626:
591:
583:
528:
508:nervous systems
453:
280:
271:
245:
226:
149:
118:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
49:
48:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4649:
4647:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4631:Bivalve genera
4628:
4618:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4594:
4584:
4571:
4558:
4548:
4535:
4522:
4509:
4496:
4483:
4470:
4457:
4444:
4431:
4418:
4405:
4390:
4374:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4349:
4336:
4326:
4313:
4300:
4290:
4277:
4264:
4251:
4238:
4225:
4212:
4199:
4186:
4173:
4160:
4147:
4132:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4058:Related topics
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3430:Wire sculpture
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3060:Oyster cracker
3057:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:Oyster farming
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2641:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2596:
2591:
2583:
2582:External links
2580:
2577:
2576:
2567:
2541:
2522:
2513:|website=
2468:
2443:
2399:
2386:(2): 279–293.
2363:
2349:
2320:
2305:
2290:
2269:
2259:
2246:
2199:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2129:
2113:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2066:
2048:
2033:
2013:
2012:
1999:
1986:
1973:
1960:
1947:
1934:
1932:Deshayes, 1858
1923:
1913:
1900:
1890:
1877:
1864:
1851:
1838:
1825:
1812:
1799:
1786:
1776:
1759:
1746:
1744:Deshayes, 1830
1735:
1722:
1711:
1701:
1691:
1681:
1671:
1658:
1648:
1635:
1622:
1609:
1607:Deshayes, 1830
1598:
1585:
1572:
1562:
1544:
1534:
1524:
1511:
1498:
1485:
1472:
1459:
1449:
1436:
1426:
1413:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1375:Deshayes, 1830
1366:
1348:
1335:
1318:
1305:
1292:
1279:
1269:
1259:
1246:
1244:Lamprell, 1992
1236:
1226:
1216:
1203:
1190:
1177:
1164:
1162:Lamprell, 1992
1154:
1141:
1128:
1117:
1107:
1094:
1081:
1068:
1055:
1041:
1026:
919:
916:
819:
816:
701:peoples since
629:Archaeological
625:
622:
590:
587:
582:
579:
527:
524:
452:
449:
441:thorny oysters
408:
407:
406:
405:
397:
388:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
323:
314:
303:
302:
296:
295:
287:
286:
282:
281:
272:
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262:
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66:
61:
56:
55:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4648:
4637:
4634:
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4624:
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4621:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4585:
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4572:
4568:
4563:
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4265:
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4256:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4230:
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4222:
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4213:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:Body piercing
4060:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3951:Tortoiseshell
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
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3839:
3836:
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3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
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3791:
3789:
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3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
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3769:
3766:
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3749:
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3726:
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3694:
3691:
3688:
3684:
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3679:
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3674:
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3666:
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3627:
3625:
3622:
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3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
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3602:
3600:
3597:
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3588:
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3557:
3555:
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3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
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3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Bench jeweler
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Oyster pirate
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:European flat
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2654:
2653:90-04-08329-4
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2568:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2506:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2400:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2127:on 2019-03-04
2126:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2026:in Lamy, 1927
2025:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1898:Garrard, 1966
1896:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1720:Lamarck, 1806
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1570:Damarco, 2015
1568:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:Okutani, 1983
1455:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1115:Kovalis, 2010
1113:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
994:
987:
983:
978:
972:
968:
963:
957:
953:
949:
944:
937:
933:
928:
924:
917:
911:
907:
905:
901:
897:
896:pre-Columbian
893:
889:
887:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:pre-columbian
860:
856:
847:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:pre-Columbian
818:Aztec culture
817:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:S. gaederopus
797:
793:
791:
787:
783:
781:
780:S. americanus
777:
772:
770:
766:
763:The value of
761:
758:
753:
748:
746:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:pre-Columbian
700:
696:
692:
688:
681:
676:
672:
670:
666:
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:S. gaederopus
637:
634:
630:
623:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
588:
586:
580:
578:
576:
572:
568:
565:rocks in the
564:
556:
552:
547:
543:
541:
537:
533:
525:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
467:
463:
462:
457:
450:
448:
446:
442:
438:
437:spiny oysters
434:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
415:
403:Iredale, 1939
401:
398:
395:Iredale, 1939
393:
389:
385:Damarco, 2015
383:
380:
377:Iredale, 1939
375:
372:
369:Iredale, 1939
367:
364:
359:
356:
351:
348:
345:Iredale, 1939
343:
340:
337:Iredale, 1939
335:
332:
327:
324:
319:
315:
310:
307:
306:
304:
301:
297:
294:
293:
288:
283:
279:
275:
270:
269:
264:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
243:
239:
236:
235:
230:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
210:Superfamily:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
153:
148:
144:
141:
140:
135:
130:
126:
121:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
52:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4369:
4111:
4087:Wearable art
4082:Phaleristics
4077:Metalworking
3996:
3982:Gutta-percha
3758:Lapis lazuli
3544:Colored gold
3425:Stonesetting
3055:Oyster Feast
3019:
3012:
3005:
2930:Hangtown fry
2830:Oyster knife
2795:
2644:
2637:
2628:Bibliography
2619:
2610:
2602:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2554:
2544:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2493:. Retrieved
2490:10.14284/170
2481:
2471:
2463:Academia.edu
2456:
2446:
2416:(1): 85–92.
2413:
2409:
2402:
2383:
2379:
2366:
2357:
2352:
2336:
2323:
2314:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2277:
2272:
2262:
2254:
2249:
2223:
2219:
2190:. Retrieved
2185:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:
2132:
2103:
2086:
2081:nomen dubium
2068:
2063:nomen dubium
2050:
2045:nomen dubium
2035:
2017:
2001:
1988:
1975:
1962:
1949:
1936:
1926:
1915:
1902:
1892:
1879:
1866:
1853:
1840:
1827:
1814:
1801:
1788:
1778:
1761:
1748:
1738:
1724:
1714:
1703:
1693:
1683:
1673:
1660:
1650:
1637:
1624:
1611:
1601:
1587:
1574:
1564:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1513:
1500:
1487:
1474:
1461:
1451:
1438:
1428:
1415:
1402:
1389:
1385:Fulton, 1915
1379:
1369:
1350:
1337:
1320:
1307:
1294:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1248:
1238:
1234:Fulton, 1915
1228:
1218:
1205:
1192:
1179:
1166:
1156:
1143:
1130:
1120:
1109:
1099:
1083:
1070:
1060:
1043:
1029:
1024:
1017:
997:
966:
947:
931:
921:
903:
899:
891:
890:
878:
874:
870:
866:
854:
852:
839:
835:
827:
821:
811:
799:
795:
794:
790:S. calcifer"
789:
785:
784:
779:
775:
773:
768:
764:
762:
756:
751:
749:
744:
743:
734:
730:
710:
686:
685:
668:
660:
655:
639:
627:
598:true oysters
593:
592:
584:
581:Distribution
560:
550:
536:Mesozoic era
531:
529:
499:
497:
492:
482:
473:
471:
459:
445:true oysters
440:
436:
432:
413:
412:
411:
399:
391:
381:
373:
365:
361:Dunker, 1882
357:
349:
341:
333:
329:Dunker, 1882
325:
317:
308:
290:
266:
260:Type species
241:
240:
223:
137:
42:
36:
4626:Spondylidae
4487:iNaturalist
4427:Spondylidae
4414:Spondylidae
4400:Spondylidae
4394:Wikispecies
4370:Spondylidae
4229:iNaturalist
4136:Wikispecies
4024:Art jewelry
3848:Tiger's eye
3753:Labradorite
3703:Chrysocolla
3698:Chrysoberyl
3614:Mokume-gane
3591:Base metals
3363:centrifugal
3332:Silversmith
3207:Ferronnière
3157:Belt buckle
3152:Belly chain
2898:Oyster Wars
2755:Sydney rock
2588:Spondylidae
2560:19 February
2532:Vita Marina
2495:19 February
2192:24 February
2147:17 December
2041:Perry, 1811
1679:Parth, 1990
1667:E. A. Smith
1422:O. G. Costa
1126:Guppy, 1867
786:S. limbatus
750:The use of
682:, Ecuador).
602:jewel boxes
563:Cretaceaous
520:optic lobes
451:Description
433:Spondylidae
224:Spondylidae
214:Pectinoidea
4620:Categories
3858:Tourmaline
3803:Prasiolite
3678:Aventurine
3549:Crown gold
3451:Draw plate
3400:Metal clay
3337:Watchmaker
3327:Lapidarist
3312:Clockmaker
3187:Collar pin
3182:Chatelaine
3038:Oyster bar
2990:Vermicelli
2940:Kaki furai
2781:Dimydarian
2776:Windowpane
2710:Portuguese
2538:(1–2): 58.
2478:"Taxonomy"
2284:New York:
2095:References
2087:See also:
2024:Jousseaume
1943:Schreibers
1909:Schreibers
1873:Schreibers
1847:Schreibers
1834:Schreibers
1821:Schreibers
1808:Schreibers
1618:Schreibers
1314:Schreibers
1301:Jousseaume
1267:Habe, 1973
1255:Schreibers
1212:Jousseaume
1199:Schreibers
986:East Timor
644:Aegean Sea
530:The genus
4385:Q18549941
4169:Spondylus
4156:Spondylus
4142:Spondylus
4112:Spondylus
4004:Toadstone
3941:Operculum
3868:Variscite
3863:Turquoise
3843:Tanzanite
3778:Moonstone
3773:Marcasite
3768:Malachite
3693:Carnelian
3668:Amazonite
3655:gemstones
3629:Pinchbeck
3574:Argentium
3564:Shibuichi
3505:Palladium
3484:Materials
3420:Soldering
3410:Polishing
3385:Engraving
3380:Enameling
3346:Processes
3317:Goldsmith
3252:Tie chain
3227:Neck ring
3217:Lapel pin
3126:Jewellery
2935:Ice cream
2823:Equipment
2801:Tikod amo
2715:Cockscomb
2638:Spondylus
2620:Spondylus
2611:Spondylus
2603:Spondylus
2515:ignored (
2505:cite book
2482:Spondylus
2089:Tikod amo
1002:from the
996:A fossil
950:from the
948:Spondylus
904:Spondylus
900:Spondylus
892:Spondylus
879:Spondylus
875:Spondylus
871:Spondylus
867:Spondylus
855:Spondylus
840:Spondylus
836:Spondylus
834:culture.
812:Spondylus
808:saxitoxin
796:Spondylus
776:Spondylus
769:Spondylus
757:Spondylus
752:Spondylus
745:Spondylus
735:Spondylus
731:Spondylus
711:Spondylus
707:Pachamama
669:Spondylus
661:Spondylus
656:Spondylus
633:Neolithic
606:epibionts
594:Spondylus
553:from the
532:Spondylus
500:Spondylus
485:Ostreidae
474:Spondylus
414:Spondylus
318:Dianchora
242:Spondylus
204:Pectinida
170:Kingdom:
164:Eukaryota
43:Spondylus
4466:46468093
4379:Wikidata
4208:46468094
4121:Wikidata
4072:Gemology
4046:Fineness
4037:(purity)
3972:Bog-wood
3919:Precious
3899:Ammolite
3838:Sunstone
3828:Sodalite
3823:Sapphire
3783:Obsidian
3723:Fluorite
3713:Diopside
3673:Amethyst
3653:Mineral
3644:Tungsten
3639:Titanium
3554:Electrum
3510:Platinum
3395:Kazaziye
3390:Filigree
3368:lost-wax
3267:Toe ring
3257:Tie clip
3232:Pectoral
3222:Necklace
3197:Cufflink
3172:Bracelet
3167:Bolo tie
3147:Barrette
3083:Category
2945:Omelette
2881:Commerce
2866:Skipjack
2846:Buy-boat
2816:Industry
2458:Ornament
2438:26090723
2430:16777162
2341:Archived
1768:Linnaeus
1494:Broderip
1327:Linnaeus
1173:Deshayes
1004:Pliocene
952:Pliocene
938:, Mexico
885:culture
861:culture
804:Sardinia
691:Colombia
557:of Italy
555:Pliocene
540:Triassic
516:visceral
493:auricles
478:scallops
426:molluscs
400:Sponvola
334:Eltopera
300:Synonyms
292:See text
285:Species
274:Linnaeus
248:Linnaeus
220:Family:
194:Bivalvia
184:Mollusca
180:Phylum:
174:Animalia
160:Domain:
53:- Recent
51:Triassic
4353:ZooBank
4332:4349860
4247:1296966
4221:2285804
4127:Q649156
4067:Fashion
4041:Finding
3889:Abalone
3798:Peridot
3763:Larimar
3748:Kyanite
3733:Howlite
3718:Emerald
3708:Diamond
3581:Tumbaga
3559:ShakudĹŤ
3515:Rhodium
3466:Mandrel
3405:Plating
3358:Casting
3353:Carving
3262:Tie pin
3237:Pendant
3212:Genital
3202:Earring
2970:Pickled
2918:Cuisine
2911:Culture
2861:Sharpie
2839:Boats (
2791:Feather
2745:Pacific
2740:Olympia
2725:Eastern
2689:Oysters
2410:Toxicon
2288:, 1997.
2057:Lamarck
2008:Lamarck
1969:Lamarck
1757:I, 1903
1633:I, 1903
1554:Bartsch
1358:Bartsch
1344:Melvill
1290:I, 1895
1186:Lamarck
1150:Lamarck
1036:Hermann
918:Species
826:times,
695:Ecuador
618:Malleus
589:Ecology
512:ganglia
466:Mayotte
423:bivalve
342:Lanilda
237:Genus:
200:Order:
190:Class:
4590:510562
4587:uBio:
4567:441504
4551:NZOR:
4544:102398
4505:114682
4492:123463
4345:138518
4329:uBio:
4293:NZOR:
4286:102399
4234:123464
4031:(mass)
3967:Bezoar
3873:Zircon
3833:Spinel
3808:Quartz
3743:Jasper
3728:Garnet
3624:Pewter
3609:Copper
3604:Bronze
3531:alloys
3520:Silver
3471:Pliers
3461:Hammer
3373:vacuum
3300:People
3293:Making
3277:pocket
3177:Brooch
3142:Anklet
2851:Dredge
2841:Bugeye
2786:Saddle
2760:Sponge
2720:Dredge
2651:
2436:
2428:
2077:, 1847
2059:, 1819
2010:, 1819
1984:, 1856
1971:, 1819
1958:, 1860
1945:, 1793
1911:, 1793
1888:, 1847
1875:, 1793
1862:, 1856
1849:, 1793
1836:, 1793
1823:, 1793
1810:, 1793
1797:, 1856
1733:, 1915
1669:, 1885
1646:, 1856
1620:, 1793
1596:, 1856
1583:, 1856
1560:, 1938
1558:Rehder
1556:&
1552:Dall,
1522:, 1847
1509:, 1847
1496:, 1833
1483:, 1856
1470:, 1845
1447:, 1844
1424:, 1830
1411:, 1849
1409:Roemer
1364:, 1938
1362:Rehder
1360:&
1356:Dall,
1316:, 1793
1303:, 1888
1257:, 1793
1214:, 1882
1201:, 1793
1188:, 1819
1152:, 1819
1139:, 1856
1092:, 1847
1079:, 1844
1052:, 1823
1038:, 1781
1008:Cyprus
982:mantle
971:Hawaii
956:Cyprus
721:. The
715:Mexico
699:Andean
636:Europe
610:pearls
504:mantle
489:byssus
430:family
231:, 1826
4603:23121
4598:WoRMS
4580:62318
4518:79777
4500:IRMNG
4453:7NL55
4340:WoRMS
4317:Plazi
4309:17044
4260:79778
4242:IRMNG
4195:7PHCM
4035:Carat
4029:Carat
4017:Terms
3992:Shell
3946:Pearl
3936:Nacre
3926:Ivory
3914:Black
3909:Coral
3904:Copal
3894:Amber
3853:Topaz
3812:smoky
3683:Beryl
3663:Agate
3599:Brass
3444:Tools
3282:strap
3272:Watch
3247:Tiara
3192:Crown
3162:Bindi
3134:Forms
3031:Other
2999:Media
2975:Sauce
2856:Pungy
2796:Spiny
2769:Other
2735:Frond
2696:Types
2434:S2CID
2376:(PDF)
2344:(PDF)
2333:(PDF)
1995:Poppe
1982:Reeve
1860:Reeve
1795:Reeve
1644:Reeve
1594:Reeve
1581:Reeve
1481:Reeve
1468:Chenu
1445:Chenu
1137:Reeve
1077:Chenu
883:Aztec
859:Aztec
832:Aztec
723:Moche
719:Andes
680:Quito
571:Texas
419:genus
417:is a
134:shell
4539:NCBI
4513:ITIS
4479:6868
4474:GBIF
4435:BOLD
4281:NCBI
4255:ITIS
4216:GBIF
4182:4847
4177:BOLD
3987:Hair
3818:Ruby
3793:Opal
3788:Onyx
3738:Jade
3500:Gold
3456:File
3242:Ring
2985:Stew
2750:Rock
2703:True
2649:ISBN
2562:2018
2517:help
2497:2018
2426:PMID
2194:2018
2149:2021
1772:1758
1331:1758
1050:Mawe
727:Peru
693:and
650:and
624:Uses
600:and
390:Spon
278:1758
252:1758
229:Gray
58:Preęž’
4526:NBN
4461:EoL
4448:CoL
4440:562
4422:AFD
4409:ADW
4268:NBN
4203:EoL
4190:CoL
4164:AFD
4151:ADW
3931:Jet
3687:red
2636:on
2601:on
2486:doi
2418:doi
2388:doi
2228:doi
2186:GIA
1006:of
954:of
648:LBK
569:of
464:in
447:).
439:or
421:of
136:of
4622::
4600::
4577::
4564::
4541::
4528::
4515::
4502::
4489::
4476::
4463::
4450::
4437::
4424::
4411::
4396::
4381::
4355::
4342::
4319::
4306::
4283::
4270::
4257::
4244::
4231::
4218::
4205::
4192::
4179::
4166::
4153::
4138::
4123::
2553:.
2536:45
2534:.
2509::
2507:}}
2503:{{
2480:.
2455:.
2432:.
2424:.
2414:48
2412:.
2384:35
2382:.
2378:.
2339:.
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2224:40
2222:.
2218:.
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2184:.
2140:.
2116:^
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1770:,
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654:,
620:.
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316:â€
276:,
250:,
132:A
108:Pg
3814:)
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3685:(
3118:e
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2873:)
2681:e
2674:t
2667:v
2564:.
2519:)
2499:.
2488::
2465:.
2440:.
2420::
2396:.
2390::
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2302:.
2282:.
2236:.
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2083:)
2079:(
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2061:(
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