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that temperature may be a more important factor than precipitation, as precipitation in winter months increase, yet salamanders do not migrate. In just one night, hundreds to thousands of salamanders may make the trip to their ponds for mating. Males will start a dance-like behavior called a liebsspiel, where afterward they lay down their spermatophore. This dance includes the salamanders circling around one another and putting their head's on one another's tail. Then, the male will swim away wiggling his tail. If the female wants to mate she will follow him to a sperm pack he made earlier. ("Spotted
Salamander Ambystoma Maculatum") Males will migrate at higher rates than females early in the migration season. This could be due to different responses to temperature between males and females. Mates usually breed in ponds when it is raining in the spring. Females usually lay about 100 eggs in one clutch that cling to the underwater plants and form egg masses.
352:
dark brown. Two uneven rows of yellowish-orange spots run from the top of the head (near the eyes) to the tip of the tail (dorso-lateral ranging). The spotted salamander's spots near the top of its head are more orange, while the spots on the rest of its body are more yellow. The underside of the spotted salamander is slate gray and pink. Sexual dimorphism, physical differences between males and females, is displayed in the form of larger-bodied females having brighter-coloured spots. Males will have a larger portion of their dorsal surface covered in spots that are less bright. There is also a correlation between body condition and spots having lower chroma.
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31:
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showed larger pools (as opposed to smaller pools) had more egg masses, higher occupancy, and higher larval survival rates for spotted salamanders. Outside of the breeding season, these salamanders spend their time in forests with well-drained soils that contain many burrows dug by small mammals. They have also been known to be absent from landscapes and forest with canopy cover below 30%.
438:
brain, head, or organs, the salamander can grow back a new one, although this takes a massive amount of energy. As juveniles, they spend most of their time under the leaf litter near the bottom of the pools where their eggs were laid. The larvae tend to occupy refuges in vegetation, and lower their activity in the presence of predators.
444:
tend to follow the same path in their migration to and from their burrows and breeding pools. They accomplish their journey in conditions that lack visual cues, since it is usually during periods of cloud cover. Some studies show evidence of landmark learning in spotted salamanders. Researchers found
437:
of the tail, and a toxic milky liquid it excretes when perturbed. This secretion comes from large poison glands around the back and neck. The spotted salamander, like other salamanders, shows great regenerative abilities: if a predator manages to dismember a part of a leg, tail, or even parts of the
540:
As larvae, they are usually light brown or greenish-yellow. They have small dark spots and are born with external gills. In two to four months, the larvae lose their gills, and become juvenile salamanders that leave the water. Spotted salamanders have been known to live up to 32 years, and normally
473:
During the majority of the year, spotted salamanders live in the shelter of leaves or burrows in deciduous forests. However, when the temperature rises and the moisture level is high, the salamanders make their abrupt migration towards their annual breeding ponds. Recent studies, however, indicate
448:
Male salamanders come out earlier than females due to different responses in temperature than females. According to a study there is a correlation between the salamander's spot coloration and body condition. Salamanders' in lower body condition had less color and those with a better body score had
351:
The spotted salamander is about 15–25 cm (5.9–9.8 in) long, with females generally being larger than males. They are stout, like most mole salamanders, and have wide snouts. The spotted salamander's main color is black, but can sometimes be a blueish-black, dark gray, dark green, or even
375:
for breeding sites. Vernal pools are suitable breeding sites for these amphibians as they dry often enough to exclude fish that eat the salamander eggs and larvae, while retaining water long enough to allow amphibian larvae to complete development and metamorphose into terrestrial adults. A study
477:
The egg masses are round, jelly-like clumps that are usually 6.4–10.2 cm (2.5–4 in) long. The spotted salamander produces a unique polymorphism in the outer jelly layers of its egg masses: one morph has a clear appearance and contains a water-soluble protein, whereas the other morph is
544:
Spotted salamanders are often preyed on by raccoons, skunks, turtles, and snakes. For this reason they perform an important function by connecting the food chain. Moreover, one of their predators is humans since they are popularly sought out through the pet trade.
383:. Subpopulations within 4.8 kilometers share a higher proportion of genes, while populations greater than 4.8 kilometers share a smaller proportion of genes. Inter-population dispersal is likely mediated by both species-specific behaviors and natural limitations.
445:
that spotted salamanders can associate visual landmarks with food. Thus spotted salamanders may learn landmarks in their habitat that are reliable indicators of resource locations or provide orientation clues for migration to and from breeding ponds.
414:
to help the salamanders cross the road to get to vernal pools. In the spring after rain and when temperatures rise above 40 °F (4 °C), salamanders emerge from underground. They cross Henry Street to get to their breeding grounds,
2108:
551:
478:
white and contains a crystalline hydrophobic protein. This polymorphism is thought to confer advantages in vernal pools with varying dissolved nutrient levels, while also reducing mortality from feeding by
359:
comes from
Ambystoma– amblys (Greek) for blunt; -stoma (Greek) meaning mouth; or anabystoma (New Latin) meaning ‘to cram into the mouth’ maculatum – macula (Latin) for spot; maculosus (Latin) for spotted.
1239:
1270:
406:, United States Spotted salamanders cross the street to get from their overwintering sites in the wooded area east of the roadway to their breeding sites to the west. Local officials built
1686:
Ruth, Benjamin C.; Dunson, William A.; Rowe, Christopher L.; Hedges, S. Blair (1993). "A molecular and functional evaluation of the egg mass color polymorphism of the spotted salamander,
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942:
579:
533:(which then the alga consumes). Photosynthetic algae are present within the egg capsule of the developing salamander embryo, enhancing growth. However, the widely used herbicide,
563:
363:
They developed larger tail fins and bodies to compete with other predators. They typically live around 20 years, but some have lived up to 30 years. ("Spotted
Salamander")
2507:
2502:
2268:
2492:
2320:
1314:
Brodman, Robert; Jaskula, Jeanette (September 2002). "Activity and microhabitat use during interactions among five species of pond-breeding salamander larvae".
1231:
395:, meaning they spend most of their time underground. They rarely come above ground, except after a rain or for foraging and breeding. During the winter, they
2467:
485:
Adults only stay in the water for a few days, then the eggs hatch in one to two months. When the eggs hatch depends on the water temperatures. Eggs of
457:
Spotted salamanders feed on earthworms, slugs, snails, spiders, millipedes, centipedes, insects, algae and other invertebrates. The spotted salamander
746:
1262:
1005:
2482:
2242:
2439:
2281:
2114:
1074:"Pool Age and Local Habitat Are Associated with Effective Number of Breeders in Spotted Salamander Populations Colonizing Created Vernal Pools"
541:
return to the same vernal pool every year. These pools are seasonal and will usually dry up during the late spring and stay dry until winter.
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324:
common in eastern United States and Canada. It is the state amphibian of Ohio and South
Carolina. The species ranges from Nova Scotia, to
2517:
2426:
2208:
1655:
Hardy, Laurence M.; Lucas, M. Cran (1991). "A crystalline protein is responsible for dimorphic egg jellies in the spotted salamander,
657:
828:
537:, has been found to significantly lower hatching success rate by eliminating the symbiotic algae associated with the egg masses.
1601:
1862:
1499:
411:
2203:
1994:
Olivier, Heather M.; Moon, Brad R. (2010). "The effects of atrazine on spotted salamander embryos and their symbiotic alga".
697:
2444:
2286:
899:"Microgeographic adaptations of spotted salamander morphological defenses in response to a predaceous salamander and beetle"
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407:
461:
have been known to cannibalize others when food is scarce. They sometimes also feed on smaller salamanders, such as the
403:
2487:
980:
1113:
Rittenhouse, Tracy A. G.; et al. (2004). "SUBSTRATE CUES INFLUENCE HABITAT SELECTION by SPOTTED SALAMANDERS".
74:
2325:
525:) in the egg capsule, aiding in the salamander's embryonic development and growth. The developing salamander thus
2512:
1327:
1293:
1126:
766:"Transcriptome analysis illuminates the nature of the intracellular interaction in a vertebrate-algal symbiosis"
1205:
2168:
1141:
186:
2130:
420:
2049:) à l'aide de la méthode squeletto-chronologique" [Demographic study of a population of salamanders (
2045:
Flageole, Sylvie; Leclair, Raymond (1 April 1992). "Étude démographique d'une population de salamandres (
2359:
498:
462:
169:
30:
898:
502:. A dense gelatinous matrix surrounds the eggs and prevents the eggs from drying out, but it inhibits
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2177:
2003:
1960:
1738:
1362:
1159:
910:
631:
1725:
Pintar, Matthew R.; Resetarits Jr., William J. (2017). "Persistence of an egg mass polymorphism in
1458:"The effects of temperature and precipitation on the breeding migration of the spotted salamander (
39:
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69:
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2019:
1941:"The roles of oxygen and ammonia in the symbiotic relationship between the spotted salamander
1913:
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1175:
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1095:
824:
797:
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1072:
Millikin, Alice R.; Coster, Stephanie S.; Welsh, Amy B.; Anderson, James T. (February 2023).
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2011:
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which form on the other side of the road, an event common among amphibians and known as the
2299:
2333:
321:
146:
1772:
Petranka, James W.; Rushlow, Andrea W.; Hopey, Mark E. (1998). "Predation by tadpoles of
517:
alga provides increased oxygen and supplemental nutrition from fixed carbon products via
2007:
1964:
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1163:
914:
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Burns, John A; Zhang, Huanjia; Hill, Elizabeth; Kim, Eunsoo; Kerney, Ryan (2 May 2017).
196:
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algae living in and around them, the only known example of vertebrate cells hosting an
136:
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Polymorphic spotted salamander egg masses: white morph (left) and clear morph (right)
325:
59:
54:
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1980:
1925:
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1335:
966:
880:
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416:
333:
2221:
1888:"Intracapsular algae provide fixed carbon to developing embryos of the salamander
1816:
1421:
1374:
585:
An adult spotted salamander seen crawling on the forest floor in central
Ontario.
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2255:
2190:
2162:
1631:
430:
372:
344:
2153:
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The spotted salamander usually lives in mature forests with ponds or ephemeral
2015:
1972:
1886:
Graham, Erin R.; Fay, Scott A.; Davey, Adam; Sanders, Robert W. (2013-02-01).
1555:"Threat of Predation Alters Aggressive Interactions among Spotted Salamander (
1553:
Hossie, Thomas J.; MacFarlane, Shawn; Clement, Amy; Murray, Dennis L. (2018).
1142:"Fine-scale spatial genetic structure and dispersal among spotted salamander (
526:
494:
399:
underground, and are not seen again until breeding season in early March–May.
126:
1099:
2431:
1940:
1528:"Yellow Spotted Salamander Facts, Habitat, Diet, Life Cycle, Baby, Pictures"
506:
490:
479:
396:
392:
329:
116:
86:
2023:
1917:
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1429:
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801:
2338:
1294:"CellNEWS: Salamander Regeneration Trick Replicated in Mouse Muscle Cells"
731:
2398:
2147:
1232:"Salamander crossing: Drivers prepare to stop on Henry Street in Amherst"
849:
Homan, Rebecca N.; Holgerson, Meredith A.; Biga, Lindsay M. (June 2018).
534:
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106:
782:
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1030:
673:
522:
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1035:) in roadside and woodland vernal pools in southeastern New Hampshire"
958:
2260:
1750:
1500:"Spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) : Wildlife Fact Sheet"
510:
503:
465:. The adult spotted salamander uses its sticky tongue to catch food.
458:
328:, to southern Georgia and Texas. Its embryos have been found to have
96:
2124:
2066:
1840:
1703:
1477:
1050:
1939:
Small, Daniel P.; Bennett, R. Scott; Bishop, Cory D. (2014-09-01).
1817:"Oxygen utilization in the symbiosis of embryos of the salamander,
1263:"There Are Teeny Tiny Underpasses for Salamanders in Massachusetts"
379:
Salamander populations from nearby pools form genetically-distinct
747:"Algae Living inside Salamanders Aren't Happy about the Situation"
343:
2234:
666:
Amphibian
Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1
2128:
1404:
Heuring, W (2014). "Landmark learning by juvenile salamanders (
429:
has several methods of defense, including hiding in burrows or
943:"The spots of the spotted salamander are sexually dimorphic"
1328:
10.1655/0018-0831(2002)058[0346:AAMUDI]2.0.CO;2
1127:
10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[1151:SCIHSB]2.0.CO;2
1729:: differential performance under high and low nutrients".
1456:
Sexton, O. J.; Phillips, C.; Bramble, J. E. (1990-09-19).
1863:"Spotted Salamander - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
851:"A Long-term demographic study of a spotted salamander (
1596:
1594:
722:
Petherick, Anna (30 July 2010). "A solar salamander".
1451:
1449:
1447:
2388:
2137:
1031:"Embryonic Survivorship of the spotted salamander (
844:
842:
840:
981:"Spotted Salamander – INHS Herpetology Collection"
816:
2053:) using the skeletal-chronological method].
2498:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)
1780:: implications of ecological role reversals by
632:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T59064A193224401.en
1815:Hutchison, Victor H.; Hammen, Carl S. (1958).
1199:
1197:
336:microbe (unless mitochondria are considered).
607:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2022).
8:
521:and removes the embryo's nitrogenous waste (
819:Salamanders of the United States and Canada
2125:
195:
48:
29:
20:
1907:
1582:
1353:: movements to and from breeding ponds".
1349:Shoop, C. Robert (1965). "Orientation of
1089:
936:
934:
932:
870:
791:
781:
630:
1140:Zamudio, Kelly; Wieczorek, Ania (2007).
692:
690:
2508:Fauna of the Southeastern United States
2503:Fauna of the Northeastern United States
1661:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
892:
890:
651:
649:
596:
547:
668:. American Museum of Natural History.
602:
600:
1636:www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com
219:
7:
2493:Cenozoic amphibians of North America
1269:. Boston globe Media Partners, LLC.
289:Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854
2468:IUCN Red List least concern species
1659:(Shaw) (Caudata: Ambystomatidae)".
1006:"AmphibiaWeb - Ambystoma maculatum"
618:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
297:Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854
1261:Hofherr, Justine (25 March 2015).
872:10.1655/herpetologica-d-17-00067.1
14:
1632:"Virginia Herpetological Society"
1242:from the original on 1 March 2024
1230:DeGray, Nick (28 February 2024).
941:Morgan, Samantha K. (June 2014).
823:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
745:Frazer, Jennifer (May 18, 2018).
1602:"The Yellow-Spotted Salamander (
1273:from the original on 21 May 2024
1204:Marion, Jonah (April 25, 2018).
1172:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03139.x
923:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17970.x
751:Scientific American Blog Network
704:. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
578:
562:
550:
73:
2483:Amphibians of the United States
2082:"Spotted Salamander Care Sheet"
1896:Journal of Experimental Biology
412:Henry Street salamander tunnels
1206:"Spotted Salamander Migration"
1115:Journal of Wildlife Management
1:
1949:during embryonic development"
1292:Carlsson, Lars (2010-08-06).
985:Herpetology.inhs.illinois.edu
897:Urban, Mark C. (2010-04-12).
855:) population in central Ohio"
408:Amphibian and reptile tunnels
2473:Amphibians described in 1802
1673:10.1016/0300-9629(91)90385-P
1422:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.10.015
1375:10.1126/science.149.3683.558
1296:. Cellnews-blog.blogspot.com
404:North Amherst, Massachusetts
2115:Yellow-spotted Salamander (
2080:Spinner, Leo (2011-11-30).
2055:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2536:
2121:, Natural Resources Canada
2518:Taxa named by George Shaw
2016:10.1007/s10646-009-0437-8
1973:10.1007/s13199-014-0297-8
1029:Turtle, Sarah L. (2000).
656:Frost, Darrel R. (2021).
312:yellow-spotted salamander
218:
211:
203:
194:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
449:brighter colored spots.
391:Spotted salamanders are
294:Salamandra margaritifera
1146:) breeding populations"
815:Petranka, J.W. (1998).
1692:Journal of Herpetology
1210:Cornell wildlife blogs
1039:Journal of Herpetology
625:: e.T59064A193224401.
529:the oxygen, producing
493:relationship with the
348:
2360:Paleobiology Database
1947:Oophila amblystomatis
1823:Oophila amblystomatis
1563:Ecology and Evolution
1410:Behavioural Processes
732:10.1038/news.2010.384
499:Oophila amblystomatis
463:red-backed salamander
367:Habitat and dispersal
347:
2478:Amphibians of Canada
1610:Crazycrittersinc.com
569:Spotted salamander (
355:The scientific name
238:Salamandra palustris
16:Species of amphibian
2209:Ambystoma-maculatum
2183:Ambystoma_maculatum
2169:Ambystoma maculatum
2139:Ambystoma maculatum
2117:Ambystoma maculatum
2109:Ambystoma maculatum
2051:Ambystoma maculatum
2047:Ambystoma maculatum
2008:2010Ecotx..19..654O
1965:2014Symbi..64....1S
1945:and the green alga
1943:Ambystoma maculatum
1890:Ambystoma maculatum
1829:Biological Bulletin
1819:Ambystoma maculatum
1778:Ambystoma maculatum
1743:2017Ecol...98.1349P
1727:Ambystoma maculatum
1688:Ambystoma maculatum
1657:Ambystoma maculatum
1604:Ambystoma maculatum
1557:Ambystoma maculatum
1460:Ambystoma maculatum
1406:Ambystoma maculatum
1367:1965Sci...149..558S
1351:Ambystoma maculatum
1164:2007MolEc..16..257Z
1144:Ambystoma maculatum
1033:Ambystoma maculatum
915:2010Oikos.119..646U
853:Ambystoma maculatum
783:10.7554/eLife.22054
700:Ambystoma maculatum
660:Ambystoma maculatum
611:Ambystoma maculatum
571:Ambystoma maculatum
442:Ambystoma maculatum
427:Ambystoma maculatum
357:Ambystoma maculatum
317:Ambystoma maculatum
270:Ambystoma carolinae
262:Lacerta subviolacea
254:Salamandra venenosa
230:Salamandra punctata
222:Salamandra punctata
179:Ambystoma maculatum
40:Conservation status
24:Spotted salamander
2488:Aposematic species
1909:10.1242/jeb.076711
674:10.5531/db.vz.0001
513:development). The
349:
308:spotted salamander
233:Bonnaterre, 1789
2455:
2454:
2347:Open Tree of Life
2131:Taxon identifiers
2086:Reptiles Magazine
1867:Sciencedirect.com
1575:10.1002/ece3.3892
1361:(3683): 558–559.
1151:Molecular Ecology
1091:10.3390/d15020124
959:10.1643/CE-13-085
304:
303:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
258:
250:
242:
241:Bechstein, 1800
234:
226:
161:A. maculatum
63:
2525:
2513:Mole salamanders
2448:
2447:
2435:
2434:
2422:
2421:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2390:Lacerta maculata
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1751:10.1002/ecy.1789
1737:(5): 1349–1360.
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1606:) Care and Info"
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1569:(6): 3131–3138.
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1121:(4): 1151–1158.
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278:Salamandra argus
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246:Lacerta maculata
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225:Lacépède, 1788
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57:
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21:
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1784:(predator) and
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389:
381:metapopulations
369:
342:
322:mole salamander
286:Ambystome argus
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2103:External links
2101:
2098:
2097:
2072:
2061:(4): 740–749.
2037:
2002:(4): 654–661.
1986:
1931:
1902:(3): 452–459.
1878:
1854:
1835:(3): 483–489.
1821:and the alga,
1807:
1776:on embryos of
1774:Rana sylvatica
1764:
1717:
1698:(3): 306–314.
1678:
1667:(3): 653–660.
1647:
1623:
1612:. 10 July 2019
1590:
1545:
1534:. 14 June 2016
1532:Animalspot.net
1519:
1491:
1443:
1396:
1341:
1322:(3): 346–354.
1306:
1284:
1267:www.boston.com
1253:
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1158:(2): 257–274.
1132:
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1021:
997:
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953:(2): 251–256.
928:
909:(4): 646–658.
886:
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509:(required for
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1996:Ecotoxicology
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859:Herpetologica
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662:(Shaw, 1802)"
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326:Lake Superior
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170:Binomial name
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55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2389:
2138:
2116:
2111:at CalPhotos
2089:. Retrieved
2085:
2075:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1881:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:
1857:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1609:
1603:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1531:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1494:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1298:. Retrieved
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1266:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1235:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1045:(1): 60–67.
1042:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1013:. Retrieved
1009:
1000:
988:. Retrieved
984:
975:
950:
946:
906:
902:
862:
858:
852:
818:
810:
773:
769:
759:
750:
740:
723:
717:
706:. Retrieved
699:
677:. Retrieved
665:
659:
636:. Retrieved
622:
616:
610:
570:
543:
539:
514:
497:
487:A. maculatum
486:
484:
476:
472:
456:
447:
441:
440:
426:
425:
417:vernal pools
401:
390:
378:
373:vernal pools
370:
362:
356:
354:
350:
334:endosymbiont
316:
315:
311:
307:
305:
293:
285:
277:
273:Gray, 1850
269:
261:
253:
249:Shaw, 1802
245:
237:
229:
221:
206:A. maculatum
205:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
2373:SeaLifeBase
2308:NatureServe
2256:iNaturalist
2191:AmphibiaWeb
2163:Wikispecies
1959:(1): 1–10.
1796:(1): 1–13.
1416:: 173–176.
527:metabolizes
489:can have a
431:leaf litter
410:called the
340:Description
281:Gray, 185
2462:Categories
2405:Q109500895
2091:2022-04-29
1872:2022-04-29
1641:2023-04-04
1472:(3): 781.
1300:2012-08-15
1215:25 October
1084:(2): 124.
1015:2022-04-29
776:: e22054.
708:2012-08-15
591:References
495:green alga
1953:Symbiosis
1788:(prey)".
1786:Ambystoma
1559:) Larvae"
1100:1424-2818
1078:Diversity
507:diffusion
491:symbiotic
480:wood frog
469:Lifecycle
421:Big Night
393:fossorial
330:symbiotic
204:Range of
155:Species:
148:Ambystoma
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2399:Wikidata
2313:2.104612
2274:10184913
2154:Q2108247
2148:Wikidata
2032:21203661
2024:19924530
1981:14196337
1926:31077320
1918:23038736
1759:28247910
1438:45373288
1430:25444775
1391:35710926
1383:17843193
1336:86129709
1271:Archived
1240:Archived
1180:17217343
967:53598532
881:90702202
802:28462779
679:22 March
638:25 April
535:atrazine
482:larvae.
435:autotomy
387:Behavior
213:Synonyms
133:Family:
117:Amphibia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2352:1088156
2248:2431951
2235:1048181
2004:Bibcode
1961:Bibcode
1849:1539111
1802:3893392
1739:Bibcode
1731:Ecology
1712:1565152
1584:5869354
1486:1446443
1363:Bibcode
1355:Science
1188:8405608
1160:Bibcode
1059:1565239
911:Bibcode
793:5413350
573:) larva
523:ammonia
515:Oophila
397:brumate
320:) is a
189:, 1802)
143:Genus:
127:Urodela
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2445:668586
2365:133744
2339:195169
2287:173590
2030:
2022:
1979:
1924:
1916:
1847:
1800:
1757:
1710:
1616:29 May
1581:
1538:29 May
1512:29 May
1484:
1466:Copeia
1436:
1428:
1389:
1381:
1334:
1277:21 May
1246:21 May
1186:
1178:
1098:
1057:
990:29 May
965:
947:Copeia
879:
827:
800:
790:
724:Nature
698:"ADW:
511:embryo
504:oxygen
459:larvae
2432:11088
2427:EUNIS
2419:3RMTF
2378:61326
2326:43114
2300:59064
2269:IRMNG
2261:26790
2028:S2CID
1977:S2CID
1922:S2CID
1845:JSTOR
1798:JSTOR
1708:JSTOR
1503:(PDF)
1482:JSTOR
1434:S2CID
1387:S2CID
1332:S2CID
1184:S2CID
1055:JSTOR
963:S2CID
903:Oikos
877:S2CID
770:eLife
2440:ITIS
2321:NCBI
2295:IUCN
2282:ITIS
2243:GBIF
2222:CQ4J
2196:3841
2020:PMID
1914:PMID
1782:Rana
1755:PMID
1665:100A
1618:2022
1540:2022
1514:2022
1470:1990
1426:PMID
1408:)".
1379:PMID
1279:2024
1248:2024
1236:WWLP
1217:2020
1176:PMID
1096:ISSN
992:2022
951:2014
825:ISBN
798:PMID
681:2021
640:2023
623:2022
453:Diet
306:The
187:Shaw
2414:CoL
2230:EoL
2217:CoL
2204:ASW
2178:ADW
2063:doi
2012:doi
1969:doi
1904:doi
1900:216
1837:doi
1833:115
1747:doi
1700:doi
1690:".
1669:doi
1579:PMC
1571:doi
1474:doi
1418:doi
1414:108
1371:doi
1359:149
1324:doi
1168:doi
1123:doi
1086:doi
1047:doi
955:doi
919:doi
907:119
867:doi
788:PMC
778:doi
728:doi
670:doi
627:doi
402:In
310:or
2464::
2442::
2429::
2416::
2401::
2375::
2362::
2349::
2336::
2323::
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2297::
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2245::
2232::
2219::
2206::
2193::
2180::
2165::
2150::
2084:.
2059:70
2026:.
2018:.
2010:.
2000:19
1998:.
1975:.
1967:.
1957:64
1955:.
1951:.
1920:.
1912:.
1898:.
1894:.
1865:.
1843:.
1831:.
1827:.
1794:54
1792:.
1753:.
1745:.
1735:98
1733:.
1706:.
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1663:.
1634:.
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