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121:'s printing press in the 15th century. Allied with this was a large increase in academia in general, universities were forming all around the world. Importantly, these new scholars went beyond the simplistic notions of the early Greek physicians, and shed light upon the complexities of the circulatory, and digestive systems. Furthermore, by the middle of the 19th century, early medical schools (such as the
1841:
106:
1819:
242:, Performance Analyst, Sports coach, Sports therapist, Fitness center manager, Sports administrator, Strength and Conditioning specialist, or retail manager of a sports store. Graduates may also be well-positioned to undertake further training to become an accredited Physiotherapist, Exercise Physiologist, Research Scientist and Sports Medical Doctor.
249:
In
Australia, the majority of sports science research from 1983 to 2003 was done in laboratories and nearly half of the research was done with sub-elite or elite athletes. Over two-thirds of the research was done regarding four sports: rowing, cycling, athletics, and swimming. In America, sports play
83:
Sport scientists and performance consultants are growing in demand and employment numbers, with the ever-increasing focus within the sporting world on achieving the best results possible. Through the scientific study of sports, researchers have developed a greater understanding of how the human body
245:
Sports science may also be useful for providing information on the aging body. Older adults are aware of the benefits of exercise, but many are not performing the exercise needed to maintain these benefits. Sports science provides a means of allowing older people to regain more physical competence
229:
A notable amount of research in the field of sports science is completed at universities or dedicated research centers. Higher-education degrees in Sports
Science or Human Physiology are also becoming increasingly popular, with many universities now offering both undergraduate, postgraduate and
613:
35:
is a discipline that studies how the healthy human body works during exercise, and how sports and physical activity promote health and performance from cellular to whole body perspectives. The study of sports science traditionally incorporates areas of
225:(red arrows) for weight force (vertical), centrifugal force (horizontal) and resulting force (diagonal). It can be readily seen that the resulting force which the snowboarder's leg muscles have to withstand is much higher than the mere weight force.
605:
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and sports science for insufficient replication studies, limited reporting of both null and trivial results, and insufficient research transparency. Statisticians have criticized sports science for common use of
250:
a big part of the
American identity, however, sports science has slowly been replaced with exercise science. Sports science can allow athletes to train and compete more effectively at home and abroad.
246:
without focusing on doing so for the purposes of anti-aging. Sports science can also provide a means of helping older people avoid falls and have the ability to perform daily tasks more independently.
553:
333:, a controversial statistical method which has allowed sports scientists to extract apparently significant results from noisy data where ordinary hypothesis testing would have found none.
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Professor of
Hygiene and Physical Education, devoted his academic career to the scientific study of physical exercise, training, and the body. Coauthored 1860 text on exercise physiology.
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Medical journal publications increased significantly in number during this period. In 1898, three articles on physical activity appeared in the first volume of the
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1102:
Halperin, Israel; Vigotsky, Andrew D.; Foster, Carl; Pyne, David B. (1 February 2018). "Strengthening the
Practice of Exercise and Sport-Science Research".
125:, formed 1782) began appearing in the United States, whose graduates went on to assume positions of importance in academia and allied medical research.
967:
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George Wells Fitz, M.D. (1860–1934) Created the first departmental major in
Anatomy, Physiology, and Physical Training at Harvard University in 1891.
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171:(1874–1949) Won the 1920 Nobel Prize in physiology for discovering the mechanism that controlled capillary blood flow in resting or active muscle.
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as anatomists and physicians challenged the previously known theories. These spread with the implementation of the printed word, the result of
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twice, reflected his studies of sport science as "sometimes it is difficult to understand if it is sport or if it is science".
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102:(131–201) wrote 87 detailed essays about improving health (proper nutrition), aerobic fitness, and strengthening muscles.
907:
Nuzzo, James L. (2 July 2020). "Growth of
Exercise Science in the United States since 2002: A Secondary Data Analysis".
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134:. Other articles and reviews subsequently appeared in prestigious journals. The German applied physiology publication,
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181:, Stockholm. Wrote a seminal paper which evaluated the physical working capacity of men and women aged 4–33 years.
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distance learning degrees in the discipline. Opportunities for graduates in these fields include employment as a
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Sports science can trace its origins back to
Ancient Greece. The noted ancient Greek physician
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A number of key figures have made significant contributions to the study of sports science:
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498:"Andreas Vesalius 500 years – A Renaissance that revolutionized cardiovascular knowledge"
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Mesquita, Evandro Tinoco; de Souza Júnior, Celso Vale; Ferreira, Thiago
Reigado (2015).
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672:(3 ed.). United States of America: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 8.
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and
Occupational Physiology), became a significant journal in the field of research.
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Goggin, N. L.; Morrow, J. (2001). "Physical Activity Behaviors of Older Adults".
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946:. The anti-aging enterprise: science, knowledge, expertise, rhetoric and values.
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New ideas upon the working and functioning of the human body emerged during the
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reacts to exercise, training, different environments, and many other stimuli.
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Internationale Zeitschrift fur Physiologie einschliesslich Arbeitphysiologie
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546:"Background: The Printing Press and the Spread of Ideas | Encyclopedia.com"
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707:"150 Years Ago: Amherst Established Nation's First College Health Program"
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Stone, Michael H.; Sands, William A.; Stone, Margaret E. (April 2004).
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Astrand, Per-Olof; Rodahl, Kaare; Dahl, Hans; Stromme, Sigmund (2003).
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432:. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. pp. 14–19.
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742:(3 ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 9.
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Williams, Stephen John; Kendall, Lawrence R. (1 August 2007).
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International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
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Victoria and Albert Museum, Online Museum (14 July 2011).
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1168:"How Shoddy Statistics Found A Home In Sports Research"
177:(1922–2015) Professor at the Department of Physiology,
1219:
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McArdle, William; Katch, Frank; Katch, Victor (2006).
666:
McArdle, William; Katch, Frank; Katch, Victor (2006).
1029:"The Downfall of Sports Science in the United States"
940:"Acting your age? Sports science and the ageing body"
811:(4th ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill. pp. 260–288.
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1206:British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences
851:"A profile of sports science research (1983–2003)"
389:"How Do Athletes' Brains Control Their Movements?"
278:International Journal of Computer Science in Sport
221:The force diagram for the above scenario with the
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285:Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research
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29:Interdisciplinary study of physical activity
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313:Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
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606:"History of the Stomach and Intestines"
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1178:from the original on 21 September 2020
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991:Journal of Aging and Physical Activity
426:Berryman, Jack; Park, Roberta (1992).
198:leaning into the curve to counter the
140:European Journal of Applied Physiology
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324:A 2018 study criticized the field of
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717:from the original on 5 December 2020
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616:from the original on 30 August 2022
264:Academic journals in sports science
889:from the original on 14 March 2012
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647:from the original on 17 March 2022
586:from the original on 29 April 2022
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477:from the original on 22 March 2022
79:Institute of Sports Science, Japan
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1225:European College of Sport Science
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739:Essentials of Exercise Physiology
669:Essentials of Exercise Physiology
387:Schonbrun, Zach (13 April 2018).
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1046:10.1519/00126548-200404000-00014
919::10.1080/00336297.2020.1736106.
782:. The Nobel Prize Organization.
635:Flexner, Abraham (1 June 1910).
407:from the original on 29 May 2023
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808:The Textbook of Work Physiology
271:Journal of Applied Biomechanics
637:"Medical Education in America"
131:American Journal of Physiology
88:Origins of exercise physiology
1:
1166:; Nguyen, Mai (16 May 2018).
256:, a football manager who won
138:(1929–1940; now known as the
956:10.1016/j.jaging.2008.05.005
292:Journal of Swimming Research
1085:The Coaches' Voice, Youtube
867:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.07.016
776:"August Krogh Biographical"
202:may be analyzed applying a
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429:Sport and Exercise Science
232:Physical Education teacher
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343:Computer science in sport
331:magnitude-based inference
1413:Bodybuilding supplements
944:Journal of Aging Studies
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467:"Health & Medicine"
186:Study of sports science
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348:Heuristics and sports
258:UEFA Champions League
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156:Edward Hitchcock, Jr.
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550:www.encyclopedia.com
179:Karolinska Institute
1212:25 May 2017 at the
1003:10.1123/JAPA.9.1.58
713:. Amherst College.
363:Sports biomechanics
94:Exercise physiology
62:sports biomechanics
42:exercise physiology
1430:Physical education
393:The New York Times
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210:, a discipline of
206:from the field of
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