468:
field of corn can have 10% infected with yield loss that has an 80% apparent infection rate. Post infection treatment to eliminate or reduce the disease are marginally effective or ineffective. The massive crop loss that this pathogen can create is devastating to producers who are unaware of the teliospores overwintering in the soil; which, can survive for many years. Treatment of seeds with a fungicide during planting or prior to harvest is important to limit the spread of spores especially if high risk field areas known by the producer. It is important to limit transmission of spores to disease free areas via harvesting equipment or planting tools. The incidence of
37:
467:
as illustrated above is to carry out its life cycle in congruence with the growth of either maize or sorghum as the host plant. For example, In place of ears of corn; plant-like sorus develop. The onset of this smut is sporadic and slowly progressive however disease severity is high. For example, a
438:
Head smut can be controlled by use of resistant cultivars and seed treatment with fungicides. Foliar application of fungicides have not controlled the disease. Crop rotation is of questionable value because the smut spores can survive for long periods in the soil. It has been suggested that the most
406:
is a key step toward the development of an effective disease management system. Conventional methods, including pathogen isolation and microscopic morphological study, are labor-intensive and cumbersome, and sometimes yield inconclusive results. Rapid, specific and sensitive molecular tools, such as
327:
to a large mass of black spores covering the tassel. The spores are a sign of the disease and are used for dispersal of the disease to other corn and sorghum plants. When the ear of the corn is infected, it looks very small and tear-drop shaped and seems as though it does not have a cob inside at
347:
Initial infections occur on roots of young seedlings. The pathogen develops systemically and is found on ear and tassel tissues as the host plant matures. At maturity teliospores can be found in the white sori of the infected heads of corn. These will be easily dispersed by the wind. Favorable
483:
has shown the ability to sense the presence of nearby plants. This pathogen always infects via the roots, and hyphal proliferation near the roots is a characterization of the early stage of this Fungal pathogen. During the Basido-phase, basidiospores grow as haploid saprophytic yeasts. These
370:
is biotrophic in that it depends on the maize or sorghum for growth and survival. The inflorescence of the male or female parts of the plants, female being the ear and the male being the tassel can be affected by the timing of infection by this species. Necrosis and disease development is most
379:
Maize head smut occurs in most maize-growing areas, including many regions of North
America, Australia, Asia, and southern Europe. It causes tremendous loss of yield during outbreaks due to the replacement of the ear with large smut sori. To infect maize roots,
451:), maize has fewer qualitative resistance genes that have been used extensively by breeders. Instead, maize has relatively more quantitative resistance loci deployed in the field to counter the majority of diseases. In other words, maize resistance to
360:. These sporidia fuse due to a compatibility or likeness that induces the formation of dikaryotic mycelium, which is infectious and parasitic. This intracellular mycelium can be found invaded in parts of the flowering development of the corn, and
322:
Symptoms of the fungus are expressed on both the tassels of corn and sorghum as well as on the actual ear in the form of large smut galls. When the sorghum tassel is infected, the fragile gall membrane will have a range from just a few black
862:
Zuo, Weiliang; Chao, Qing; Zhang, Nan; Ye, Jianrong; Tan, Guoqing; Li, Bailin; Xing, Yuexian; Zhang, Boqi; Liu, Haijun (2015-02-01). "A maize wall-associated kinase confers quantitative resistance to head smut".
992:
Frederiksen RA., 1977 Head smuts of corn and sorghum. In: Loden HA, Wilkinson D, eds. Proceedings of the Annual Corn
Sorghum Research Conference, 32nd. Washington DC: American Seed Trade Association. p
484:
yeasts join to form dikaryotic hyphae which in turn infect the host plant via the roots. It has been demonstrated on two varieties of maize that plant root exudates impact the growth and branching of
394:, another maize smut, which infects maize plants via aerial parts. Temperatures of 23-30 °C are optimal for field infection of corn, suspected to be due to maximum teliospore germination.
1222:
439:
economical and environmentally friendly method to reduce maize yield losses is to breed and deploy resistant maize hybrids. In comparison with other cereal crops, such as rice (
472:
occurs in occurs in Africa, Europe, U.S., and China. Fungicide use in the market today indicates that there are about 52 million acres of cereals lost worldwide a year.
455:
is thought to be under polygenic control. The cumulative effects of multiple smaller-effect quantitative resistance loci can produce high or even complete resistance.
1310:
1158:
388:
must form a dikaryotic parasitic hypha which results for the mating of two compatible haploid strains. The infection always occurs in soil via the root, unlike
1361:
1258:
1067:
700:
AGRIOS, GN. PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI, In Plant
Pathology (Fifth Edition), edited by GEORGE N. AGRIOS, Academic Press, San Diego, 2005, Pages 385-614,
332:
which are the structures that make and hold the spores of the fungus. If there is an infected tassel, it is likely that the ears will also have head smut.
1297:
1132:
950:
Wright, P. J.; Fullerton, R. A.; Koolaard, J. P. (2006-03-01). "Fungicide control of head smut (Sporisorium reilianum) of sweetcorn (Zea mays)".
917:
Zhao, Xianrong; Ye, Jianrong; Wei, Lai; Zhang, Nan; Xing, Yuexian; Zuo, Weiliang; Chao, Qing; Tan, Guoqing; Xu, Mingliang (2015-04-01).
1017:
705:
1381:
768:"Sporisorium reilianum Infection Changes Inflorescence and Branching Architectures of Maize1[C][W][OA]"
1184:
427:. More recently, in 2012, a method using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry was established for identification of
36:
1371:
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828:"Analysis of gene expression profiles in response to Sporisorium reilianum f. sp. zeae in maize (Zea mays L.)"
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592:"Host specificity in Sporisorium reilianum is determined by distinct mechanisms in maize and sorghum"
919:"Inhibition of the spread of endophytic Sporisorium reilianum renders maize resistance to head smut"
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Martinez, C. (2000). "Early infection of maize roots by
Sporisorium reilianum f. sp. Zeae".
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Ghareeb, Hassan; Becker, Annette; Iven, Tim; Feussner, Ivo; Schirawski, Jan (2011-08-01).
390:
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nutritive soil and weather conditions around 23-30 °C allows for germination of the
537:"The biological cycle of Sporisorium reilianum f.sp. zeae: an overview using microscopy"
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1119:
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can completely decrease floral tissue due to an ability to detect floral induction.
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Yu, Tao; Wang, Zhenhua; Jin, Xiaochun; Liu, Xianjun; Kan, Shuaishuai (2014-09-01).
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Martinez, Carole; Roux, Christophe; Jauneau, Alain; Dargent, Robert (2002-05-01).
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is noted to have a sexual stage in its disease cycle similar to that of
1302:
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415:. In 1999 there was developed a DNA-based assay for the detection of
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58:
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endomycorrhizal fungi prior to fungal contact with the root.
247:(J.G. Kühn) Langdon & Full., (1978), previously known as
510:(J.G. Kühn) Langdon & Full., Mycotaxon 6(3): 452 (1978)"
293:
and sorghum head smut. This soil borne smut fungus has two
319:
cannot form spores on their respective non-favored hosts.
651:"UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Head Smut on Corn"
1006:
Smith, C. Wayne; Frederiksen, Richard A. (2000-12-25).
952:
New
Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science
356:
occurs, leading to haploid basidiospores that create
1009:
Sorghum: Origin, History, Technology, and
Production
1233:
1042:
411:, are required for the detection and evaluation of
315:is specific to maize. It is unknown why the two
678:"head smut of maize (Sphacelotheca reiliana)"
590:Poloni, Alana; Schirawski, Jan (2015-12-01).
8:
821:
819:
371:prevalent on the head of the infected host.
1030:
20:
934:
843:
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623:
352:in the soil. Generation of a four-celled
497:
147:(J.G. Kühn) Langdon & Full. (1978)
1001:
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912:
910:
857:
855:
512:. Species Fungorum. CAB International
7:
1339:8f6ca204-b9e6-4626-a344-9f2147130891
1200:bfbdf410-9091-44aa-a5d3-257cc876e8d6
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1362:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
832:Electronic Journal of Biotechnology
714:10.1016/B978-0-08-047378-9.50017-8
328:all. The cob is replaced by white
14:
35:
16:Species of fungal plant pathogen
289:causes the diseases maize head
1:
964:10.1080/01140671.2006.9514383
423:and its differentiation from
463:The pathogenic tendency of
307:is specific to sorghum and
1403:
845:10.1016/j.ejbt.2014.07.006
187:Sphacelotheca holci-sorghi
182:(J.G.Kühn) McAlpine (1910)
1012:. John Wiley & Sons.
596:Molecular Plant Pathology
174:(J.G.Kühn) Clinton (1900)
159:
152:
137:
130:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
936:10.1016/j.cj.2015.02.001
222:Sporisorium holci-sorghi
214:Sorosporium holci-sorghi
1382:Fungi described in 1875
506:"GSD Species Synonymy:
1223:sphacelotheca-reiliana
1044:Sphacelotheca reiliana
249:Sphacelotheca reiliana
225:(Rivolta) Vánky (1985)
217:(Rivolta) Moesz (1950)
198:Sphacelotheca reiliana
784:10.1104/pp.111.179499
508:Sporisorium reilianum
481:Sporosorium relianium
470:Sporisorium reilianum
465:Sporisorium reilianum
341:Sporisorium reilianum
287:Sporisorium reilianum
253:Sporisorium reilianum
244:Sporisorium reilianum
230:Ustilago holci-sorghi
179:Sporisorium reilianum
141:Sporisorium reilianum
25:Sporisorium reilianum
655:www.ipm.ucdavis.edu
171:Cintractia reiliana
742:10.1007/bf01280508
282:Hosts and symptoms
255:, is a species of
1349:
1348:
1235:Ustilago reiliana
1208:Open Tree of Life
1036:Taxon identifiers
682:www.plantwise.org
608:10.1111/mpp.12326
448:Triticum aestivum
240:
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163:Ustilago reiliana
123:S. reilianum
79:Ustilaginomycetes
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1190:NHMSYS0001497764
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778:(4): 2037–2052.
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602:(5): 741–754.
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264:Ustilaginaceae
262:in the family
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402:Detection of
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132:Binomial name
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958:(1): 23–26.
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685:. Retrieved
681:
658:. Retrieved
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514:. Retrieved
507:
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486:S. relianium
485:
480:
479:
476:Pathogenesis
469:
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453:S. reilianum
452:
446:
442:Oryza sativa
440:
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413:S. reilianum
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404:S. reilianum
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382:S. reilianum
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368:S. reilianum
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362:S. reilianum
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309:S. reilianum
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301:S. reilianum
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109:
24:
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1146:iNaturalist
730:Protoplasma
375:Environment
350:teliospores
207:G.P.Clinton
110:Sporisorium
1356:Categories
687:2015-10-22
660:2015-12-01
516:2021-09-22
492:References
459:Importance
398:Management
336:Life cycle
266:. It is a
257:biotrophic
65:Division:
1250:Q59578714
972:0114-0671
885:1061-4036
792:0032-0889
616:1364-3703
561:0027-5514
541:Mycologia
433:reilianum
421:reilianum
305:reilianum
117:Species:
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
1324:MycoBank
1316:10727455
1285:Fungorum
1264:60032084
1259:AusFungi
1244:Wikidata
1172:MycoBank
1164:10726936
1120:Fungorum
1073:60032082
1068:AusFungi
1059:Q3543815
1053:Wikidata
980:84291940
893:25531751
810:21653782
750:29538026
634:26419898
577:21156521
435:spores.
358:sporidia
354:basidium
203:J.G.Kühn
154:Synonyms
95:Family:
45:Domain:
1303:2556050
1138:2556042
901:5535732
801:3149921
625:6638427
569:3761784
384:f. sp.
311:f. sp.
303:f. sp.
276:sorghum
233:Rivolta
105:Genus:
85:Order:
75:Class:
1336:NZOR:
1329:165441
1290:165441
1213:124471
1197:NZOR:
1177:195976
1151:352399
1125:195976
1112:SPHTRE
1099:159501
1016:
993:89–105
978:
970:
899:
891:
883:
808:
798:
790:
748:
704:
632:
622:
614:
575:
567:
559:
325:spores
260:fungus
251:, and
209:(1902)
193:(1938)
1311:IRMNG
1277:7F3Z9
1220:PPE:
1159:IRMNG
1086:6Z8W7
976:S2CID
897:S2CID
746:S2CID
565:JSTOR
272:maize
59:Fungi
1298:GBIF
1133:GBIF
1107:EPPO
1014:ISBN
968:ISSN
889:PMID
881:ISSN
806:PMID
788:ISSN
702:ISBN
630:PMID
612:ISSN
573:PMID
557:ISSN
386:zeae
330:sori
313:zeae
291:smut
274:and
191:Cif.
1272:CoL
1185:NBN
1094:EoL
1081:CoL
960:doi
931:doi
873:doi
840:doi
796:PMC
780:doi
776:156
738:doi
734:213
710:doi
620:PMC
604:doi
549:doi
409:PCR
1358::
1326::
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1287::
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998:^
974:.
966:.
956:34
954:.
925:.
921:.
909:^
895:.
887:.
879:.
869:47
867:.
854:^
836:17
834:.
830:.
818:^
804:.
794:.
786:.
774:.
770:.
758:^
744:.
732:.
720:^
708:,
680:.
669:^
653:.
642:^
628:.
618:.
610:.
600:17
598:.
594:.
571:.
563:.
555:.
545:94
543:.
539:.
525:^
431:.
419:.
299:.
278:.
205:)
1022:.
982:.
962::
939:.
933::
927:3
903:.
875::
848:.
842::
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782::
752:.
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690:.
663:.
636:.
606::
579:.
551::
519:.
429:S
417:S
201:(
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